1.

10

The Stokes-Oseen formula [10] for dragon a sphere at low velocity V is:
9 2 V D F = 3 DV + 16
2

2.14 The closed tank in Fig. P2.14 is at 20 If the pressure at A is 95 kPa C. absolute, determine p at B (absolute). What percent error do you make by neglecting the speci c weight of the air? Solution: First compute A = pA /RT = (95000)/[287(293)] 1.13 kg/m3, hence A (1.13)(9.81) 11.1 N/m3. Then proceed around hydrostatically from point A to point B:
95000 Pa + (11.1 N/m3 )(4.0 m) +9790(2.0) 9790(4.0)

3.3 For steady laminar ow through a long tube (see Prob. 1.12), the axial velocity distribution is given by u = C(R 2 r 2), where R is the tube outer radius and C is a constant. Integrate (r) to nd the total volume owQ through the tube. u Solution: The area element for this axisymmetric ow is dA= 2 r dr. From Eq. (3.7),

Solution:

With the valve closed, there is no velocity or friction loss: p1 p pp 75000 + z1 = 2 +z 2, or: z 2 z1 = 1 2 = 7. 66 m 998( 9. 81) g g g

When the valve is open, the velocity is the same at (1) and (2), thus d is not needed: With ow: h f =
2 2 p1 p2 V1 V 2 160000 + +(z 1 2) = z + 0 7.66 8.7 m 2g 998(9.81) g

where D = sphere diameter, = viscosity, and = density. Is the formula homogeneous? Solution: Write this formula in dimensional form, using Table 1-2:
{F} = }{ }{D}{V} {3 9 + { }{V} {D} ? 16
2 2

Q = u dA = C( R 2 r 2)2 r dr = CR 2 0
Fig. P2.14

Ans.

Ans .

or:

ML T2

= {1}

M {L} LT

L + {1} T

M L 2 {L } ? L3 T 2

S ol ve f or pB 75450 Pa

pB (9.81)(2.0) = B p RT Accurate answer.

If we neglect the air e ects, we get a much simpler relation with comparable accuracy: 95000 + 9790(2.0) 9790(4.0) p B 75420 Pa 2.15 In Fig. P2.15 all uids are at 20 C. Gage A reads 15 lbf/in2 absolute and gage B reads 1.25 lbf/in2 less than gage C. Compute (a) the speci c weight of the oil; and 2 (b) the actual reading of gage C in lbf/in absolute. Solution: First evaluate air = (pA /RT)g = [15 144/(1717 528)](32.2) 0.0767 lbf/ft3. Take water = 62.4 lbf/ft3. Then apply the hydrostatic form from point B to point C: ula pB + oil (1.0 ft) +(62.4)(2.0 ft) = C = B + p p (1.25)(144) psf S ol ve f or oil 55.2 lbf/ft 3 Ans. ( a) With the oil weight known, we can now a ply hydrostatics from point A to point C: p
pC = pA + gh= (15)(144) + (0.0767)(2.0) +(55.2)(2.0) + (62.4)(2.0) or: pC = 2395 lbf/ft2 = 16.6 psi 2.20 The hydraulic jack in Fig. P2.20 is lled with oil at 56 lbf/ft 3. Neglecting piston weights, what force F on the handle is required to support the 2000-lbf weight shown? Ans. (b)
Fig. P2.15

3.8 Three pipes steadily deliver water at 20C to a large exit pipe in Fig. P3.8. The velocity V 2 = 5 m/s, and the exit ow rate Q4 = 120 m3/h. Find (a) V 1; (b) V 3; and (c) V 4 if it is known that increasing Q3 by 20% would increase Q4 by 10%. Solution: (a) For steady Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 = Q 4, or ow we have V1A1 +V 2A 2 +V 3A 3 =V 4A 4 Since 0.2Q 3 = 0.1Q 4, and Q4 = (120 m3/h)(h/3600 s) = 0.0333 m3/s,
V3 = Q4 (0.0333 m 3 /s) = =5.89 m/s Ans. (b) 2 A3 (0.06 2 ) 2
Fig. P3.8

where, hoping for homogeneity, we have assumed that all constants (3,,9,16) are pure, i.e., {unity}. Well, yes indeed, all terms have dimensions {ML/T 2}! Therefore the StokesOseen formula (derived in fact from a theory) is dimensionally homogeneous .
1.22* According to the theory of Chap. 8, as a uniform stream approaches a cylinder of radius R along the line AB shown in Fig. P1.22, < x < R, the velocities are
u = U (1 R 2/x 2); v = = w 0
Fig. P1.22

Approximate answer.

