ENGLISH PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGY

FINAL ASSIGNMENT

Consonant And Consonant Cluster

Name : Reza Rizkyanto Registration Number : 2225106408 Class : 10SBMDR

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I thank Allah (subhana wa taala) for endowing me with health, patience, and knowledge to complete English Phonetic and Phonology final assignment,I would also like to give my biggest thanks and gratitude to Ifan Iskandar,Spd. as my English Phonetic and Phonology lecturer,also, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my mother, father,and all other relatives especially my classmate at 10SBMDR,for their emotional and moral support throughout my academic career and also for their love, patience,encouragement and prayers. For those people i mention above , may Allah bless them with health,guidance, and luck. The writer is fully aware that this assignment has a lot of mistake and still far from perfect,so any constructive critics or advice to improve this assignment is welcome. Finally,i hope this assignment can improve my knowledge to be a better english speaker and i hope this assignment can meet Mr.Ifan Iskandar,Spd expectation.

Jakarta, January-1- 2012

Reza Rizkyanto

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.. 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS.... 2-3 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study .. 4 1.2 Reason for choosing the topic...................... 5 1.3 Writing method..... 5 1.4 Purpose....................................................................................................................5

CHAPTER II CONTENTS 2.1 The definition of consonant and consonant table6-7 2.1.1 Consonant (Pulmonic) table................................................................8 2.2 The definition of consonant cluster..........9 2.3 Consonant cluster in English...............................................9-10 2.4 Consonant cluster reduction...................................................................................10 2.4.1 H-cluster reduction................................................................................11 2.4.1.1 Wh-cluster reduction..........................................................11 2.4.1.2 Yeh-Hew merger.......................................................... 11 2.4.1.3 hl-cluster, hr-cluster and hn-cluster reductions.................12 2.4.2 Y-cluster reduction................................................................................12 2.4.2.1 Yod dropping.....................................................................12-13 2.4.2.2 Yod coalescence....................................................13 2.4.3 Final-consonant-cluster reduction..........................................................14

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2.4.4 Other initial-cluster reductions...............................................................14 2.4.4.1 Rapwrap merger..............................................................14 2.4.4.2 Notknot merger................................................................14 2.4.4.3 Nomegnome merger........................................................15 2.4.4.4 S-cluster reduction.............................................................15

2.5 Consonant-cluster addition......................................................................................15 2.5.1 Prince-prints merger...........................................................................15-16 2.6 Consonant-cluster alterations ..................................................................................16 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3

Yod rhotacization.....................................................................16 S-cluster metathesis..................................................................16-17

Screamstream merger......................................................................17-18

2.7 Consonant clusters in another language...................................................................18-19 2.8 Consonants versus vowels........................................................................................20 CHAPTER III CONCLUSION.......21 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................22

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Study

English as the global language is used internationally by all of the people from around the world to do their daily activities like: trade,communicate,teach,study and other.English mostly used in the developed country where the speaker is fluent of english or if english is their second language from their mother tongue. In Indonesia,English is a foreign language,but among all the of foreign language in Indonesia,English is one of the foreign language that is used oftenly,however most of Indonesian poeple have major flaws/mistake when using their english,this major mistake/flaws is considered as a critical mistake that can cause understanding problem. Some major mistake that usually occur on Indonesian speaker when they are speaking english are : 1. Pronouncing Stressed Vowel, vowel reduction 2. Pronouncing Consonant Cluster ,consonant cluster simplification or consonant cluster reduction 3. Pronouncing the wrong intonation and juncture and - etc This mistake can be identified clearly through dipthongs, and vowel identification process . Because Consonant Cluster is one of major mistake that's essentially done by most Indonesian speaker,Now I would like to discuss more about consonant cluster function in English language.

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1.2

Reason for choosing the topic

1. To describe about consonant cluster and all of its aspect

2. To describe consonant VS Vowel 3. To describe consonant

1.3 Writing Method

The writer doing this assignment by collecting the data from various sources. Mostly the data is taken from the internet

1.4 Purpose
The purpose of writing this assignment is to increase the writer knowledge, and to complete the final assignment of English Phonetic and Phonology.

