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Experiment 3
Braking Mode of Operation of 3-phase Induction Motor: DC dynamic braking Low voltage plugging Capacitor braking Diode braking
GROUP 3 Anupam Sharma 2009EE20443 Apoorv Chaturvedi 2009EE20444 Bhavesh Mishra 2009EE20446 Dhruv Mishra 2009EE20447 Gagan Gaurav 2009EE20448
18 January, 2012
d. Diode braking
Apparatus:
Fluke Multimeter Ammeter (0 20 A) Tachometer Stop watch Capacitor banks Diodes Two way three phase switch 3-phase Induction Motor
Machine Ratings:
AC side:
o o o o o o o o o Manufacturer: MAWDSLEYs Ltd., Dursley, England Continuous Rating 5 bhp 50 cycles 1440 rpm 440 Stator volts 8.2 A Stator 16.5 A Rotor -Y
Circuit Diagrams:
DC Dynamic Braking:
Capacitive Braking:
Diode Braking:
Procedure:
1. Perform Stator Resistance Test and calculate the Stator Resistance of the machine. a. Measure resistance between the three phases of the stator. b. Take their average. 2. Perform Retardation Test to get the moment of inertia of the machine. a. Run the motor at rated speed. b. Cut off the supply and note the time the motor takes to stop. 3. Perform No load test to calculate Rc and Xm of the machine. a. Run the motor at rated speed. b. Note the power, current and voltage. 4. Perform Blocked Rotor Test and calculate Re and Xe of the machine. a. Block the rotor of the machine. b. Slowly increase the voltage applied to the machine. c. Note the values of voltage, current and power. 5. DC Dynamic Braking: a. Run the motor at the rated speed. b. Switch off the a.c. supply and apply DC voltage to the motor. c. Repeat the above for 2-lead and 3-lead connections. 6. Low Voltage Plugging: a. Run the motor at rated speed. b. Interchange the connection of two phases and apply a low voltage. c. Repeat for two sets of voltages. 7. Capacitive Braking: a. Run the motor at rated speed. b. Switch off the supply and connected three phase D connected capacitor (uncharged) across the machine. c. Repeat for two sets of capacitor banks.
8. Diode Braking: a. Run the motor at rated speed. b. Put diodes in the supply side of two phases. c. Repeat for two sets of voltages.
Experimental Observations:
No Load Test:
Speed = 1480 rpm S. no. 1. W (Watts) 375 Inl 2.6 A Vnl 402.8 V
Retardation Test:
Time taken by the motor to stop, t = 16 s Power, PL = 375 W
DC Dynamic Braking:
S. no. 1 2 3 4 V 25 25 51 51 Connection 2 lead 3 lead 2 lead 3 lead Starting speed 1480 rpm 1480 rpm 1480 rpm 1480 rpm Time (seconds) 4.5 3.0 2.0 1.0
Capacitor Braking:
Capacitor C1: 7.5 kVAR, 440 V, 9.9 A, 9.5 kg, D connected Capacitor C2: 5 kVAR, 440 V, 6.6 A, 7 kg, D connected s. no. 1. 2. Capacitor used C1 C2 Braking Time (in seconds) 8 12.4
Diode Braking:
S. no. 1. 2. Voltage 30 V 50 V Braking Time (s) 12 8
Calculations:
PNL = 375 W Prot = 375 3x(2.6/3)2x5.4 = 338.5W RNL = 375/{3x(2.6/3)2} = 55.47 ZNL = 402.8/(2.6/3) = 268.33 XNL = 262.53 X1 + Xm = 262.53 RBL = PBL/3I2 = 520/8.062 = 8 R2 = 8 5.4 = 2.6 ZBL = 111/(8.06/3) = 23.85 XBL = 22.47 = X1 + X2 X1 = X2 = 11.235 Xm = 251.295 d/ dt = 9.68 J = 375/(154.9x9.68) = 0.2498 kg/m2
Graphs:
Running
Retardation Test
Starting
Plugging @ 30 V
Plugging @ 50 V
Diode braking @ 30 V
Diode Braking @ 50 V
Inference:
The electrical methods of braking are better than the mechanical methods of braking. The reasons are as follows: 1. Controllability of speed and braking torque. 2. Wear and Tear is less as compared to the mechanical braking. 3. Mechanical braking methods occupy larger space while electrical braking may not use any extra space (e.g. Plugging requires only phase reversal). 4. The efficiency of electrical braking is better than mechanical efficiency. 5. Electrical Braking causes less pollution than mechanical braking methods.
Conclusion:
Methods for producing internal braking can be divided into two groups: counter torque (plugging) and generating (dynamic and regenerative braking). In the counter torque group, torque is developed to rotate the rotor in the opposite direction to that which existed before braking. In the generating group, torque is developed from the rotor speed. Dynamic torque is developed by motor speeds that are less than the synchronous speed, and energy is dissipated within the motor or in a connected load. Developed torque is zero at zero rotor speed. For large motors, forced ventilation may be required during braking.
Comparison of ac dynamic braking- 2 lead and 3 lead: In 2 lead connection, at high speeds (or at low values of slip), the impedance of positive sequence component part becomes very high. As positive and negative sequence components of current have to be equal, net breaking torque is small, and therefore, breaking is not very effective. 3 lead connection: in contrast to 2 lead connection, here magnitude of positive and negative sequence components of voltage are equal and not that of current. Positive and negative sequence parts of the circuit are independent, and therefore, there is no restriction imposed on negative sequence component of current by positive sequence part of equivalent circuit. Thus higher braking torques are obtained (compared to 2 lead case) at high speeds.
References:
Electrical Machinery by Fitzgerald Kingsley Umans Electrical Drives by GK Dubey MATLAB Simulink references