3.141 Water at 20C is pumped at 1500 gal/ min from the lower to the upper reservoir, as in Fig. P3.141. Pipe friction losses are approximated byhf 27V 2 /(2g), where V is the average velocity in the pipe. If the pump is 75 percent e cient, what horsepower is needed to drive it?
Fig. P3.141

( 1)

3.145 The large turbine in Fig. P3.145 diverts the river ow under a dam as shown. System friction losses are hf = 3.5V 2 /(2g), where V is the average velocity in the supply pipe. For what river ow rate in m3/s will the power extracted be 25 MW? Which of the two possible solutions has a better conversion e ciency? Solution:

Substituting into (1),

Fig. P3.145

Using the concepts from Ex. 1.5, nd (a) the maximum ow deceleration along AB; and (b) its location.
Solution: We see that u slows down monotonically from U at A to zero at point B, x = R, which is a ow stagnation point. From Example 1.5, the acceleration (du/dt) is
du u u R2 = +u = 0 +U 1 2 x dt t x U + 2R 2 x3 U2 2 2 x = , = R 3 5 R

2 V1 (0.04 2 ) +(5) (0.05 2) + (5.89) (0.06 ) = 0.0333 4 4 4

From mass conservation, Q = V 4A 4 4
( 0. 0333 m3 /s) = V 4 ( ) ( 0. 06 2 )/4
V 4 =5.24 m/s

The ow rate is the unknown, with the turbine power known:

2 V1 2 2

V 1 =5.45 m/s

Ans(a) .

Ans. ( c)

p1 p V 50 0 10 h h + + z1 = 2 + +z 2 +hf +hturb , or: 0 +0 + =0 + + + f + turb 2g 2g Q 2 where h = 3.5Vpipe /(2g) and hp = P /( Q) and Vpipe = f p ( /4)D 2 pipe Introduce the given numerical data (e.g. Dipe = 4 m, P pump = 25E6 W) and solve: p
Q 3 35410Q + 2.261E6 =0, with roots Q = + 76.5, + 137.9, and 214.4 m3 /s

This acceleration is negative, as expected, and reaches a minimum near point B, which is found by di erentiating the accel eration with respect to : x
d du 5 = 0 i f 2 = , or dx dt 3 x |max decel. 1.291 Ans. (b) R Ans. ( a)

3.16 An incompressible uid ows past an impermeable at plate, as in Fig. P3.16, with a uniform inlet pro le u = U o and a cubic polynomial exit pro le
3 3 y u Uo where = Fig. P3.16 2 Compute the volume owQ across the top surface of the control volume.

The negative Q is nonsense. The large Q (=137.9) gives large friction loss, hf 21.5 m. The smaller Q ( = 76.5) gives hf 6.6 m, about right. Select Qriver 76.5 m 3/s. Ans.

2 du |min = 0.372 U dt R A plot of the ow decelerationalong line AB is shown as follows.

S ubsti tuti ng = 1. 291 i nto ( du/dt) gi ves

Solution:

First sum moments clockwise a bout the hinge A of the handle: M A = 0 = F(15 +1) P(1), or: F = P/16, where P is the force in the small (1 in) piston.

Fig. P2.20

Solution:

For the given control volume a incompressible ow, we obtain nd

Meanwhile gure the pressure in the oil from the weight on the large piston: poil = W 2000 lbf = = 40744 psf , A 3-in ( /4)(3/12 ft) 2

0 = Q top + Q right Q l eft =Q + U o

0

3 y y3 b dy U ob dy 2 2 3 0 Ans.

3.169 Once it has been started by su cient suction, thesiphonin Fig. P3.169 will run continuously as long as reservoir uid is available. Using Bernoullis equation with no losses, show (a) that the exit velocity V 2 depends only upon gravity and the distanceH and (b) that the lowest (vacuum) pressure occurs at point 3 and depends on the distance + H . L Solution:
Write Bernoulli from 1 to 2:
p1 p V + + z1 2 + +z 2 , or: 2g 2g
2 V1 2 2

5 3 = Q + U ob U ob , solve for Q = U ob 8 8

Fig. P3.169

Hence P = poil Asmall = (40744)

1 4 12

= 222 lbf

Therefore the handle force required is F P/16 = 222/16 14 lbf = 2.45 Determine the gage pressure at point A in Fig. P2.45, in pascals. Is it higher or lower than Patmosphere ?

