Confined

Space Entry for Entrants & Attendants

Lesson: 1 Introduction & Regulations
ThistrainingisdesignedtomeettherequirementsofOSHAregulation29CFR1910.146. Hello,andwelcometotheSafetyMomentstrainingon ConfinedSpaceEntryforEntrants&Attendants.This courseisdesignedtogiveyouthebasicsyouneedto becomequalifiedonbeinganEntrant,orAttendantfor permitrequiredconfinedspaces.Thistrainingdoesnot completetherequirementsforEntrySupervisoror EmergencyRescueasoutlineinOSHAPart1910.146. OnApril15,1993,OSHAregulation1910.146became effective.Thisregulation,knownasPermitrequired confinedspaces,dealswiththeidentificationof confinedspacesthatposehealthhazardstoanyone enteringthemandtheprotectionofemployeesfromthe hazardsoftheseconfinedspaces.Theregulationalso specifiesrequirementsforemployers. Theregulationrequiresthatemployersdothefollowing: 1. Evaluatetheworkplacetoidentifyallpermit requiredspaces. 2. Developapermitspaceentryprogramthat specifiesproperentryproceduresandpermit contents. 3. Trainemployeesinvolvedinpermitentry.These employeesmayactuallyenterthespace,actas watchesfromoutsidethespace,supervisethe entry,orbeapartofarescueteam. 4. Complywithrequirementspertainingto contractorsenteringapermitspace.

Lets begin by defining a few terms.

ConfinedSpaceAconfinedspaceisanyspacethatis largeenoughandsoconfiguredthatanemployeecan bodilyenterandperformassignedwork. Italsohaslimitedorrestrictedmeansforentryandexit andisnotdesignedforcontinuousemployeeoccupancy.

Examplesofconfinedspaceinclude: storagetanks, processvessels, columns, manholes, valvepits, culverts, orexcavationsmeasuringfivefeetdeepormoreat anypoint. Spacesthatfallintothesecategoriesofconfinedspacesare commoninmostindustrialfacilities. Theregulationgoesontodefineapermitrequired confinedspace. Thisisanyconfinedspacethatalsohasoneormoreofthe followingcharacteristics:

Ithasthepotentialtocontainahazardous atmosphere, Ithasmaterialthathasthepotentialforengulfing someonewhoentersit, Ithasaninternalconfigurationsuchthatsomeone couldbetrappedorasphyxiatedbyinwardly convergingwallsorbyafloorwhichslopes downwardtoasmallercrosssection,or Itcontainsanyotherrecognizedserioussafetyor healthhazard.

Manyindustrialfacilitieshavechosentotreatall confinedspacesintheirfacilityaspermitrequired confinedspaces. PERMITREQUIRED CONFINEDSPACE

1. 29CFR1910.146istheOSHAregulationknownas____________________.(checkoneanswer) ConfinedSpaceEntry PermitrequiredConfinedSpaces OSHARule146 ConfinedSpaceHealthandSafety 2. ThePermitRequiredConfinedSpacesrulerequiresthatemployers:(checkallthatapply) Trainemployeesinvolvedinpermitentry. Developapermitspaceentryprogram. Evaluatetheworkplacetoidentifyallpermitrequiredspace. Complywithrequirementspertainingtocontractors. 3. Aconfinedspaceisanyspacethat:(checkallthatapply) Hasthepotentialforcontainingahazardousatmosphere. Haslimitedentryandexit. Islargeenoughthatanemployeecanbodilyenteritandperformwork. Isnotdesignedforcontinuousoccupancy. 4. Whichofthefollowingareexamplesofconfinedspaces?(checkallthatapply) Excavationsmorethan5feetdeep Aunitcontrolroom Storagetanks Valvepits 5. Apermitrequiredconfinedspaceisaconfinedspacethat: Containsmaterialthathasthepotentialforengulfingaperson. Couldtraporasphyxiatesomeone. Istobeoccupiedbymorethanoneperson. Hasthepotentialforcontainingahazardousatmosphere. 6. Manyindustrialplantshavechosentotreatallconfinedspacesaspermitrequiredconfinedspaces. True False

Lesson: 2 Entrant Duties

Letsdefinethepeopleinvolvedinthepermitrequired confinedspaceentryprocedure.

