COMMUNITY CAPACITY BUILDING/ TRAINING MANUEL: GOOD FOR PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

Course One: Financial Management and Reporting Objectives 1) Appreciate the basics of financial management and reporting 2) Explain principles and practice of financial management 3) Understand the tools for effective financial management and reporting Financial Management Essentials i. ii. iii. iv. Importance and role of finance in the management process Know what financial data must be recorded Appreciate use of account note book Accurate and complete financial record keeping

Transparency and Accountability

 Transparency simply means making available at a regular basis detailed, current, timely information to all stakeholders of the operations and activities of the organization Accountability simply means demanding from the organization to tell all stakeholders how it is carrying out its operations and activities including how it is raising funds and how the funds are spent

PMC should regularly disseminate information about their mission/activities to the community Information should be easily accessible to the community and should build community understanding/trust Always comply with all community decisions and requirement when reporting. Openness in internal governance within the PMC and with the community Fairness and equity practices should be encouraged at all times Internal Control Internal control is the process to ensure that community resources are directed, monitored and measured to accomplish specific goals or objectives by PMC It also provides reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in terms of: a) Effectiveness and efficiency of operations b) Reliability of financial reporting c) Compliance with community bye-laws and decisions. ELEMENTS OF INTERNAL CONTROL 1) Separation of Powers 2) Authorization of transactions 3) Retention of records

4) Physical safeguards 5) Periodic and regular operational reviews 6) Controls over information

Segregation of duties Ensure that no single individual is given too much responsibility -- no PMC member should be in a position to both perpetrate and conceal irregularities Three general categories of functions must be separated : Authorization function Recording function: preparing source documents, maintaining journals, Preparing reconciliations, or preparing performance reports Custody of asset: direct or indirect Procedures/Steps to Ensure Effective Internal Control Assigning authority and responsibility Written guideline (includes formal job descriptions detailing responsibilities) Standards of ethical behavior, acceptable practices, conflicts of interest Monitoring performance Effective supervision Performance reporting system Community auditing

Course Two: Internal governance

Objective: Explain the concept of internal governance Share their experiences on internal governance in the community Appreciate the practice of good internal governance in the PMC Identify qualities of good leadership Identify the roles and responsibilities of effective leaders Appreciate the need for good leadership in the management of PMC What is Governance? The term generally refers to the way in which power is assumed, conveyed, and exercised within a society/community or organization. In the public sector, good governance is based on a system of checks and balances between the different branches of government (legislative, executive, judicial). It is understood to include a process of regular consultation between governmental authorities and the general public, so that citizens can hold authorities accountable to their trust and ensure their interests are served. In PMC, good governance works in much the same way. PMC exercises good governance when it has an internal system of checks and balances that ensures the community interest is served. Internal Governance: Internal governance refers to governance within PMC, with a particular focus on how internal conditions change as a result of broader community processes of change Good Governance: Good governance is about both:

 Performancehow an PMC uses governance arrangements to contribute to its overall performance and the delivery of goods, services or programmes, and Conformancehow PMC uses governance arrangements to ensure it meets the requirements of the law, regulations, published standards and community expectations of probity, accountability and openness This arrangement helps restrain and moderate the control of any one person or group and ensure the communitys resources are well managed by PMC. Importance of good governance Good internal governance will help PMC achieve its objectives. On the other hand, poor governance can bring about the decline or even demise of PMC Good governance contributes positively to community confidence in PMC, capability and integrity, as well as its members satisfaction levels The good governance framework is based on the principles of: Accountabilitybeing answerable for decisions and having meaningful mechanisms in place to ensure that PMC adheres to all community applicable standards Transparency/opennesshaving clear roles and responsibilities and clear procedures for making decisions and exercising power within the MPP9. Integrityacting impartially, ethically and in the interests of the community, and not misusing information acquired through a position of trust. Stewardshipusing every opportunity to enhance the value of the community assets and institutions that have been entrusted to PMC care Efficiencyensuring the best use of resources to further the aims of electing PMC, with a commitment to evidence-based strategies for improvement Leadership commitment to good governance through leadership from the top.