Ans.

3.20 Oil (SG-0.91) enters the thrust bearing at 250 N/hr and exits radially through the narrow clearance between thrust plates. Compute (a) the outlet volume ow in mL/s, and (b) the average outlet velocity in cm/s. Solution: The speci c weight of the oil is (0.91)(9790) = 8909 N/m3. Then
Q2 = Q1 =
3

2 pa p V2 + +1 a + 0 z +2 z 2g

Solve for V 2 =V exit = 2g(z 1 2 = 2gH Ans z ) . Since the velocity is constant throughout thtube, at any point C inside the tube, e
Fig. P3.20

pC + zC pa + z2 , or, at point 3: pC , mi n = p (z z2 ) = pa g(L +H) a 3

Ans .

1.26 A tire has a volume of 3.0 ft and a gage pressure of 32 psi at 75 If the F. ambient pressure is sea-level standard, what is the weight of air in the tire? Solution: Convert the temperature from 75 to 535R. Convert the pressure to psf: F
p = (32 lbf/in2 )(144 in 2 /ft2 ) + 2116 lbf/ft2 = 4608 + 2116 6724 lbf/ft2

Solution: Take = 9790 N/m3 for water and 133100 N/m3 for mercury. Write the hydrostatic formula between the atmosphere and point A:
patm + (0.85)(9790)(0.4 m) (133100)(0.15 m) (12)(0.30 m) + (9790)(0.45 m) = p A ,
Fig. P2.45

250/3600 N/s m mL =7.8 6 10 =7.8 s s 8909 N/m3

2

Ans (a) .
=1.24 cm s Ans . (b)

But also Q 2 = V 2 (0.1 m)(0.002 m) = 7.8 ,6 solve for V 10

From this compute the density of the air in the tire:

air =

p 6724 lbf/ft2 = = 0.00732 slug/ft3 RT (1717 ft lbf/slug ? ? R)(535 R)

or: pA = patm 12200 Pa = 12200 Pa (vacuum)

Ans.

3.41 In Fig. P3.41 the vane turns the water jet completely around. Find the maximum jet velocity V o for a force F o. Solution: For a CV enclosing the vane and the inlet and outlet jets,
Fig. P3.41

3.172 The 35C water ow of Fig. P3.172 discharges to sea-level standard atmosphere. Neglecting losses, for what nozzle diameter D will cavitation begin to occur? To avoid cavitation, should you increase or decrease D from this critical value? Solution: At 35C the vapor pressure of water is approximately5600 Pa (Table A.5). Bernoulli from the surface to point 3 gives the Torricelli result V 3 = (2gh) = 2(32.2)(6) 19.66 ft/s. We can ignore section 2 and write Bernoulli from (1) to (3), with p 1 = pvap and z = 0:
2 2 2 2 p1 V 1 p2 V 2 117 V 1 2116 V 3 + + , or: + + , 2 2 1.93 2 1.93 2

Fig. P3.172

Then the total weight of air in the tire is Wair = g = (0.00732 slug/ft3 )(32.2 ft/s2 )(3.0 ft 3) 0.707 lbf
1.45 A block of weight W slides down an inclined plane on a thin lm of oil, as in Fig. P1.45 at right. The lm contact area is A and its thickness h. Assuming a linear velocity distribution in the lm, derive an analytic expression for the terminal velocity V of the block.

Ans.

2.60 The pressure in the air gap is 8000 Pa gage. The tank is cylindrical. Calculate the net hydrostatic force (a) on the bottom of the tank; (b) on the cylindrical sidewall CC; and (c) on the annular plane panel BB. Solution: (a) The bottom force is simply equal to bottom pressure times bottom area:
pbottom = p air + waterg z = 8000 Pa + (9790 N/m3 )(0.25 + 0.12 m) Fig. P2.60 = 11622 Pa-gage Fbottom = p bottom bottom (11622 Pa)( /4)(0.36 m) 2 = 1180 N Ans (a) A = . (b) The net force on the cylindrical sidewall CC is zero due to symmetry. Ans. (b) (c) The force on annular region CC is, like part (a), the pressure at CC times the area of CC: pCC = p + water g z CC = 8000 Pa + (9790 N/m3 )(0.25 m) =10448 Pa-gage air FCC = pCC ACC = (10448 Pa)( /4)[(0.36 m) 2 (0.16 m) 2 = 853 N ]

Fx = Fo =m outu out m inu in = m jet( V o jet + )o ) m ( V

or: Fo = 2 oA o 2 solve for V V , o

o=

Fo 2 o ( /4)D 2 o

Ans.

