Offshore engineering Course paper MOM 490 Marine Operations

Studies program/specialty Master degree/Marine technology Autumn, 2011 Confidential

Title of project: " Marine lift operations in Jubilee field offshore Ghana"
Author: Alexey Ozorishin Supervisor: Ove Tobias Gudmestad ..............................(signature of supervisor) .................................(signature of author)

Abstract
A Maritime operation is an offshore activity one of them is the installation process. The lifting analysis of a subsea structure determines the maximum allowable design seastate in which the structure can be installed safely. Mainly this sensitivity is related to motion of the vessel. Weather sensitivity is often expressed through operation limitations and is clearly related to the risk of harm to personnel and loss of property or income. I hereby present the "Marine lift operations in Jubilee field offshore Ghana " project. Actual information about currents, wind, temperature, weather, seabed surface, etc. are shown in the first chapter from the company which is operator of the Jubilee field and from Cape Three Points Deep Water. Location weather, vessel, operations and other estimations were received from analytical calculations and previous data collection. Major sources for design are DNV-RP-H103 and similar projects. In the report, all important equipment for the lifting operations are described. The main motions and loads were calculated and compared with acceptable values. In conclusion, the paper summarizes the most important parts the work and technologies to improve the safety of operations. Examples of real calculations for vessel, wave, etc. parameters you could see in the Appendix. Also there are tables with important coefficient and description of how to find them.

List of Contents
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Abstract................................................................................................................... List of Contents...................................................................................................... Nomenclature......................................................................................................... Introduction............................................................................................................. 1 Weather Description ........................................................................................... 1.1Wind and Wave Climate................................................................................... 1.2 Current Circulation.......................................................................................... 1.3 Tides................................................................................................................. 1.4 Wind and wave extremes................................................................................. 1.5 Wave calculations............................................................................................ 2 Vessel Discussion................................................................................................ 2.1 Vessel Description............................................................................................ 2.2 Simplified vessel calculations .......................................................................... 3 Subsea Manifold discussion............................................................................... 4 Crane rope discussion......................................................................................... 5 Marine Operations Discussion ........................................................................... 5.1Llift off from deck and maneuvering object clear of transportation vessel....... 5. 2 Lifting through Wave zone.............................................................................. Summary of calculations........................................................................................ Conclusions............................................................................................................ . Afterword............................................................................................................... References.............................................................................................................. Appendix A............................................................................................................. Appendix B............................................................................................................. Appendix C............................................................................................................. Appendix D............................................................................................................. Appendix E.............................................................................................................

I II III 1 2 2 4 4 5 6 7 7 9 12 14 16 17 18 21 22 23 24 A B C D E

Nomenclature act-characteristic single amplitude vertical acceleration of crane tip [m/s2]

aw- characteristic vertical water particle

Fv Total2- maximum value of vertical

force during wave zone lowering [N]

g-gravity acceleretion [m/s2] GM - metacentre height [m] h-manifold height [m] hs- submerged height of manifold [m] H-vessel height moulded [m] Hs-significant wave height [m] 1

acceleration [m/s2]
A33- added heave mass of manifold Api-area of submerged part of object item

projected on a horizontal plane

Aw- water line area

b-manifold beam [m] B-breadth moulded [m] Bt- horizontal distance from the vessels

I-area moment of the inertia [m4] k-axual stiffness of rope [N] kb- bilge form factor, we take average K-stiffness of hosting system [N/m] KB- center of buoyncy [m] KG- vessel gravity height [m] l-manifold length [m] lP-length of hoisting system [m] L-vessel length between p.p. [m] Lt-horizontal distance from midship to the

centre line to the crane tip [m]

BM-metacenre radius [m] C- roll coefficient CA-heave added solid mass coefficient CG- gravity centre of manifold [m] CB- buoyancy centre of manifold [m] CD- drag coefficient in oscillatory flow of

submerged part of object

Cs-slamming coefficient d- distance from water plane to centre of

crane tip [m]

m-manifold mass [kg] mw- mass of water inside manifold [kg] mH'-heave added mass with effect of

gravity [m]
D-operation draught [m] Fd-drag force [N] FM-mass force [N] FP-Varying buoyancy force [N] Fs-slamming impact force [N]

perforation [kg]
mP-unit mass of rope [kg/m] Ma- heave added mass of vessel MD- vessel displacment Mw-water mass inside manifold OG-distance between centre of gravity and