AuthorizedEntrantAnyoneauthorizedtoenterapermit requiredconfinedspaceiscalledanAuthorizedEntrant, frequentlyshortenedtoEntrant. Entryisdefinedastheactionbywhichaperson passesthroughanopeningintoapermitrequired space. Entryincludesanysubsequentworkinthatspace andoccursassoonasanypartofthepersonsbody crossestheplaneofanopeningintothespace.

ThedutiesoftheAuthorizedEntrantareasfollows: 1. Knowthehazardsthatmaybefacedduringentry, includingtheinformationonthemode,signsor symptoms,andconsequencesofexposure, 2. Properlyuseequipment,Communicatewiththe AttendantasnecessarytoenabletheAttendantto monitortheEntrantsstatusandtoenablethe AttendanttoalertEntrantsoftheneedtoevacuate thespace, 3. AlerttheAttendantwhenevertheEntrant recognizesanywarningsignorsymptomofdanger, oriftheEntrantdetectsaprohibitedcondition, 4. Entrantsmustexitthepermitspaceasquicklyas possiblewheneveranordertoevacuateisgivenby theAttendantortheEntrySupervisor,theEntrant recognizesanywarningsignorsymptomof exposuretoadangeroussituation,theEntrant detectsaprohibitedcondition,oranevacuation alarmisactivated. 1. Entryisconsideredtohaveoccurredwhen:(checkoneanswer) TheEntrant'sheadcrossestheplaneoftheconfinedspaceopening. TheEntrantiscompletelyinsidetheconfinedspace. TheEntrantisnolongervisiblefromoutsidethespace. AnypartoftheEntrant'sbodycrossestheplaneoftheconfinedspaceopening. 2. Duringentry,theEntrantsmust:(checkallthatapply) KeepincontactwiththeAttendant. Wearimperviousclothing. Exitifanevacuationalarmisactivated. Wearfullfacerespiratoryequipment.

Lesson: 3 Attendant Duties

Wheneversomeoneentersapermitrequiredspace, anotherpersonmustbestationedoutsidethespaceata pointwheretheentrantscanbewatchedincasetrouble develops.ThispersonisreferredtoasanAttendant.

LetstakealookattheAttendantsduties:

1. Knowthehazardsthatmaybefacedduringentry, includingtheinformationonthemode,signsor symptoms,andconsequencesofexposure, 2. Beawareofpossiblebehavioraleffectsofhazard exposureonAuthorizedEntrants, 3. Continuouslymaintainanaccuratecountof AuthorizedEntrantsandbeabletoidentifyeach one, 4. Remainoutsidethepermitspaceduringentry operationsuntilrelievedbyanotherAttendant, 5. CommunicatewiththeEntrantsasnecessaryto monitorEntrantstatusandtoalertEntrantsofthe needtoevacuatethespace, 6. Monitoractivitiesinsideandoutsidethespaceto determineifitissafeforEntrantstoremaininthe spaceandtoorderevacuationofthespaceifthese conditionsarise: a. Ifaprohibitedconditionisdetected, b. Ifthebehavioraleffectsofhazardexposure aredetectedinanAuthorizedEntrant, c. Ifasituationoutsidethespacethatcould endangertheAuthorizedEntrantsis detected, d. TheAttendantcannotperformalltheduties required.

7. Summonrescueandotheremergencyservicesas soonastheAttendantdeterminesthatthe Entrantsmayneedassistancetoescapefromthe spacehazards, 8. Warnunauthorizedpersonnelthattheymust stayawayfromthepermitspace,advise unauthorizedpersonsthattheymustexit immediatelyiftheyhaveenteredthepermit space,andinformAuthorizedEntrantsandthe EntrySupervisorifanunauthorizedpersonhas enteredthepermitspace. 9. Doesnotperformanydutiesthatmightinterfere withtheAttendantsprimarydutytomonitor andprotecttheAuthorizedEntrantsfrom outsidetheconfinedspace.

1. Wheneversomeoneentersapermitrequiredspace:(checkoneanswer) ASupervisoristostandwatch. AnAttendantmustbepresent. TheSafetySupervisormustbepresent. Twopeoplemustbeplacedoutsidethespaceas"watches."