3.44 Consider uniform ow past a cylinder with a V-shaped wake, as shown. Pressures at (1) and (2) are equal. Let b be the width into the paper. Find a formula for the force F on the cylinder due to the ow. Also compute D = F/( U 2Lb). C

but also V1 = V 3 Eliminate V 1 and introduce V3 = 19.66

D 1/12

ft to obtain D4 = 3.07E D 0.132 ft 4, s

Ans.

Fig. P1.45

To avoid cavitation, we would keep D < 0.132 ft , which will keep p1 > pvapor.

Solution: Let x be down the incline, in the direction of V. By terminal velocity we mean that there is no acceleration. Assume a linear viscous velocity distribution in the lm below the block. Then a force balance in the x direction gives: Fx = W sin A =W sin or: V terminal = hW sin A V A = ma h Ans .
x

4.9 An idealized incompressible distribution

ow has the proposed three-di mensional velocity

V = 4xy2i + f(y)j zy2k Find the appropriate fom of the functionf(y) which satis es the continuity relation. r
Fig. P3.44

= 0,

Ans(c) .

1.65 The system in Fig. P1.65 is used to estimate the pressure p1 in the tank by measuring the 15-cm height of liquid in the 1-mm-diameter tube. The uid is at 60C. Calculate the true uid height in the tube and the percent error due to capillarity if the uid is (a) water; and Fig. P1.65 (b) mercury. Solution: This is a somewhat more realistic variation of Ex. 1.9. Use values from that example for contact angle : 3 (a) Water at 60C: 9640 N/m , 0:
h= 4Y cos 4(0.0662 N/m)cos(0 ) = = 0. 0275 m, D (9640 N/m3 )(0.001 m)

2.61 Gate AB in Fig. P2.61 is a homogeneous mass of 180 kg, 1.2 m wide into the paper, resting on smooth bottom B. All uids are at 20C. For what water depth h will the force at point B be zero? Solution: Let = 12360 N/m3 for glycerin and 9790 N/m3 for water. The centroid of AB is 0.433 m vertically below A, so h CG = 2.0 0.433 = 1.567 m, and we may compute the glycerin force and its line of action:
Fg = hA =(12360)(1.567)(1.2) = 23242 N y CP,g = (1/12)(1.2)(1) 3sin 60 = 0. 0461 m (1.567)(1.2)

Solution: The proper CV is the entrance (1) and exit (2) plus streamlines above and below which hit the top and bottom of wake, as shown. Then steady- ow the continuity yields,
L

Solution: Simply substitute the given velocity components into the incompressible continuity equation:

0=
2

u dA u dA =2
1 0

U y 1 + b dy 2 UbH, 2 L

or :

u v w f df + + = (4 xy2 ) + + ( zy2) = y2 + y2 = 4 0 dy x y z x y z df = 3 y2. Integrate: f ( y) = ( y2 ) dy = y 3 +constant Ans. 3 dy

Fig. P2.61

where 2H is the inlet height. Solve for H = 3L/4. Now the linear momentum relation is used. Note that the drag force F is to the . right (force of the uid on the body) thus the force Fof the body on uid is to the left We obtain,
L

Fx = 0 = u u dA u u dA =2
2 1 0

U y U y 1+ 1 + b dy 2H U 2b = drag F 2 L 2 L

4.19 An incompressible ow eld has the cylinder components = Cr , z = K (R 2 r 2), r = 0, where C and K are constants andr R, z L. Does this ow satisfy continuity? What might it represent physically? (a) Assuming a no-slip condition at the wall, nd an expression for the velocity component v(x, y) for y . (b) Then nd the maximum value of v at the stationx = 1 m, for the particular case of air ow, whenU = 3 m/s and = 1.1 cm.
Solution: The two-dimensional incompressi continuity equation yields ble
y

or:

htrue = 15.0 2.75 cm 12.25 cm (+22% error)

3

Ans. (a)

These are shown on the freebody at right. The water force and its line of action are shown without numbers, because they depend upon the centroidal depth on the water side:
Fw = (9790)h CG (1.2) y CP = (1/12)(1.2)(1) 3sin 60 0.0722 = hC G (1.2) hC G

3L 3 7 1 Use H = , then Fdrag = U 2Lb U 2Lb U 2Lb 4 2 6 3

Ans .