Fv max1- maximum value of vertical

force during lift off phase [N]

T0- eigen period of rope in wave zone [s]
t-time [s]

waterline [m]
p-perforation rate [%]

q-mean safety factor of rope

V-change in volume of displaced water

T3-heave natural period [s] T4-roll natural period [s]

T5-pitch natural period [s]

from still water surface to wave crest or wave trough [m3]

X1-relation factor between beam and draft X2- factor of a block coefficient values, we

TR- eigen period of the pendulum

take average
V-change in volume of displaced water

Motions [s]
Tz- zero-up crossing period of wave [s] s-factor depends on Period vc-hosting velocity [m/s]

from still water surface to wave crest or wave trough [m3]

- adjustment factor 2

vct-characteristic single amplitude vertical

velocity of crane tip [m/s]

vr-characteristic vertical relative velocity 3-characteristic single amplitude heave

between object and water particles [m/s]

vs- the slamming impact velocity [m/s] vw- characteristic vertical water particle

motion of vessel [m]

4- characteristic single amplitude roll

angle of vessel [deg]

5- characteristic single amplitude pitch

velocity [m/s]
V- wave velocity [m/s] Vm- manifold volume [m3] Vs-submerged pore volume of

angle of vessel [deg]

ct-characteristic single amplitude vertical

motion of crane tip [m]

-wave frequency [Hz] a- characteristic wave amplitude [m]

cylinder [m3]
X1-relation factor between beam and draft X2- factor of a block coefficient values, we

take average

Introduction
The Jubilee Field is located on the continental shelf offshore Ghana. The project area is located approximately 132 km west-southwest of the city of Takoradi, 60 km from the nearest shoreline of Ghana, and 75 km from the nearest shoreline of Cte dIvoire in water depths of 1,100 to 1,700 meters and represents the deepest water exploration well drilled to date in the Ghanaian Tano Basin (it is shown in Figure 1). Development solution is subsea equipment for oil extraction and FPSO for processing, storage and offloading of ready oil production to a tanker. During the development phase, 19 wells and 8 templates were installed. X-trees were lifted from the MODU through a moonpool to the sea and to seabed [2]. It means,
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they were fixed on the way from MODU into the water. This process is not very difficult. The templates dimensions are more than the moonpool area, that's why for template installation we have to use crane operations. It is a more complicated process, which will be described and calculated in this project.

Figure-1 location of Jubilee Field [2] For a start we describe weather conditions of Jubilee area. It's one of important question in marine operations. We will discuss about the fit position of the vessel and the best season for marine operations. Also according to weather, we have to choose Vessel and installation equipment.

1 Weather Description
Temperature patterns in Takoradi and Axim are generally similar and annual temperatures range between 24 and 30. Temperature is generally high from February to May and from November to December with peak temperatures recorded in March. Lower temperatures for the two areas were recorded between June and October with the coolest
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month usually being August. The 10 year average temperature for Takoradi and Axim was 24.9C and 28.3C respectively between 1998 and 2008 [1]. Conclusion: weather is stable and predictable for all year. It is possible to make forecast for a few days.

1.1Wind and Wave Climate The wind climate in the region is controlled by the South-easterlies Trade winds that originate in the Southern Hemisphere. As the trade winds cross the Equator, they are deflected to become south to south-westerly offshore Ivory Coast. The wind climate can be qualified as benign with a mean annual value of less than 4.5 m/s. The mean value of wind speed is the highest during the Northern Hemisphere summer (mean monthly speed >5 m/s) and the weakest during the Northern Hemisphere winter (mean monthly speed < 4 m/s). Note that violent thunderstorms accompanied by severe squalls (peaks of high wind speed of very short duration) are a regular feature in West Africa. We suspect that the maximum wind speed recorded in January is related to this phenomenon. However, because of their relatively low frequency of occurrence and short duration, squalls are not represented well in the ambient wind climate as reported in this document but do impact offshore operations. The wave climate is dominated by the long-period swell originating from the oceanic area around the Antarctica Continent and seas generated by locally occurring winds [4]. Significant wave height is relatively low throughout the year with a mean value of 1.4 m. Like the wind, waves are higher during the summer months (mean height > 1.5 m) than during the winter months (mean value around 1.0-1.2 m) [3]. In Figure 2 we can see wave heights versus wave periods. As we see the average parameters are significant wave height: 1-1,5 m and wave period: 10-10,5 s. Conclusion: swell waves due are dominate in the oilfield area.