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CHAPTER II CONTENT

2.1 The definition of consonant and consonants table

Consonant is speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are [p], pronounced with the lips; [t], pronounced with the front of the tongue; [k], pronounced with the back of the tongue; [h], pronounced in the throat; [f] and [s], pronounced by forcing air through a narrow channel (fricatives); and [m] and [n], which have air flowing through the nose (nasals) or a speech sound produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the air stream by any of various constrictions of the speech organs, such as (p), (f), (r), (w), and (h).

Each spoken consonant can be distinguished by several phonetic features:

The manner of articulation is how air escapes from the vocal tract when the consonant or approximant (vowel-like) sound is made. Manners include stops, fricatives, and nasals. The place of articulation is where in the vocal tract the obstruction of the consonant occurs, and which speech organs are involved. Places include bilabial (both lips), alveolar (tongue against the gum ridge), and velar (tongue against soft palate). In addition, there may be a simultaneous narrowing at another place of articulation, such as palatalisation or pharyngealisation. The phonation of a consonant is how the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. When the vocal cords vibrate fully, the consonant is called voiced; when they do not vibrate at all, it is voiceless. The voice onset time (VOT) indicates the timing of the phonation. Aspiration is a feature of VOT. The airstream mechanism is how the air moving through the vocal tract is powered. Most languages have exclusively pulmonic egressive consonants, which use the lungs and diaphragm, but ejectives, clicks, and implosives use different mechanisms. The length is how long the obstruction of a consonant lasts. This feature is borderline distinctive in English, as in "wholly" [ho lli] vs. "holy" [ho li], but cases are limited

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to morpheme boundaries. Unrelated roots are differentiated in various languages such as Italian, Japanese, and Finnish, with two length levels, "single" and "geminate". Estonian and some Sami languages have three phonemic lengths: short, geminate, and long geminate, although the distinction between the geminate and overlong geminate includes suprasegmental features. The articulatory force is how much muscular energy is involved. This has been proposed many times, but no distinction relying exclusively on force has ever been demonstrated.

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2.1.1 Consonant (Pulmonic) table

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2.2 The definition of consonant cluster

Consonant cluster (or consonant blend) is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups /spl/ and /ts/ are consonant clusters in the word splits. Some linguists argue that the term can only be properly applied to those consonant clusters that occur within one syllable. Others contend that consonant clusters are more useful as a definition when they may occur across syllable boundaries. According to the former definition, the longest consonant clusters in the word extra would be /ks/ and /tr/,[1] whereas the latter allows /kstr/. The German word Angstschwei (/a st va s/; "fear sweat") is another good example, with a cluster of five consonants: / st v/. Consonant clusters occurring in loanwords do not necessarily follow the cluster limits set by the borrowing language's phonotactics. The Ubykh language's root psta, a loan from Adyghe, violates Ubykh's rule of no more than two initial consonants; also, the English words sphere / sf r/ and sphinx / sf ks/, Greek loans, violate the restraint (or

constraint, see also optimality theory) that two fricatives may not appear adjacently wordinitially.

2.3 Consonant cluster in English

In English, the longest possible initial cluster is three consonants, as in split / spl t/ and strudel / tru d l/, all beginning with /s/ or / / and ending with /l/ or /r/;[3] the longest possible final cluster is five consonants, as in angsts / ksts/, though that is rare and four, as in twelfths / tw lf s/, sixths / s ks s/, bursts / b rsts/ and glimpsed / l mpst/, is more common. However, it is important to distinguish clusters and digraphs. Clusters are made of two or more consonant sounds, while a digraph is a group of two consonant letters standing for a single sound. For example, in the word ship, the two letters of the digraph sh together represent the single consonant [ ]. Also note a combination digraph and cluster as seen in length with two digraphs ng , th representing a cluster of two consonants: / /; or even lights with a silent digraph gh followed by a cluster t , s : /ts/.

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2.4 Consonant cluster reduction

In phonology and historical linguistics, cluster reduction is the simplification of consonant clusters in certain environments or over time. In some dialects of English such as AAVE certain historical consonant clusters reduce to single consonants at the ends of words: friend rhymes with Ben, and cold is homonymous with coal. In both cases, a historical cluster of homorganic consonants loses a plosive: / fr n/, / ko l/ However, in colder, where the consonant cluster falls between vowels, the /d/ remains: / ko ld /. The similar word-final reduction of */mb/ to /m/ and */ / to / / is complete in standard English (eg. lamb, long), as

it is in many other Germanic languages (eg. Swedish lamm, lng).