2 2 y d 2 y2 d d y y v u = = U + , or: v =2U dy | x =const dx 0 2 3 y x 2 dx 3 dx

The dimensionless force, or drag coe cient F/( U 2Lb), equals C D = 1/3.
3.54 For the pipe- ow reducing section of Fig. P3.54, D 1 = 8 cm, D 2 = 5 cm, and p2 = 1 atm. All uids are at 20C. If V 1 = 5 m/s and the manometer reading is = 58 cm, h estimate the total horizontal force resisted by the ange bolts.
Fig. P3.54

Ans.

or :

d y2 y3 d C v = 2U , wher e = = dx 2 2 3 3 dx 2 x 2 x
U (3 m/ s)(0.011 m ) m = = 0.0055 s 6x 6(1 m)

Ans. (a)

(b) We see that v increases monotonically with y, thusvmax occurs at y = :

vmax = v|y= = Ans. (b)

(b) Mercury at 60C: 132200 N/m , 130:

h= 4Y cos 4(0.47 N/m)cos 130 = = 0. 0091 m, D (132200 N/m3 )(0.001 m)

This estimate is within 4% of the exactvmax computed from boundary layer theory.

or: htrue = 15.0 + 0.91 15.91cm ( 6%error)

Ans. (b)

1.75 Oil, with a vapor pressure of 20 kPa, is delivered through a pipeline by equallyspaced pumps, each of which increases the oil pressure by 1.3 MPa. Friction losses in the pipe are 150 Pa per meter ofpipe. What is the maximum possible pump spacing to avoid cavitation of the oil? Solution: The absolute maximum length L occurs when the pump inlet pressure is slightly greater than 20 kPa. The pump increases this by 1.3 MPa and friction drops the pressure over a distance L until it again reaches kPa. In other words, quite simply, 20 1.3 MPa =1,300,000 Pa =(150 Pa/m)L, or L
max

The weight of the gate, W = 180(9.81) = 1766 N, acts at the centroid, as shown above. Since the force at B equals zero, we may sum moments counterclockwise about A to nd the water depth: M A = 0 = (23242)(0.5461) +(1766)(0.5cos60 ) (9790)h C G (1.2)(0.5 +0.0722/h C G )
Solve for h C G , water = 2.09 m, or: h = h C G + 0.433 = 2.52 m Ans.

Solution: Let the CV cut through the bolts a through section 2. For the given nd manometer reading, we may compute the upstream pressure:

p1 p2 = ( merc water)h = (132800 9790)(0.58 m) 71300 Pa (gage) Now apply conservation of mass to determine the exit velocity:
Q1 = Q 2, or (5 m/s)( /4)(0.08 m) 2 =V 2 ( /4)(0.05) ,2 solve for V
2

m/s 12.8

4.21 Air ows under steady, approximately one-dimensional conditions through the conical nozzle in Fig. P4.21. If the speed of sound is approximately 340 m/s, what is the minimum nozzle-diameter ratio D e/D o for which we can safely neglect compressibility e ects if V o = (a) 10 m/s and (b) 30 m/s? Solution: If we apply one-dimensional continuity to this duct,
Fig. P4.21

8660 m Ans.

It makes more sense to have pump inlet at 1 atm, not 20 kPa, dropping L to about 8 km. the
2.1 For the two-dimensional stress eld in Fig. P2.1, let

2.62 Gate AB in Fig. P2.62 is 15 ft long and 8 ft wide into the paper, hinged at B with a stop at A. The gate is 1-in-thick steel, SG = 7.85. Compute the 20C water level h for which the gate will start to fall. Solution: Only the length (h csc 60) of the gate lies below the water. Only this part contributes to the hydrostatic force shown in the freebody at right:
F = h CG A =(62.4) = 288.2h2 (lbf) y CP = (1/12)(8)(h csc 60 ) 3sin 60 (h/2)(8h csc 60 ) h = csc 60 6 h (8h csc 60 ) 2
Fig. P2.62

Finally, write the balance of horizontal forces:

Fx = F bolts +p 1,gageA 1 =m(V or: F bolts = (71300)
2

),1 V

(0.08) 2 (998) (0.08) 2 (5.0)[12.8 5.0] 163 N 4 4

Ans .

xx = 3000 psf yy = 2000 psf xy = 500 psf

Find the shear and normal stresses on plane AA cutting through at 30 . Solution: Make cut AA so that it just hits the bottom right corner of the element. This gives the freebody shown at right. Now sum forces normal and tangential to side AA. Denote side length AA as L.