Figure-2. A scatter diagram relating significant wave height to zero- crossing period [4].

1.2 Current Circulation Current flow in the region of installation work is mainly due to ocean circulation. From surface current animations, one can see that surface current fields in the region are influenced by two different currents the Guinea Current, a stream that flows east at approximately 3N along the western coast of Africa, and a westward surface current near the coast, that might be caused by cyclonic eddies between the current and the coast.
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The Guinea Current has seasonal variability in both intensity and localisation. It exhibits a minimum during the winter (November through February) and a maximum during the summer (May through September). In the installing area, ocean currents up to 1.5 m/s are experienced. Note that the summer intensification of the current is associated with the cooler water at the surface. Eddies are generated by the passage of the Guinea Current past Cape Palmas (west of the area of interest) and Cape Three Point (east of the area) [3]. Conclusions: in the winter the current worst than in the summer. Direction is eastward

1.3 Tides The tide on the coast of Ghana is regular and semi-diurnal. The average range varies along the coast for the main cities. The tidal wave has virtually the same phase across the coast of the country. The average range of Neap and Spring tides increases from west to east. Tidal currents are low and have an insignificant influence on coastal processes except within tidal inlets. Other possible sources of intermittent increases of local water levels include line squalls and the transfer of energy from internal to surface tides. These processes could result in additional increases of about 30 cm [2]. Conclusions: tides are low. The process of installation takes a few hours and tides don't influence the marine installation activities.

1.4 Wind and wave extremes The 10 year omni directional extreme significant wave height is 3.37m. The 10 year omni directional extreme wind speed at 10m was found to be 14.20 m/s. It should be noted that squall events were not considered while deriving the criteria. Squall information provided is based on very limited measured data. It is strongly recommended that, for engineering design or critical operational planning, detailed in-situ meteorological measurements are made [3].
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Conclusions: We have to be prepared for extreme conditions namely by checking weather more often and to identify barriers to prevent emergency situations and them consequence. We summarize all important data received in table 1 Table 1 - summarized table
Velocity , m/s Period, s Height (Hs), m Direction particulars

Wind, at 10 m Current waves

4.5 (max 14.2) 1.5 1.4 (max 3.37) 10.5 1.4

South-west East South-west

In winter V<4

In winter Hs<1.2

As you in Table 1, it will be recommended to locate vessels in South-west direction to decrease weather influence. Winter is better time for marine operations as waves and wind are less than in another seasons.

1.5 Wave calculations For further estimations and discussions viscosity: Peak period of waves:
TP=1.4TZ 1

we have to calculate several

characteristics of wave conditions. Such as peak period, amplitude, velocity and

Characteristic wave amplitude [5]:

a=0.9Hs Characteristic vertical water particle velocity [5]: vw=a2Tze-4dTzg

where
Tz- zero-up crossing period of wave [s] d- distance from water plane to centre of gravity [m]

Characteristic vertical water particle acceleration aw=a2Tze-4dTzg

All this parameters we define in Appendix A

2 Vessel Discussion.
The vessel is a fundamental part of the marine operations. Without a vessel we don't have any marine operations. Correct and accurate choice of vessel will help to reduce expenditure and save time.

2.1 Vessel Description The CSO Deep Blue was built in 2001 by the company Hyundai Mipo Dockyard, Korea. The CSO Deep Blue is the world's largest purpose-built ultra deepwater pipelay
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and subsea construction vessel. It works in water depths ranging from 75m to 2,500m. The vessel is owned and operated by Technip Marine. The CSO Deep Blue has an overall length of 206.5m and a moulded breadth of 32m. It has a moulded depth of 17.8m and an operating draught of from 7.5-8.95m, with a 10m maximum draught. It has a 55,234t displacement. The upper deck aft of moonpool can withstand loading of 1 Bar. Loading for the moonpool covers is 0,3 Bar and the rest of the upper deck is 0,5 Bar. It has a free deck area (aft of the moonpool) of approximately 680 m (figure 2) [6]. The vessel main crane has been designed for offshore lifts ranging from 60 t at 55m radius up to 400 t at 18m radius efficient subsea equipment installation through active compensation system.

Figure 2 - Deep Blue vessel It can carry out rigid pipelay (reeling) of up to 5,500t of 4in to 18in pipe or 4,000t of 4in to 26in rigid pipelay load of 11,023 t can consist of either two rigid reels (5,511t), flexible lines in two carousels (2,000t and 1,500t), eight portable 300t reels, 4,000t rigid pipe strings or 3,000t of subsea structures [6].