2.4.1 H-cluster reductions : The h-cluster reductions are various consonant reductions that have occurred in the history of English involving consonant clusters beginning with /h/ that have lost the /h/ in certain varieties of English 2.4.1.1 Wh-cluster reductions y The hole-whole merger is the replacement of / / with /h/ before the vowels /o / and /u /.which occurred in Old English. This is due to the effect that rounded back vowels have on /h/, giving it velar and labial characteristics making /hw/ an allophone of /h/ before these vowels; the true phonetic /hw/ then eventually became perceived as this allophone of /h/ and no longer a phonologically distinct speech sound. y The wine-whine merger is the merger of / / or /hw/ (spelt wh) with /w/.It occurs in the speech of the great majority of English speakers. Notable dialects that retain the distinction include Irish English, Scottish English, and Southern American English. This occurred after the holewhole merger meaning that wh- is usually

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/w/ before orthographic a, e, i and y, but /h/ before orthographic o. (Orthographic a is usually phonologically / / or / / after /w/ in some varieties of English.)

2.4.1.2 Yewhew merger The yewhew merger is a process that occurs in some dialects of English that causes the cluster /hj/ to be reduced to /j/.[2] It leads to pronunciations like /ju d / for huge and /ju m n/ for human; hew and yew become homophonous. It is sometimes considered a type of glide-cluster reduction, but is much less widespread than wh-reduction, and is generally stigmatized where it is found. Aside from accents with h dropping, this reduction is in the United States found mainly in accents of Philadelphia and New York City; also in Cork accents of Hiberno-English. In some dialects of English, the cluster /hj/ (phonetically [j]) has been reduced to [] so that hew and yew differ only by the initial consonant sound (i.e. [u ] and [ju ]).

2.4.1.3 hl-cluster, hr-cluster and hn-cluster reductions The hl-cluster, hr-cluster and hn-cluster reductions are three reductions that occurred in Middle English that caused the consonant clusters /hl/, /hr/ and /hn/ to be reduced to /l/, /r/, and /n/. For example, Old English hl f, hring and hnutu became loaf, ring and nut in Modern English.

2.4.2 Y-cluster reductions : 2.4.2.1 Yod dropping Yod dropping is the elision of the sound [j]. The term comes from the Hebrew letter yod, which represents [j]. Yod dropping before [u ] occurs in most varieties of English in the following environments:

After [t , d , j], for example chew [ t u ], juice [ d u s], yew [ju ]

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After / /, for example rude [ u d] After consonant+/l/ clusters, for example blue [ blu ]

There are accents, for example Welsh English, in which pairs like chews/choose, yew/you, threw/through are distinct: the first member of each pair has the diphthong [ u] while the second member has [u ].[1] Many varieties of English have extended yod dropping to the following environments, on condition that the [j] be in the same syllable as the preceding consonant: After /s/, for example suit [ su t] After /l/, for example lute [ lu t] After /z/, for example Zeus [ zu s] After / /, for example enthusiasm [ n u ziz m]

Yod dropping in the above environments was formerly considered nonstandard in England, but today it is heard even among well-educated RP speakers.In General American yod dropping is found not only in the above environments but also: After /t/, /d/ and /n/, for example tune [ tu n], dew [ du ], new [ nu ] Glide retention in these contexts has occasionally been held to be a shibboleth distinguishing Canadians from Americans. However, in a survey conducted in the Golden Horseshoe area of Southern Ontario in 1994, over 80% of respondents under the age of 40 pronounced student and news without yod.

2.4.2.2 Yod coalescence Yod coalescence is a process that changes the clusters [dj], [tj], [sj] and [zj] into [d ], [t ], [ ] and [ ] respectively. This occurs in unstressed syllables in many varieties of English. Occurring in unstressed syllables, it leads to pronunciations such as the following: educate / t/ d u ke

nature pressure measure

/ ne t / pr / m

r/ r/ r/

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azure

r/

It also occurs in some accents in stressed syllables as in tune and dune. Yod coalescence in stressed syllables occurs in Australian, Cockney, Estuary English, Newfoundland English, and to a certain extent in New Zealand English, resulting in further examples as follows: dew tune / d u /

/ t u n/

resume

/r

u m/

assume

u m/

This can lead to additional homophony; for instance, in the case of /d /, dew, due, and Jew come to be pronounced identically. Yod coalescence has traditionally been considered nonRP.