3.61 A 20C water jet strikes a vane on a tank with frictionless wheels, as shown. The jet turns and falls into the tank without spilling. If = 30, estimate the horizontal force F needed to hold the tank stationary. Solution: The CV surrounds the tank and wheels and cuts through the jet, as shown. We have to assume that the splashing into Fig. P3.61 the tank does not increase the x-momentum of the water in the tank Then we can write . the CV horizontal force relation: d Fx = F = u d mi n uin = 0 mVjet independent of dt

oV o D 2 = e e D ,2e or V o (D /D ) o 2 if o e V V e e o 4 4 To avoid compressibility corrections, we require (Eq. 4.18) that Ma 0.3 or, in this case, the highest velocity (a the exit) should be Ve 0.3(340) = 102 m/s. Then we compute t
(D e/D o) mi n =(V o ) /V e
1/2

= /102) (V o

1/2

= 0.31 if V o 10 m/s = = 0.54 if V o =30 m/s

Ans . (a) Ans (b) .

Fig. P2.1

tank

Fn,AA = 0 = AA L (3000 sin 30 + 500 cos30)L sin 30 (2000 cos30 + 500 sin 30)L cos30
S ol ve f or AA 2683 lbf/ft 2 Ans. ( a) Ans. ( b)

The weight of the gate is (7.85)(62.4 lbf/ft3)(15 ft)(1/12 ft)(8 ft) = 4898 lbf. This weight acts downward at the CG of thefull gate as shown (not the CG of the submerged portion). Thus, W is 7.5 ft above point B and has moment arm (7.5 cos 60 ft) about B. We are now in a position to ndh by summing moments about the hinge line B:
M B = (10000)(15) (288.2h 2)[(h/2)csc 60 (h/6) csc 60 ] 4898(7.5cos 60 ) = 0,
1 or: 110.9h3 = 150000 18369, h = (131631/110.9)/3 =10.6 ft

Thus F = A jV

2 j

= 1.94

slug 2 ft ft 3 4 12

50

ft s

106 lbf

Ans .

4.31 According to potential theory (Chap. 8) for the ow approaching a rounded twodimensional body, as in Fig. P4.31, the velocity approaching th stagnation point is e given by u = U (1 a2/x2), where a is the nose radius and U is the velocity far upstream. Compute the value and position of the maximum viscous normal stress Fig. P4.31 along this streamline. Is this also the position of maximum uid deceleration? Evaluate the maximum viscous normal stress if the uid is SAE 30 oil at 20C, with U = 2 m/s and a = 6 cm. Solution:

3.74 Water at 20C ows down a vertical 6-cm -diameter tube at 300 gal/min, as in the gure. The ow then turns horizontally a exits through a 90 radial duct segment 1 cm nd thick, as shown. If the radial out ow is uniform and steady, estimate the forces (F F y, F z) x, required to support this system ag ainst uid momentum changes.

(a) Along this line of symmetry the convective deceleration is one-dimensional:

ax = u

Ans .

u a2 2a2 a2 a4 = U 1 2 U 3 =2U 2 3 5 x x x x x
Ans . (a)

Ft,AA = 0 = AA L (3000 cos30 500 sin 30)L sin 30 (500 cos30 2000 sin 30)L cos 30 S ol ve f or AA 683 lbf/ft 2

2.4 Given a ow pattern with isobars p Bz + Cx 2 = constant. Find an expression o x = fcn(z) for the family of lines everywhere parallel to the local pressure gradient p. ? Solution: Find the slope (dx/dz) of the isobars and take the negative inverse and dx dx 1 integrate: d |p=const = B = (po Bz +Cx 2) = + B 2Cx = or: 0, dz dz dz 2C x ( dx /dz) gradient
T hus dx |gradient= 2Cx , i ntegrate dz B dx 2C dz = , x = const e2Cz/B x B Ans.