The CSO Deep Blue has a total installed normal power of 33.6MW at 6.6kV (45,000hp) and 1MW at 440V emergency power. It has a transit thrust power of 14MW (three thrusters in use) or 25.6MW (eight thrusters in use) for DP [6]. The vessel has a 4,700 m3 fuel capacity, giving it a transit period of 50 days (90 days standby conditions). It can also store 60 m3 of hydraulic oil, 895 m3 of fresh water and 1444 m3 of technical water. It has 19349 m3 of ballast and a 1655 m3 flume tank [6]. Hotel accommodation is provided for a total complement of 120 persons, comprising four executive single-occupancy cabins, 18 single-person cabins and 49 twoperson cabins. Lifesaving appliances include four 60-man lifeboats, located two port and two starboard of accommodation. Inflatable life rafts are installed on the upper deck with 100% POB capacity port and starboard.[6] Maximum operating conditions: Significant wave height 5.0 m Wave period 12 s wind speed 12 m/s current speed 1.5 m/s If we trust data from the official web site of Technip Marine, this vessel is fitting, but we will check than in Appendix B. Also we have to calculate several parameters for estimation of the lifting operation.

2.2 Simplified vessel calculations Firstly, we have to estimate periods. We will use them to check ship applicability and to calculate loads in rope (Fig. 3):

Figure 3 - vessel motions [14] Heave period [5]

T3=2Ma+AwDAwg

where Ma- heave added mass of vessel [kg]

D-operation draught [m] -water density [m3/kg] g-gravity acceleretion [m/s2] Aw- water line area Aw=LB

where
L-vessel length between p.p. [m] B-breadth moulded [m]

Roll period [8]

T4=2CBGM

where C- roll coefficient

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C=0.373+0.023BD-0.043L100 GM=KB+BM-KG KB=D2 BM=B212d KG=H2

Pitch period (There is smallest period. We will compare it with the pendulum period of the lifting) [7]
T5=2.44+0.032L-10-4L2

We have to calculate the values of the characteristic amplitudes in same degrees of freedom: Characteristic single amplitude heave motion of the vessel
3=Hs2

characteristic single amplitude roll angle of the vessel [8]

4=109kbX1X2rs

where kb- bilge form factor

X1-relation factor between beam and draft X2- factor of a block coefficient values s-factor depends on Period kb, X1, X2, s are tabulated values. We define them in Appendix E r=0.730.6OG/D OG=D-H2

characteristic single amplitude pitch angle of vessel. Typically this value is less or equal than 1. Now we may describe important parameters of crane tip to calculate vertical loads using general parameters:
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characteristic single amplitude vertical motion of crane tip [5]

ct=4232 +Btsin42+Ltsin52

where
Bt- horizontal distance from the vessels centre line to the crane tip [m] Lt-horizontal distance from midship to the crane tip [m]

characteristic single amplitude vertical velocity of crane tip [5]

vct=23T32+Btsin4T42+Ltsin5T52

characteristic single amplitude vertical acceleration of crane tip [9]

act=423T322+Btsin4T422+Ltsin5T522

The vessel parameters we define in Appendix B

3 Subsea Manifold discussion.

Eight subsea manifolds (five production, two water injection and one gas injection) were installed on the seafloor at various locations in the Jubilee Field. The manifolds were installed using a dynamic positioning construction vessel using the acoustic positioning system to control location and orientation. Production manifolds were mounted on suction piles equipped with short steel extensions that penetrated the sediments to approximately 30 m (depending on the strength of the seabed sediments) and provided horizontal resistance to movement and stability. Each of the eight subsea manifolds (five production, two water injection and one gas injection) were installed on the seafloor at various locations in the Jubilee Field. The manifolds wall was installed using a DP construction vessel using an acoustic positioning system to control location
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and orientation. Production manifolds have been mounted on suction piles equipped with short steel extensions that penetrated sediments to approximately 30 m (depending on the strength of the seabed sediments) and provided horizontal resistance to movement and stability [2]. The production manifold was designed to direct flow from multiple individual wells into multiple production flowline headers, these proven, compact manifold systems from FMC Technologies are solving subsea flow control challenges worldwide (Fig. 4). The manifold design allows the production headers to be sized using nominal pipe diameters. Manifold piping connections are welded to minimize leak paths and increase reliability. Manifold are designed to operate for up to 25 years at water depths 3,048 m, working pressures to 100 MN/m2 and temperatures to 177 C [15].