2.4.3 Final-consonant-cluster reduction Reduction of final consonant clusters occurs in African American Vernacular English and Caribbean English. The new final consonant may be slightly lengthened as an effect. Examples are: test desk tes' ([t des' st] [t s])

([ d sk ] ([ hnd ] ([ s nd ] ([ l ft]

[ d s])

hand

han'

[ hn])

send left

sen' lef'

[ s n]) [ l f])

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wasp

was'

([ w sp]

[ w

s])

The plurals of test and desk may become tesses and desses by the same English rule that gives us plural messes from singular mess. 2.4.4 Other initial-cluster reductions : 2.4.4.1 Rapwrap merger The rapwrap merger is a reduction that causes the initial cluster /wr/ to be reduced to /r/, making rap and wrap, rite and write etc. homophones.Old English had a contrast between /wr/ and /r/, the former characterized by lip rounding. In Middle English, the contrast disappeared and all cases of initial /r/ came to be rounded.

2.4.4.2 Notknot merger The notknot merger is a reduction that occurs in modern English where the historical cluster /kn/ is reduced to /n/ making knot and not homophones. All of the kn words stem from Old English forms beginning with cn-, and at the time all were pronounced with an initial /k/ before the /n/. These words were common to the Germanic languages, most of which still pronounce the initial /k/. Thus, for example, the Old English ancestor of knee was cn o, pronounced /kne o /, and the cognate word in Modern German is Knie, pronounced /kni /. Most dialects of English reduced the initial cluster /kn/ to /n/ relatively recently; the change seems to have taken place in educated English during the seventeenth century, meaning that Shakespeare did not have the reduction. 2.4.4.3 Nomegnome merger The nomegnome merger is the reduction of the initial cluster / n/ to /n/. In Middle English, words spelt with gn like gnat, gnostic, gnome, etc. had the cluster / n/. The humorous song The Gnu jokes about this, even though the g in gnu may actually have always been silent in English, since this loanword did not enter the language until the late 18th century.The trumpeter Kenny Wheeler wrote a composition titled "Gnu High", a pun on "New High". 2.4.4.4 S-cluster reduction

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S-cluster reduction is the dropping of /s/ from the initial consonant clusters with voiceless plosives (environments /sp/, /st/, and /sk( )/) occurring in Caribbean English. After the initial /s/ is removed, the plosive is aspirated in the new word-initial environment, resulting in pronunciations such as: spit stomach 'pit 'tomach ([ sp t] ([ st m k] [ p [ t t]) m k])

spend

'pen

([ sp nd [ p n]) (also affected by final consonant-cluster ] reduction) ([ skwi z] [ k wiz])

squeeze

'queeze

2.5 Consonant-cluster addition 2.5.1 Prince-prints merger

The prince-prints merger is a merger of /ns/ and /nts/ occurring for many speakers of English. For them, "prince" and "prints" are homonyms as [pr nts]. A [t] is inserted between the [n] and the [t]. Likewise the fricative [ ] often becomes [t ] after [n], so that "pinscher" and "pincher" are homophones. These vowel clusters may also merge: /nz/ and /ndz/ as in "bans", "pens" and "Hans" sounding the same as "bands", "pends" and "hands". The merged form being [nz] /n / and /nt / as in "pinscher" sounding the same as "pincher". The merged form being [nt ]. /mt/ and /mpt/ as in "dreamt" and "attempt". The merged form being [mpt]. /ms/ and /mps/ as in "camps" and "hamster". The merged form being [mps].