Leadership/Management Leadership simply refers to a process of social influence in which one enlists the aid and support of others to accomplishment of a common task Leadership is the art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it. Management is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives. It comprises of planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling. The Roles of an Effective Leadership Planning/Organizing/Prioritizing: helping the community to set goals and stay focused on them Oversight and Evaluation: tracking progress toward goals; evaluating how effective the community is, in fulfilling its purpose, how efficient it is in operating, and how well the team (PMC) works together Communication: articulating the goals and vision (Community Development Action Plan) of the community; encouraging involvement and showing the value of involvement for individual recovery and for the community as a whole Leadership Development: helping all members of the community and PMC find ways to serve and contribute their talent; matching that talent to task and bringing out the best in others (coaching and mentoring) 7 habits of effective people highly Habits of Highly UN- What skills will you need to EFFECTIVE people be a leader? Begin with no end in mind Put first things last Think Win-Lose Seek first to talk, then pretend to listen Dont cooperate Confidence Initiative Determination Critical thinking skills Good listening skills Good people skills

Be proactive Begin with the end in mind Put first things first Think Win-Win Seek first to understand, then to be understood

 Synergizework together to achieve more Sharpen the saw Core competences leadership of

Wear yourself out

effective Causes of Leadership Failures Inability to organize Detail Unwillingness to do what they would ask another to do Expectation of pay for what they know instead of what they do Fear of Competition from others Lack of creative thinking in setting goals and creating plans The I Syndrome Over-indulgence, destroying endurance and vitality Disloyalty to Colleagues Leading by instilling fear instead of encouraging Emphasis of title instead of knowledge and expertise Failure to face the negative Reality Being Ultra Positive

Strategic Thinking, Coaching, Problem Solving, Decision Making, Systems Thinking, Delegation Performance Management and Accountability, Inspiring a Shared Vision, Managing Conflict, Building and Sustaining Teamwork, Leading Change, Quality and Productivity Improvement, Servant Leadership Emotional Intelligence, Innovation and Creativity, Community driven Service, Community Development, Develop Trust, Dealing with Ambiguity.

ON A FINAL NOTE Good leadership is the most essential ingredient for community/nation building. A community/ nation with all the resources but bad leadership is bound to ruin

Course Three: Overview of Advocacy What Is Advocacy? Advocacy represents the strategies devised, actions taken and solutions proposed to influence decision-making at the community, local, state and Federal level to create positive change for people and their environment. Advocacy is active promotion of a cause or principle. Advocacy involves actions that lead to a selected goal. Advocacy is one of many possible strategies, or ways to approach a problem. Advocacy is not direct service and Advocacy does not necessarily involve confrontation or conflict. Some examples clarifying what advocacy is: You join a group that helps construct community Town Hall, Cassava Mill, Bore Hole, Flood Control etc --that's wonderful, but it's not advocacy (it's a service). You organize and agitate to get a community development project from the council, state or federal government --that's advocacy. You spend your Saturdays helping farmers at the farm center--that's not advocacy (it's a service). You hear that land used for farming is going to be closed down and you come together with many others to get the community to preserve the land. That's advocacy. What are the goals of advocacy? Challenge existing situation Establish a cause/issue Influence relevant authority Components of advocacy Issues (Common Problem) Target (Desired Change/Goal) Process

 Sustain pressure Promote desired group interests Bring about change

Sustaining Change Options Consensus Action

Authority/Tools

for

What Makes Advocacy Effective? How right or genuine is the cause around which advocacy is built? There is power in numbers How many are the advocates? The thoroughness with which the advocates researched the issues, the opposition, and the climate of opinion about the issue in the community Their skill in using the advocacy tools available (including the media where possible) The effectiveness of the strategies and tactics adopted Characteristics of Advocacy Challenges Status Quo Power Relations Resource Distribution Decision Making Influences Decision Makers Structures/Organs Development Processes Procedures Group/Community of and Promotes Group interest Solidarity Empowerment Development

Omoruyi Aigbe Graduate Student, Wagner School of Public Service New York University Omoruyi.aigbe@nyu.edu