Figure 4 - production manifold. [13]

The average dimensions of each manifold: length 9.1 m beam 6.1 m

height 5.2 m mass 100 t

perforate rate 20 % For calculation loads through wave zone, we have to estimate added mass due to

heave and perforates of a manifold . Added mass:

A33=mH'+mw [5]

where
mH'-heave added mass with effect of perforation [kg] mH'=CAm0.7+0.3cosp-534 [5]

where
CA-heave added mass coefficient (we define in Appendix D) p-perforation rate [%] mw- mass of water inside manifold [kg] mw=Vs

where
Vs- submerged volume of manifold [m3] Vs=lbhsp

where
hs- submerged height of manifold [m]

change in volume of displaced water from still water surface to wave crest or wave trough [5]
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V=Awa2+ct2

Manifold calculations are defined in Appendix C

4 Crane rope discussion.

The rope is an important part of the lifting operation. We can estimate all parameters of vessel, crane, weather, but if rope can't resist the loads of the cargo, everything will be groundless. When selecting a steel wire rope to suit a particular application the following characteristics should be taken into consideration: Strength Rotation resistance Fatigue resistance Resistance to wear and abrasion Resistance to crushing Resistance to corrosion Rope extension All characteristics are important, but strength is a fundamental parameter, that's why we will analyze this one. The responsibility for determining the minimum strength of a rope for use in a given system rests with the manufacturer of the machine, appliance, or lifting equipment. As part of this process the manufacturer of the machine, appliance or lifting equipment will need to be aware of any local regulations, standards or codes of practice which might govern the design factor of the rope (often referred to nowadays as the coefficient of utilisation), and other factors which might influence the design of sheaves and drums, the shape of the groove profiles and corresponding radius, the drum pitch and the angle of fleet, all of which have an effect on rope performance. Once the strength (referred to as
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minimum breaking force or minimum breaking load) of the rope has been determined it is then necessary to consider which type of rope will be suitable for the intended duty. It is important therefore for the designer to be fully aware of the properties, characteristics and limitations on use of the many different kinds of steel wire ropes which are available [10]. After evaluation of data we selected the rope -Endurance DYFORM 34LR & 34LR-PI, with the following benefits and parameters: Low rotation dyform Recommended for high lifting operations High strength Reduced rope sheave wear Accurate diameter, recommended for multi-layer coiling Suitable for single part and multi-part reeving Long service life

For beginning we might check it we can lift the manifold, including the safety factor (normal safety factor is equaled 3). Weight of manifold 100 t multiplied by 3 less than minimum breaking force. This rope fits.
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We have described the key equipments. We may consider the lifting operations.

5 Marine Operations Discussion

Usually, crane lifting operations are divided into two categories: Light lifts where the lifted object is very small compared to the crane vessel. The weight of the lifted object is less than 1-2% of the displacement of the crane vessel, typically less than a few hundred tons. In this case the motion characteristics of the vessel (at the crane tip) is not affected by the lifted object. Heavy lifts where the weight of the lifted object is more than 1-2% of the vessel displacement and typically more than 1000 tons. For such lifts the coupled dynamics of the vessel and the lifted object must be considered [5]. Our case is a light lift:
mMD=10050000100%=0.2%

The mass of the manifold is less than few a hundred tons. And it doesn't affect the vessel's motion characteristics. A typical lift operation consists of the following main phases: lift off from deck and maneuvering object clear of transportation vessel lowering through the wave zone farther lowering down to sea bed positioning and landing We will discuss about the first two operations.

5.1 Lift off from deck and maneuvering object clear of transportation vessel. We will take into consideration 2 main parameters vertical loads to rope and the resonance amplification due to frequency of pendulum and vessel. We have to take into account the inequality between the strength of the rope and the maximum vertical force.
k>qFvert max Fvert max1=mgmHmax

where
Hs-significant wave height [m]

Hmax=-Hs22sint it will bemaxwhensinis equal 1

where
-wave frequency [Hz]

=2T Fvert max is not high, but if the rope doesn't fit at this moment, we have to return

to choice of rope again Afterwards we have to check the resonance amplification between the vessel motion period and the pendulum period of the cargo Eigen period of the pendulum motions [5]:
TR=2lPgm+0.33mPlPm+0,45mPlP

where
lP-length of hoisting system [m] (This parameter varies during lifting) mP-unit mass of rope [kg/m]