 2. TheAttendantmust:(checkallthatapply) Monitoractivitiesoutsidethespace. Signtheentrypermit. Monitoractivitiesinsidethespace. Keeptrackofwhoisinthespace. Lesson: 4 Entry Supervisor Duties LetslookatthedutiesofanEntrySupervisor: 1. Knowthehazardsthatmaybefacedduring entry,includingtheinformationonthemode, signsorsymptoms,andconsequencesof exposure, 2. Verifythatappropriateentrieshavebeenmade intheentrypermit,thatalltestshavebeen conducted,andthatallproceduresand equipmentspecifiedbythepermitareinplace beforeendorsingthepermitandallowingentry tobegin, 3. Terminatetheentryandcancelthepermitwhen necessary, 4. Verifythatrescueservicesareavailableandthat themeansforsummoningthemareoperable, 5. Removeunauthorizedindividualswhoenteror attempttoenterthepermitspaceduringentry operations, 6. Makesurethatacceptableentryconditionsare maintainedduringtheentry.Thismaymeanre testingtheatmosphereandmakingsurethatif theresponsibilityfortheentrychangeshands, thenewSupervisorisfullyawareofthe situation.

1. Whohasresponsibilityforanentry?(checkoneanswer) TheEntrySupervisor TheSafetyDepartment TheAttendant TheUnitForeman 2. Whoisresponsibleforissuinganentrypermit?(checkoneanswer) TheEntrySupervisor TheUnitManager TheAttendant TheSafetyDepartment 3. Theregulationdefinesdutiesforwhichofthefollowingpeople?(checkallthatapply) ProgramAdministrator AuthorizedEntrant EntrySupervisor Attendant

Lesson: 5 Entry
Theprocedureforenteringapermitrequiredconfined spacebeginswithanevaluationoftheconfinedspacetobe entered.Thatis,adeterminationoftheextentofthe hazardsismade. Atthistimetheentryteammakesanannouncementover thePublicAddresssystem(PA)beforeaConfinedEntry startsandwhenitisconcluded.

Preparation
Priortoanyoneenteringapermitrequiredconfined space,thespacemustbedrainedofitscontentsand thoroughlycleanedtoremovealltracesofanyharmful materials. Pumps,piping,exchangersorotherequipment associatedwiththeworktobedonemustalsobe drainedandcleanedpriortoentry.

Isolation
Thespacemustthenbeisolated.Isolationistheprocessby whichapermitspaceisremovedfromserviceand completelyprotectedagainstthereleaseofenergyand materialintothespace.Methodsofisolationinclude: blankingorblinding, misaligningorremovingsectionsofpipes, adoubleblockandbleedsystem, lockoutofallsourcesofenergy, andblockingordisconnectingofallmechanical linkages.

Blanking
Mostindustrialfacilitiesrequirethatallconnectedpiping beblindedattheflangeclosesttothevessel.Orincase ofthreadedpiping,thelinemustbephysicallyseparated asclosetothevesselaspractical.Instrumentlinesusing nitrogenasabackupandleveltransmittersusing nitrogenmustalsobedisconnected.

Block&Bleed
Doubleblockandbleedmeanstheclosureofaline,duct, orpipebyclosingtwoinlinevalvesandbyopeningand lockingortaggingadrainorventvalveintheline betweenthetwovalves.

Lockout
Isolationalsoincludeslockingoutenergysources. Electricallyoperateddevicesmustbelockedoutandtagged accordingtoanapprovedprocedure.

Ventilation
Oncethespaceiscleanedandisolated,itmustbeventilated inordertocreateandmaintainasuitableatmospherefor entry.Ifadequatenaturalventilationcannotbeachieved, thenmechanicalventilationmustbeused.Eitherexplosion proofelectricorpneumaticairmoversmaybeused.The correctmethodofventilationistoplacetheairmoversuch thatitdrawsfreshairintothespaceandexitsthroughthe airmover. Whenusingpneumaticallydrivenairmovers,besuretouse plantairandnotnitrogenasthesourceofenergy.Itisalso importanttobesurethatplantairisusedtopower pneumatictoolsnotnitrogen.

AtmosphericTesting
Nowthatwehavethespaceopened,cleaned,and ventilated,wecanbegintestingtheatmosphereinside thespace.Testsarerunforthefollowing(Testsmustbe runinthesequencegiven): oxygencontent, flammablegasesandvapors, andpotentialtoxicaircontaminants. Qualifiedindividualsusingdirectreadinginstruments mustruntests. AdditionalTestingisrequiredwhen: 10minutesofventilationhasbeencompleted(if ventilationisnecessary); Atleasthourlyforpermitrequiredconfined spaces. Morefrequently,ifconditionsorsuspicions warrant. Alwaystesttheairatvariouslevelstobesurethatthe entirespaceissafe. Knowyourairtestingequipment.Monitorscanhaveair pumpsthatrunatdifferentratessothetimerequiredto getaaccuratereadingwillvary. AlsotheamountofrubbertubbingloweredintotheCS willchangethelengthoftimenecessaryforanaccurate reading.

