Chapter 4 Planning the Addressing Structure

CCNA Discovery 4.0

Objectives

Describle how IP addressing implemented in the LAN Subnet a given network to allow for efficient use of IP address space Explain how Network Address Translation (NAT) and Port Address (PAT) are used in a network

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IP addressing in LAN
Review of IP address

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IP addressing in LAN
Review of IP address

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IP addressing in LAN
Review of IP address

To create more possible network designations, the 32-bit address space was organized into five classes.

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IP addressing in LAN
Review of IP address

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IP addressing in LAN
Review of IP address

The two-level hierarchy of classed addressing included a network ID and a host ID. In classful subnetting, the network ID is left alone, and the host ID is divided into a subnet ID and a new host ID. For example, a Class B network has a 16-bit default subnet mask of 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000, or 255.255.0.0. That leaves 16-bits for the host ID. To use IP addresses more efficiently, Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) was created. With CIDR, there are no more network classes. CIDR uses variable length subnet masks (VLSM) for subnetting. Using CIDR addressing, sometimes referred to as classless addressing, the number of bits that can make up the network ID is not restricted by class. For example the address 192.168.82.174 is part of a network in which the first 18 bits make up the network ID. The network that this host is in would be specified as 192.168.64.0/18, where the /18 indicates an 18-bit subnet mask (255.255.192.0)
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IP addressing in LAN
Review of IP address

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IP addressing in LAN
Subnetting a Network

The customer network using the single ISR is badly overloaded. The proposed solution is to add a second networking device, a larger ISR, and to divide the single network into two separate networks. The hubs connecting the wired users can connect directly to the new ISR switch ports. Some ISRs do not have integrated switch ports, so it is necessary to add a separate switch to support the wired users.

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IP addressing in LAN
Subnetting a Network

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IP addressing in LAN
Subnetting a Network

A classed IP address hierarchy has two levels: a network and a host. In classful routing, the first three leading bit values determine whether an IP address is either class A, B, or C. Subdividing a network adds a level to the network hierarchy. Now there are three levels: a network, a subnetwork, and a host.

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IP addressing in LAN
Custom Subnet masks

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IP addressing in LAN
Custom Subnet masks

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IP addressing in LAN
Custom Subnet masks

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IP addressing in LAN
Communicating Between Subnets

The configuration must ensure that interfaces on routers that connect to each other are assigned IP addresses in the same network or subnet, and that clients are assigned default gateways that they can reach.

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IP addressing in LAN
IPv6

CIDR and private IP addressing were developed to provide a temporary solution to the problem of IP address depletion. These methods, though useful, did not create more IP addresses. IPv6 does that. IPv6 was first proposed in 1998 with RFC 2460. A general list of improvements that IPv6 proposes are: More address space Better address space management Easier TCP/IP administration Modernized routing capabilities Improved support for multicasting, security, and mobility

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IP addressing in LAN
IPv6

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IP addressing in LAN
IPv6

With IPv6, IP addresses are 128-bits in size with a potential address space of 2^128 n decimal notation, that is approximately a 3 followed by 38 zeroes.

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NAT and PAT

Basic Network Address Translation (NAT)

Network Address Translation (NAT) allows a large group of private users to access the Internet by sharing a small pool of public IP addresses.

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NAT and PAT

Basic Network Address Translation (NAT)

Network Address Translation (NAT) allows a large group of private users to access the Internet by sharing a small pool of public IP addresses.

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NAT and PAT

IP NAT Terms

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NAT and PAT

IP NAT Terms

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NAT and PAT

IP NAT Terms

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NAT and PAT

Static and Dynamic NAT
Advantage:

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NAT and PAT

Static and Dynamic NAT
Disadvantage:

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NAT and PAT

Static and Dynamic NAT

Static translations ensure that an individual host private IP address is always translated to the same registered global IP address. It also ensures that no other local host will be translated to the same registered address. Dynamic NAT occurs when a router is configured to assign an IP address from an available pool of outside global addresses to an inside private network device.

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NAT and PAT

Static and Dynamic NAT

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NAT and PAT

Port-based Network Address Translation (PAT)

PAT translates multiple local addresses to a single global IP address. When a source host sends a message to a destination host, it uses an IP address and port number combination to keep track of each individual conversation with the destination host. In PAT, the gateway translates the local source address and port combination in the packet to a single global IP address and a unique port number above 1024. Although each host is translated into the same global IP address, the port number associated with the conversation is unique. A table in the router contains a list of the internal IP address and port number combinations that are translated to the external address. Because there are over 64,000 ports available, a router is unlikely to run out of addresses, which could happen with dynamic NAT.

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NAT and PAT

Port-based Network Address Translation (PAT)

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NAT and PAT

Port-based Network Address Translation (PAT)

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NAT and PAT

IP NAT Issues

NAT operates invisibly. People access the Internet from private networks without ever realizing the work that the router is doing to make that happen. NAT has helped to delay the complete depletion of the IPv4 address space.

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Summary

Interface on network devices connected to the Internet need to have a unique IP address, to send and receive messages over internetworks. IP address are organized into network classes A, B, C, D. A network can be divided into subnets Classful subnetting uses the extension of the subnet mask Classless IP addressing NAT IPv6

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