The pitch period of the vessel has to be smallest due to the rotational axis is the perpendicular length of the vessel.
T5=2.44+0.032L-10-4L2 (we describe this before)

5. 2 Lifting through Wave zone The Simplified Method is based upon the following main assumptions: The horizontal extent of the lifted object (in the wave propagation direction) is relatively small compared to the wave length. The vertical motion of the object follows the crane tip motion. The load case is dominated by the vertical relative motion between the object and the water [5]. Firstly we have to pay attention to the center the sum of the gravity force and the Archimedes force [5]:
Cr=mgCG-gVmCBmg-gVm

where
CB- buoyncy centre of manifold [m] CG- gravity centre of manifold [m] Vm- manifold volume [m3]

So if this center will not be in the centre of the manifold (figure 5), The manifold will rotate. And we will have an extra load in water and problems with installation on seabed.

Figure 5 - Force centers [5] Continue topic about Centers of gravity and buoyancy, the length between these two centers (GB) could be enough to give a bigger up-righting moment than capsizing moment:
MgGB>gI

Unfortunately we don't have enough data for this analysis, but we have to remember to came out the check. During operation through the wave zone we will have higher loads. In the

beginning let's check resonance amplification. The values of period and force will be changed with lowering. We have to take on of position. Let's say bottom of manifold under 1m of water plane.
TP1.6T0 [5]

Firstly we will estimate eigen period of rope [5]:

T0=2m+A33+mPlRK

where
- adjustment factor (defined in Appendix E) K-stiffness of hosting system [N/m]

TP=1.4TZ
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If the condition TP1.6T0 is checked, we could check the stiffness of the rope versus the total load. In this phase might be the maximum force load due to manifold mass is increased (added heave and water mass).
Fv Total2qk

where
Fv Total2=Fstat+Fhyd=mg+(Fd+Fs)2+(FM-FP)2 [5]

where
Fd-drag force [N] Fd=0.5CDApivr2

where
CD- drag coefficient in oscillatory flow of submerged part of object

(is defined in Appendix E)

Api-area of submerged part of object item projected on a horizontal plane

vr-characteristic vertical relative velocity between object and water particles

[m/s]
vr=vc+vct2+vw2

Fs-slamming impact force [N] Fs=0.5CsApivs2

where
Cs-slamming coefficient (is defined in Appendix E) vs- the slamming impact velocity [m/s] vs=vc+vct2+vw2

FM-mass force [N] 2

FM=m+A33act2+Vs+A33aw2

FP-Varying buoyancy force [N] FP=gV

where
V-change in volume of displaced water from still water surface to wave crest or

wave trough [m3]

V=Awa2+ct2

This is the last step. If the stiffness of the wire enough, we can lower the cargo through wave zone. We define lifting calculations in Appendix D

Summary of calculations
Vessel calculations show the possibility to operate in the Gulf of Guinea. The period of pitch (7.2 s) and heave (7 s) are less than the wave period (10.5 s). Roll period (12.7 s) is mainly more than the wave period. Also notice the gross tonnage (33.7 kT). Which is enough to accommodate simultaneously all 8 manifolds (100 t) and other subsea equipment. This lifting operation investigation presents that we have to be more accurate with estimations in the wave zone due to total loads in rope (2.54 MN) is highest and the lift is more complicate than in air (1 MN). I would refer to the period of the cargo in air when the wire will have a length around 14 m, than we will have resonance. We have to be
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prepared to minimize the time of this event, e.g. to increase the velocity of the hoisting system.

Conclusions
Marine operations are difficult, especially lifting operations, which include strong connections between weather conditions, vessel, crane, hosting system and cargo. If we don't take into consideration at least one of parameters we can drop cargo, crash crane or turn-round vessel. So consequences could be terrible including fatalities. So it is necessary that we have to estimate and check all parameters. In this investigation we present important information for estimation. We take into account simplified calculations to show important moments of the lifting operations. Such as wave loads, crane characteristics, vessel dimensions, etc. Analyzing we see that the maximum loads found in the splash zone. For correct modeling of the stiffness of the crane structure along with the wire is important. These calculations are possible to use
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for the general solution, and for the chosen type of vessel, wire, cargo, etc., due to the results obtained from the proposed formulae are conservative with a consistent safety margin which is reckoned reasonable for analysis at early tendering stage [9]. To estimate precise values we have to utilize a modern software such as the Orcaflex. Nowadays most number of vessels have proven technology to stabilize vessel, reduce loads and increase reliability, such as:

dynamic positioning system (DP). DP creates thrust to control yaw, surge and sway and to keep the vessel in almost one position geographically. active and passive crane heave compensators controls directly the hydraulic driven winch of an offshore crane to compensate the vertical vessel motion based on heave motion prediction and inversion. The horizontal amplitude of the pendulum motions is long due to the swell wave

actions. We have probability of the lifted object hitting the vessel. The clearance between the cargo and the vessel has to be included in analysis. DP helps to stabilize lifted cargo and to reduce swell waves influence.

Afterword
In time of writing the report I met with many troubles due to limited information, I would describe one of solution using the deductive method. When I calculated the period of the rope in the wave zone, I couldn't find the value of the total stiffness of the crane, not only the Deep Blue but also the average value of this type of vessel. May be it is confidential and an important parameter of vessel. So after many unfruitful tries I found:
TP1.6TO TO=TP1.6 T0=2m+A33+mRlRK K=42m+A33+mRlR2T02 2

I just would show that assumptions, like this project, has been teaching us not only to solve concise questions but to find alternative solutions .

References
1 Jubilee Field draft EIA Link:http://www.epa.gov.gh/index.php? option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=21&Itemid=73 2 Jubilee Field EIA Link:http://www.tullowoil.com/ghana/index.asp?pageid=14 3 Ambient climate, persistence and extreme values offshore Ivory Coast. Lukoil Overseas Cote D'Ivoire E&P LTD 4 Wave at Sekondi, Ghana, Chapter 2, 1958 Oceanography, Great Britain Link: http://journals.tdl.org/ICCE/article/viewFile/2399/2074 5 DNV Recommended Practice for Modelling and Analysis of Marine Operation, DNV-RP-H103, April 2010
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L. Draper. National Institute of

6 Deep blue vessel brochure http://www.ship-technology.com/projects/deep_blue/ 7 Ship Dynamics for Maritime ISAR Imaging, Armin W. Doerry. SANDIA REPORT Link:http://prod.sandia.gov/techlib/access-control.cgi/2008/081020.pdf 8 DNV Rules for classification of ships Link:http://exchange.dnv.com/publishing/RulesShip/2011-07/ts001.pdf 9 Re-evaluation of DNV Simplified Formulae for Crane Tip Motions, Xiaoming Gu, Helge Nesse, Per R. Nystrm Link:http://www.scribd.com/doc/61527615/Re-Evaluation-of-DNV-SimplifiedFormulae-for-Crane-Tip-Motions 10 Guidlines for marine lifting operations, Gl-NobleDenton 11 High quality performance wire ropes for the crane industry and other specialist applications. Bridon Link:http://www.bridon.com/x/downloads/crane/cranebrochure.pdf 12. Deep blue Brochure Link:http://mobile.technip.com/sites/default/files/technip/publications/attachments/Deep %20Blue_WEB.pdf 13 Jubilee presentation. Link:http://www.aftp.net/_upload/ressources/presentations_ja_2010/pleniere_2/technip_j ubilee_project_presentation_rev_2.pdf 14 Marine operations lectures, Gudmestad, Ove Tobias, University of Stavanger fall 2011 15 FMC manifold brochure.
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Link:http://www.fmctechnologies.com/~/media/Subsea/Technologies/Manifold/FTFTI65 69ManifoldssledsBrochure2.ashx?force=1&track=1

Appendix A Wave calculations Initial Data [5]:

Wave height 1.4 m wave period 10.5 s

wave peak period [5]:

TP=1.410.5=14.7 s

characteristic wave amplitude [5]:

a=0.91.4=1.26 m characteristic vertical water particle velocity [5]: vw=1.26210.5e-41.610.59.81=0.62 m/s characteristic vertical water particle acceleration [5]: aw=1.26210.52e-41.610.59.81=0.37 m/s2

A-1

Appendix B Ship calculations Initial Data:

Length over all 203.7 m Length between p.p. 191.8 m Breadth moulded 32.0 m Height moulded 17.8 m Operation draught 10 m Displacement 50 kt Deadweight 24 kt Gross tonnage 33.7 kt Heave added mass 0.25Displacement kTe Stiffness of hosting system 100 kN/m
Hosting velocity 0.5 m/s