2.6 Consonant-cluster alterations 2.6.1 Yod rhotacization

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Yod rhotacization is a process that occurs for some Southern AAVE speakers where /j/ is rhotacized to /r/ in consonant clusters causing pronunciations like: beautiful cute music

/ bru t f l/ / kru t/

/ mru z k/

2.6.2 S-cluster metathesis

S-cluster metathesis is the metathesis of final consonant clusters starting with /s/ occurring in African American Vernacular English[13] as well as many other varieties of English. For AAVE speakers with S-cluster metathesis the following words can undergo the following changes: ask grasp / ks/

rps/

wasp gasp

/ w /

ps/ ps/

S-cluster metathesis is lexically determined. The above pronunciations in fact have a long history, and all the metathesised forms have existed in English for around as long as the words themselves, with varying degrees of acceptance. For example, the Old English verb scian also appeared as acsian, and both forms continued into Middle English. The two forms co-existed and evolved separately in various regions of England, and later America. The variant ascian gives us the modern standard English ask, but the form "axe", probably derived from Old English acsian, appears in Chaucer: "I axe, why the fyfte man Was nought housband to the Samaritan?" (Wife of Bath's Prologue, 1386.) It was considered acceptable in literary English until about 1600[14] and can still be found in

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some dialects of English including African American Vernacular English. It is, however, one of the most stigmatized features of AAVE, often commented on by teachers. It also persists in Ulster Scots as / aks/ and Jamaican English as / a ks/, from where it has entered the London dialect of British English as / ks/.

2.6.3 Screamstream merger

The screamstream merger is the pronunciation of the consonant cluster /str/ as /skr/ occurring for some speakers of African American Vernacular English making "scream" and "stream" homophonous as / skri m/.[13] This phonological pattern in AAVE is a phonological pattern that's been mentioned from time to time, often by speech pathologists. Presumably the speech pathologists were concerned about this use of "skr" in place of standard English "str" because it was not clear whether the combination of sounds was an indication of a disorder or dialectal pattern. Still the scream stream merger has not been observed or recorded in the literature nearly as often as other sound patterns. There are three possible reasons for this: (1) One is that because "skr" only occurs in positions where "str" can occur in general American English, there will be limited opportunity to produce the sound. (2) Secondly, the screamstream merger may be viewed as a feature of the speech of young AAVE speakers that is not maintained in adult AAVE. (3) Thirdly, the screamstream merger may be associated with AAVE spoken in certain regions of the United States. Common words in which the /sk/ sequence occurs are given below: street

/ skri t/

stretch

/ skr t /

straight

/ skre t/

In summarizing her research on the cluster, Dandy (1991) notes that the form is found in Gullah and in the speech of some young African Americans born in the Southern United States. She explains that the streamscream merger is a highly stigmatized feature and that many of the students in her study who used it were referred to speech pathologists. She goes on to note the following about her research: "I also found a continuum that may indicate

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sound change in progress. If children said skretch for stretch, they probably have used the skr alternation in other words that contained the feature: skreet for street, skrong for strong, skrike for strike, skranger/deskroy for stranger/destroy. There were some who said skreet for street but did not make alteration on other words with that sound". (p. 44). Also, although Dandy does not make this point, it is important to note that the students' use of /skr/ may have been affected by the training they were getting from the speech pathologists.

2.7 Consonant clusters in another language

Languages' phonotactics differ as to what consonant clusters they permit.Many languages do not permit consonant clusters at all. Maori and Pirah, for instance, don't permit any two consecutive consonants in a word. Japanese is almost as strict, but it allows clusters of consonant plus /j/ as in Tokyo [to kjo ], the name of Japan's capital city. Across a syllable boundary, it also allows a cluster of a nasal consonant plus another consonant, as in Honsh [hon u ] (the name of the largest island) and tempura [tempu a] (a traditional dish). A great many of the languages of the world are more restrictive than English in terms of consonant clusters; almost every Malayo-Polynesian language forbids consonant clusters entirely. Tahitian, Samoan and Hawaiian are all of this sort. Standard Arabic does not permit initial consonant clusters, or more than two consecutive consonants in other positions; neither do most other Semitic languages, although Modern Israeli Hebrew permits initial two-consonant clusters (e.g. pkak "cap"; dlat "pumpkin"), and Moroccan Arabic, under Berber influence, allows strings of several consonants.Khmer, as do most MonKhmer languages permits only initial consonant clusters with up to three consonants in a row per syllable. Finnish has initial consonant clusters natively only on South-Western dialects and on foreign loans, and only clusters of three inside the word are allowed. Most spoken languages and dialects, however, are more permissive. In Burmese, consonant clusters of only up to three consonants (the initial and two medialstwo written forms of /-j/, /-w-/) at the initial onset are allowed in writing and only two (the initial and one medial) are pronounced. These clusters are restricted to certain letters. Some Burmese dialects allow for clusters of up to four consonants (with the addition of the /-l-/ medial, which can combine with the above-mentioned medials.