Goodairneartheopeningdoes NOTmeanthereisgoodairatthe bottom!

Theremustbenohazardousatmospherewithinthespace wheneveranyemployeeisinsidethespace.Ahazardous atmosphereisdefinedasonewiththefollowing characteristics:

Theoxygencontentislessthan19.5%orgreater than23.5%, Flammablegas,vapor,ormistisinexcessof10%of itslowerflammablelimit(LFL), Airbornecombustibledustisataconcentrationthat meetsorexceedsitsLFL, Thepresenceoftoxicmaterialsisinexcessofits permissibleexposurelimit(PEL), Oritcontainsanyotheratmosphericconditionthat isimmediatelydangeroustolifeorhealth(IDLH).

SpecialCircumstancesOpenFloatingRoofStorage Tanks: Activityontheroofofanopenfloatingroofstoragetank requiresanEntryPermitunderthefollowingconditions: 1. Thefloatingroofisfourfeetormorebelowthe topofthetank. 2. Theroofisnotinthestaticposition. 3. Thetankisinbenzeneserviceorhasthe potentialtocontainH2S,regardlessofrooflevel.

WhenanEntryPermitisrequiredforanopen,floatingroof storagetank,thefollowingconditionsmustbemet. 1. Anattendantmustbepresent. 2. AnO2/combustiblegasmeterisusedbypersonnel descendingtoaroofinthenonstaticposition,or onethatisfourfeetormorebelowthetopofthe tank. 3. AnH2Smonitorisusedifthetankhasthepotential tocontainHydrogenSulfide. 1. Priortoenteringaconfinedspace,thespacemustbe_______.(checkallthatapply) Measured Cleaned Drained Isolated 2. Methodsofisolationofaconfinedspaceinclude:(checkallthatapply) Bleeding Blinding Blanking Lockout

3. Forpurposesofentry,alineshouldbeblinded:(checkoneanswer) Ateachcontrolvalve. BytheSafetyDepartment. Attheflangeclosesttothespacetobeentered. Onbothsidesofablockvalve. 4. Thecorrectmethodforventilatingaconfinedspaceis:(checkoneanswer) Tofillitwithwaterandthenemptyit. Toforcefreshairintothespacewithfans. Todisplacetheatmosphereinthespacewithoxygen. Todrawairthroughthespacebymeansofanairmover. 5. Nitrogenmaybeusedtopowerpneumaticequipmentduringentryprovidedsufficientairisavailable. True False 6. Testsforwhichofthefollowingmustberunpriortoentry?(checkallthatapply) Toxicmaterials Flammablematerials Oxygencontent Carbondioxide 7. Whichofthefollowingrepresentsahazardousatmosphere?(checkallthatapply) ItcontainstoxicsubstancesgreaterthanthePEL. Itcontains22%oxygen. Itisconsideredanimmediatedangertolifeorhealth. 8. WhatdoesPELstandfor?(checkoneanswer) PermissibleEquipmentList PersonalEmergencyLifevest PermissibleExposureLimit PermittedEquipmentList 9. Ahazardousatmospherecontains:(checkallthatapply) Morethan20%oxygen. Lessthan21%oxygen. Lessthan19.5%oxygen. Morethan5%nitrogen. 10. Iftheroofofafloatingroofstoragetankisnotinastaticposition,anEntryPermitisrequired. True False 11. WhichoftheseisrequiredanytimeanEntryPermitisineffect?(checkoneanswer) Anattendant Sourceofflame Flameretardantclothing Anelectricventilationsystem 12. Ifyouhearanemergencyalarmwhileontheroofofaconfinedspace,remainwhereyouareandwaitfor instructions. True False

Lesson: 6 Permitting
Theentrypermitmustidentify:

Thepermitspacetobeentered, Thepurposeofentry, Thedateandauthorizeddurationofthepermit, TheauthorizedEntrantswithinthespace,byname orothermeansthatenablestheAttendantto determinequicklyandaccuratelywhichEntrants areinsidethespaceatanygiventime.