2.66 Dam ABC in Fig. P2.66 is 30 m wide into the paper and is concrete (SG 2.40). Find the hydrostatic force on surface AB and its moment about C. Could this force tip the dam over? Would uid seepage under the dam change your argument? Solution: The centroid of surface AB is 40 m deep, and the total force on AB is
F = h CG A =(9790)(40)(100 30) = 1.175E9 N The line of action of this force is two-thirds of the way down along AB, or 66.67 m from A. This is seen either by inspection (A is at the surface) or by the usual formula:
y CP = I xx sin (1/12)(30)(100) sin(53.13 ) = = 16. 67 m hCG A (40)(30 100)
3

da This has a maximum deceleration at x = 0, or at x = (5/3) a= 1.29a dx

The value of maximum deceleration at this point is x,max = 0.372U 2/a. a (b) The viscous normal stress along this line is given by
Solution: First convert 300 gal/min = 0.01893 m3/s, hence the mass ow isQ = 18.9 kg/s. The vertical-tube velocity (down) is V tube = 0.01893/[( /4)(0.06) 2] = 6.69 k m/s. The exit tube area is (/2)R h = ( /2)(0.15)(0.01) = 0.002356 m2, hence V exit = Q/A exit = 0.01893/0.002356= 8.03 m/s. Now estimate th force components: e
+45

xx = 2

2a2 U 4 U u = 2 wi th a max i mum max = at x = a a x x3

Ans. ( b)

Fig. P2.66

Thus maximum stress does not occur at the same position as maximum deceleration. For SAE 30 oil at 20C, we obtain the numerical result
S A E 30 oi l , = 917 kg kg 4(0.29)(2.0) , = 0. 29 , max = 39 Pa m?s (0.06 m) m3
y

F x = F x = u out dmout =
45

V exitsin hR d ? 0
+45

Ans (a) .

Ans. ( b)

2.8 A diamond mine is 2 miles below sea level. (a) Estimate the air pressure at this depth. (b) If a barometer, accurate to 1 mm of mercury, is carried into this mine, how accurately can it estimate the depth of the mine? Solution:

F y = F y = v out dmout mvn = i

45

V xi t cos hR d 0 = V xit hR 2 e e

(a) Convert 2 miles = 3219 m and use a linear-pressure-variation estimate:

or :

F y = (8.03)(998)(0.01)(0.15) 2 17 N

An.s (b) Ans . (c)

4.50 Investigate the polar-coordinate stream function = Kr 1/2sin 1 , K = constant. 2 Plot the streamlines in the full xy plane, nd any stagnation points, and interpret. Solution: Simply set /K = constant and plot r versus . This represents inviscid ow around a 180 turn. [See Fig. 8.14(e) of the text.]

Then p pa + h = 101,350 Pa + (12 N/m3 )(3219 m) = 140,000 Pa 140 kPa

p pa (1 Bz/To) 5.26 =(101.3 kPa)[1 (0.0065 K/m)( 3219 m)/288.16 K] = 147 kPa Ans. (a)

Ans . (a)
5.26

F z = F z =m( wout win) =(18.9 kg s / )[0 ( 6.69 m )] +126 N / s

Alternately, the troposphere formula, Eq. (2 predicts a slightly higher pressure: .27),

to be added to the 50-m distance from A to the centroid, or 50 16.67 = 66.67 m. As + shown in the gure, the line of action of F is2.67 m to the left of a line up from C normal to AB. The moment of F about C is thus M C = FL =(1.175E9)(66.67 64.0) 3.13E9 N ? m

(b) The gage pressure at this depth is approximately 40,000 /133,100 0.3 m Hg or 300 mm Hg 1 mm Hg or 0.3% error. Thus the error in the actual depth is 0.3 of 3220 m % or about10 m if all other parameters are accurate. Ans. (b)

Ans .

This moment is counterclockwise, hence it cannot tip over the damIf there were seepage . under the dam, the main support force at the ttom of the dam would shift to the left of bo point C and might indeed cause the dam to tip over.

3.133 The long pipe in Fig. 3.133 is lled with water at 20 C. When valve A is closed, p1 p2 = 75 kPa. When the valve is 3 open and water ows at 500 m/h, p1 p2 = 160 kPa. What is the friction head loss between 1 and 2, in m, for the owing condition?
Fig. P3.133

Fig. P4.50