Horizontal distance from the vessels centre line to the crane tip 14.0 m Horizontal distance from midship to the crane tip 60 m

metacentre height
GM=102+3221210-17.82=4.6 m

characteristic single amplitude heave motion of vessel [5]:

3=1.42=0.7 m

characteristic single amplitude roll angle of vessel [5]:

4=1090.790.860.890.660.079=15

characteristic single amplitude pitch angle of vessel

5=1-for most ships

B-1

heave natural period [5]: T3=21.25(1025191.83210)1025191.8329.81=7 s

roll natural period [8]: T4=20.424324.6=12.7 s

Pitch natural period [7]:

T5=2.44+0.032191.8-3610-6191.82=7.2 s

characteristic single amplitude vertical motion of crane tip [5]:

ct=0.72+14sin152+60sin12=3.83 m

characteristic single amplitude vertical velocity of crane tip [5]:

vct=20.772+14sin1512.72+60sin17.22=2.1 m/s

characteristic single amplitude vertical acceleration of crane tip [9]:

act=420.7722+14sin1512.722+60sin17.222=1.31 m/s2

B-3

Appendix C Manifold calculations Initial Data length 9.1 m beam 6.1 m

height 5.2 m mass 100 t perforate rate 20 %

mH'-heave added mass with effect of perforation [kg] [5]:

mH'=0.3610010030.7+0.3cos20-534=36 t mw- mass of water inside manifold [kg] mw=10259.16.110.2=11 t

Added mass [5]:

A33=36+11=47 t

Change in volume of displaced water from still water surface to wave crest or wave trough [5]:
V=9.16.11.262+3.832=223 m3

C-1

Appendix D Marine calculation operations Lift off and maneuvering vessel amplitude acceleration
Hmax= -1.4720.62=0.26 m/s2

Vertical maximum load by manifold [5]:

Fvert max1=1001039.81+1001030.26=1 MN 332 MN31MN - stiffness of wire much harder than load (stiffness of wire 332 MN on

condition that weight of cargo equal or less 20% of minimal breaking force). Eigen Period of the pendulum motions [5]:
TR=2109.81100103+0.3328.910100103+0.4528.910=6.3 s

In this case the length of the hoisting system lP=10 m, we just lift off cargo from deck Eigen Period in pitch of the vessel (we take into consideration roll period, because usually it's lower than roll period. And It could be near pendulum period) [5]:
T5=2.44+0.032191.8-3610-6191.82=7.2 s

As we see during lift off operation we don't have resonance, but when we start to lower, in one moment we will have (when the length of the hoisting system lP=14 m).

Lifting through the wave zone Resonance amplification:

C-3

wire period [5]:

T0=2100103+47.3103+1328.925100103=7.63s

In this case length of hoisting system lP=25 m and the height of the submerged part of the manifold hs=1 m

peak wave period [5]:

TP=1.410.5=14.7 s 14.71.67.63 - this condition is ok. We will not have resonance.

Last step is to check the stiffness of the rope versus the total load. In this phase might be maximum force load. Because manifold mass is increased (add water mass).

Drag force [5]:

Fd=0.510250.879.16.10.5+2.12+0.6222=0.17 MN

Slamming impact force [5]: Fs=0.5102529.16.10.5+2.12+0.6222=1.3MN

Mass force [5]: FM=100+471031.312+10256.15.21+470000.372=0.19 MN

C-3

Varying buoyancy force [5]: FP=10259.81113=1.1 MN

Total vertical load [5]:

Fv Total2=1001039.8110-6+(0.17+1.3)2+(0.19-1.1)2=2.7 MN Fv Total2k

C-5

Appendix E other coefficient calculations.

CA-heave added mass coefficient CA=0,36 [5] lh=9.15.2=1.752

Section trough body

Dependency

Direction of CA motion

- adjustment factor =13 [5] - we take due to the line stiffness EA/L is the dominant soft stiffness

CD=0.87 lh=9.15.2=1.752

E-1

kb- bilge form factor kb=0.79 (average meaning) [8]

X1-relation factor between beam and draft X1=0.86 [8] BD=3210=3.2

E-1

X2- factor of a block coefficient values X2=0.89 (average value) [8]

s-factor depends on Period s=0.079 [8] T=10.5 s

E-3

For estimation of factor's, let's use the empirical method. We plot the curve and find the value by hand

E-3