Thepermitmustalsocontain:

Thepersonnel,byname,currentlyservingas Attendants, ThenameofthecurrentEntrySupervisor,witha spaceforthesignatureorinitialsoftheEntry Supervisorwhooriginallyauthorizedtheentry, Thehazardsofthepermitspace, Themeasuresusedtoisolatethespaceandto eliminateorcontrolspacehazardsbeforeentry,

Theacceptableentryconditions, Theresultsofinitialtestsandperiodictestsand thenameorinitialsofthepersonthatperformed thetests, Therescueandemergencyservicesthatcanbe summonedandthemeansforsummoningthem, ThecommunicationproceduresusedbyEntrants andAttendantstomaintaincontactduringthe entry, Equipmenttobeprovidedsuchaspersonal protectiveequipment,testingequipment,alarm systems,etc., Anyotherinformationnecessarytoensuresafety oftheEntrants, Anyadditionalpermits,suchashotworkpermits, whichhavebeenissuedtoauthorizeworkinthe permitspace. Priortoentry,allemployeesinvolvedintheentry mustbetrainedinthesafeperformanceofthe dutiesassignedbytheregulation.

1. Anentrypermitmustbesignedby:(checkallthatapply) TheEntrySupervisor TheSafetyManager TheUnitProcessEngineer TheAttendant 2. Anentrypermitmustcontain:(checkallthatapply) Thevesselconstructionmaterials. ThenameoftheEntrySupervisor. ThenameofthecurrentAttendant(s). Thepurposeforentry. 3. Theentrypermitmust:(checkoneanswer)

BeapprovedbythePlantManager. Containinformationonanyotherpermits. Bereissuedeveryshift. Befilledoutintriplicate.

Lesson: 7
Finally,letsconsiderthenecessaryrescueandemergency servicesthatmustbeinplace.

1. Eachmemberoftherescueservicemustbe providedwith,andtrainedinuseof,thepersonal protectiveequipmentandrescueequipment necessaryformakingrescuesfromthepermit space,

2. Eachmemberoftherescueserviceshallpractice makingpermitspacerescuesatleastonceevery 12monthsbymeansofsimulatedrescue operationsinwhichtheyremovedummies, mannequins,oractualpersonsfromtheactual permitspacesorrepresentativespaces. Representativepermitspacesshallsimulatethe type,sizeandaccessibilityofactualspacefrom whichrescueistobeperformed. 1. Ifsomeoneotherthanthehostsemployeesareto performrescues,thehostemployermustinform therescueserviceofthehazardstheymay confrontwhencalledontoperformarescueand providetherescueservicewithaccesstoall permitspacessothatrescueplanscanbe developed.

2. Tomakenonentryrescueeasier,retrievalsystems ormethodsaretobeusedwheneveran AuthorizedEntrantentersapermitspace. Retrievalsystemsincludeachestorfullbody harnesswitharetrievallineattachedatthecenter oftheEntrantsbacknearshoulderlevelorabove theEntrantshead.Wristletsmaybeusedinstead ifitcanbedemonstratedthattheuseofaharness isnotfeasibleorifitwouldincreasetherisk. Theotherendoftheretrievallineistobeattachedtoa mechanicaldeviceorfixedpointoutsidethepermitspace. Amechanicaldevicemustbeavailabletoretrieve personnelfromverticaltypepermitspacesmorethan5 feetdeep.

3. IfaninjuredEntrantisexposedtoasubstancefor whichaMaterialSafetyDataSheetiskept,itmust bemadeavailabletothemedicalfacilitytreating theexposedEntrant.

Inaddition,manyemployersrequirethefollowingsafety equipmentaspartofthepersonalprotectiveequipment duringentry:

Fiveminuteescapebottles, Cylindersofbreathingair, Imperviousbodycoveringclothing, Explosionprooforintrinsicallysafelightingfor interiorillumination, Andrespiratoryprotection.Ifoillubricated compressorsareusedtosupplybreathingair,they requireeitherahightemperaturealarmora carbonmonoxidealarm,orboth.

Locateaircompressorintakeawayfromsourcesofair contamination.Installafilterstationonregularair compressorstoupgradetheairtobreathingairquality.

Rememberthatalltheserulesandregulationsare designedtomakeconfinedspaceentrysaferforeveryone involved.

Thankyou!

1. Membersoftherescueteammustberetrained: Priortoeveryentry. Everysixmonths. Everythreeyears. Annually. 2. Whichofthefollowingareappropriateretrievalsystems? Basketstretcher AnAttendantwithfullfacebreathingapparatus Wristlets Harnesswitharetrievalline
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