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At the other end of the scale, the Kartvelian languages of Georgia are drastically more permissive of consonant clustering. Clusters in Georgian of four, five or six consonants are not unusualfor instance, /brt q li/ (flat), /mt s vrtn li/ (trainer) and /prt skvna/

(peeling)and if grammatical affixes are used, it allows an eight-consonant cluster: / vbrd vnis/ (he's plucking us). Consonants cannot appear as syllable nuclei in Georgian, so this syllable is analysed as CCCCCCCCVC. Some Slavic languages such as Slovak may manifest formidable numbers of consecutive consonants, such as in the words tvr / tvr t /, zmrzlina /zmr zl na/, and blnknutie / bl knutje/, but the liquid

consonants /r/ and /l/ can form syllable nuclei in Slovak, and behave phonologically as vowels in this case. Another example is the Serbo-Croatian word opskrbljivanje / pskr b i a /, though note that lj and nj here are digraphs representing single

consonants: [ ] and [ ], respectively. Some Salishan languages exhibit long words with no vowels at all, such as the Nuxlk word /x p t p sk t s /: he had in his

possession a bunchberry plant. It is extremely difficult to accurately classify which of these consonants may be acting as the syllable nucleus, and these languages challenge classical notions of exactly what constitutes a syllable.

2.8 Consonants versus vowels

Consonants and vowels correspond to distinct parts of a syllable: The most sonorous part of the syllable (that is, the part that's easiest to sing), called the syllabic peak or nucleus, is typically a vowel, while the less sonorous margins (called the onset and coda) are typically consonants. Such syllables may be abbreviated CV, V, and CVC, where C stands for consonant and V stands for vowel. This can be argued to be the only pattern found in most of the world's languages, and perhaps the primary pattern in all of them. However, the distinction between consonant and vowel is not always clear cut: there are syllabic

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consonants and non-syllabic vowels in many of the world's languages .One blurry area is in segments variously called semivowels, semiconsonants, or glides. On the one side, there are vowel-like segments that are not in themselves syllabic but that form diphthongs as part of the syllable nucleus,as the i in English boil [ b l] On the other, there are approximants that behave like consonants in forming onsets but are articulated very much like vowels, as the y in English yes [ j s]. Some phonologists model these as both being the underlying vowel /i/, so that the English word bit would phonemically
/bit/, beet would be /bii t

The other problematic area is that of syllabic consonants, segments articulated as consonants but occupying the nucleus of a syllable. This may be the case for words such as church in rhotic dialects of English, although phoneticians differ in whether they consider this to be a syllabic consonant.

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION

Indonesian people may have difficulty pronouncing English consonant cluster because Bahasa Indonesia consonant cluster is not as difficult as English consonant

cluster.Mostly Indonesian people have difficulty pronouncing the consonant cluster simplification or assimilation processes because in Bahasa Indonesia there was almost no

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simplification when speaking,usually when we speak we pronounce all the word exactly in that sentence without any interruption,simplification,gliding or assimilation process,also the way we read alphabet letter in Bahasa Indonesia is mostly different from the way English people read the alphabet so this is one of the factor why its very difficult for us to pronounce english correctly.Also indonesian people found out that gliding between vowel to vowel (Dipthong and tripthong) is very hard cause we need to articulate our organ of speech correctly.So if we want to pronounce english correctly we need to understand what is consonant cluster,assimilation process,gliding between vowel and other,we can learn the basic of consonant cluster simplification first to learning dipthong and tripthong easier,so if we want to pronounce English correctly it take a lot of practice in uisng dipthong,tripthong,consonant cluster,intonation,and other so be sure to practice everyday,its like they say practice make perfect,and thanks a lot for reading this assignment.

REFERENCES
- Roach, Peter. 2000. English Phonetics and Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonants - http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/knowledge-wiki/consonant-cluster - http://www.thefreedictionary.com/consonant - http://dictionary.sensagent.com/consonant+cluster/en-en

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- http://jslhr.asha.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/4/556 - http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/clustersindex.html - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_cluster - http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/clustersindex.html

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