Relationship between genetic diversity of Chenopodium quinoa and the dynamics of its seed exchanges in Chile

F. F. Fuentes1, D. Bazile2, A. Bhargava3, E. A. Martnez4

2 1 Departamento de Agricultura del Desierto y Biotecnologa, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique - Chile. CIRAD (Centre de Coopration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Dveloppement), Montpellier - France & PUCV, Instituto de Geografa, Valparaso - Chile. 3 Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Lucknow Campus, Lucknow - India. 4 CEAZA (Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas ridas), Universidad de La Serena, La Serena - Chile.

Contact: francfue@unap.cl - francfue@gmail.com

Introduction:
Quinoa cultivation in Chile presents an ancient and active complex of geographic, climatic, social and cultural interactions that has determined its current biodiversity in the three main growing zones (north, centre and south). These interactions consider a central issue viz. the participation of farmers, whose activities are at the base of seed exchanges networks due to their knowledge and in situ conservation of genetic diversity. In this study we report antecedents that contribute to a better understanding of seed exchanges through the analysis of field works assessing the key roles of farmers involved in the biodiversity dynamics and characterization of 20 microsatellites genetic markers in a multi-origin set of 34 representative quinoa accessions of Chile and South American region.

Materials and methods

Study area: - North1 (Tarapaca) /Aymara culture/altitude: 3500 masl/1822S/annual precipitation 100-200 mm. - Centre2 (O'Higgins)/aisolated farmers/altitude: 100-200 masl/34-36S/ annual precipitation 500-800 mm. - South3 (Araucania)/Mapuche culture/altitude: 50-600 masl/37-39S/anual precipitation: 2000 mm Fieldwork documentation: - 2008 season: semi-directed interviews; 21 in north, 13 in centre, and 5 in south. - 2009 season: 92 polls and interviews; 31 in north, 26 in centre, and 35 in south. - Multiple factor analysis of information using Statistica 6.0 Software . Genetic Analysis: - 34 quinoa accessions provided by institutional seed Banks. - 20 di/tri-nucleotide loci microsatellites used by Fuentes et al. (2009). - A pairwise matrix using Jaccards similarity coefficient (FreeTree); UPGMA cladogram computed after 500 replicates for bootstrap test (Tree View Win32 ver1.6.6. software); Heterozygosity values (TFPGA software, version 1.3), Comparison of polymorphic nucleotide motifs (unpaired Students t-test; P 0.05 / INFOSTAT statistical software).

2 3

Assessment of fieldwork documentation Results and discussion - The different handling of the production system by farmers have generated Genetic analysis diversity of biodiversity in quinoa (Table 2). - 118 polymorphic markers for all accessions (mean alleles per locus = 5.90). - Tri-nucleotide loci motif were significantly more polymorphic than two- Table 2. Principal variables describing the local farming system - Farmers are the main actors of the biodiversity conservaof quinoa. nucleotide motifs (t- test; P 0.05) . tion. Variable North Centre South - H mean value of 0.65, suggests a wide genetic diversity sampled as well as the - There is two types of exi Number of producers > 170 > 70 > 50 good informative quality of markers (60% highly polymorphic) (Table 1). ii Hectares 1374 130 10 changes representing the - UPGMA analysis yielded two major groups, subdivided into five population iii Production (ton) 801.8 2,9 100 main access to seeds: indiviiv Grain yield (kg ha -1 ) (Figure 1). 580 978 1074 - The populations were consistent v Mean number of dual (inside comunnities) and 3-5 1 1-3 landraces per field crop with classification described by Risi collective (local markets). vi Photoperiod sensibility Population IV Insensible Sensible Sensible and Galwey (1984) and production - The definition of variety is of landraces vii Growth period August-May September-April October-March given mainly by colour of the zones focused in this study . i, ii, iii and iv: information from 2007 National Agricultural Census (INE, panicle. A sub-classification is Table 1. H and Wright's FST-statistics values for each 2007) completed and corrected by fieldworks (minimum estimation). locus microsatellite. made by size and shape of Locus GenBank N of H F plants. microsatellite accession n alleles value Population I
Jujuy

Argentina
Bolivia

42

Chucupaca L-P

72

13

Kamiri

38

Illpa-Inia Salcedo QAS2

20

100

Peru

91

QPC001

QRCOL025 QNC003 QRC012

100

N O R T H

48

28

67

Chile

ST

26

QACC018 QRP010

26 21

QNCH006
33

QRE013

Population V
23

Ingapirca
73

Ecuador Colombia

Nario RU-2 BO17

31

Hueque
17 13 45 47 8 50

Population III

S O U T H

BO01 BO25 BO07 BO14 B042 BO13

Chile

31

Puc UdeC9
6

Population II

C E N T E R

20 57

BO38 Regalona

8 20

BO46 Palmilla
12

Javi
99

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

KGA16 QAAT24 QCA48 QAAT74 QCA24 KGA20 QAAT70 QCA120 QCA88 QGA17 QCA57 QGA02 QAAT50 QAAT78 QCA38 KGA003 QATG86 QAAT76 QCA14 QCA37

Mau

DQ462130 DQ462136 AY458240 DQ462141 DQ462151 DQ462131 DQ462139 DQ462156 DQ462154 DQ462158 AY458243 DQ462157 DQ462137 DQ462143 DQ462152 DQ462129 DQ462147 DQ462142 DQ462150 AY458227 Mean

4 8 4 8 6 5 7 4 2 4 6 7 8 7 8 5 4 11 4 6 5.90

0.64 0.84 0.61 0.79 0.63 0.70 0.74 0.30 0.40 0.12 0.80 0.76 0.74 0.80 0.79 0.70 0.51 0.87 0.42 0.81 0.65

0.61 0.24 0.52 0.39 0.56 0.37 0.23 0.39 0.02 0.17 0.43 0.33 0.37 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.35 0.04 0.33 0.23 0.33

Conclusions
- The genetic information allowed the detection of variation among and within population, which did match well with natural geographical-edaphic-climatic constraints to the expansion of quinoa biodiversity. - The grouping correlated well with the social-linguistic context of ancient people inhabiting the Andes region, where agronomic and cultural traditions kept until present days show large differences. - Risks to biodiversity in this species are postulated due to small scale of farmers.
References
- Fuentes FF, Martnez EA, Hinrichsen PV, Jellen EN, Maughan PJ (2009) Conservation Genetics 10(2):369-377 - Risi J and Galwey NW (1984) Adv Appl Biol 10:145-216 - INE (Instituto Nacional de Estadsticas) (2007) Censos de poblacin y vivienda, Chile. - Nei M (1978) Genetics 76:379-390 - Wright S (1951) Ann. Eugen. 15: 323354

Figure 1. UPGMA cladogram based on Jaccards similarity. Gray rectangles represent the main growing areas of quinoa in Chile.

Nei (1978). Wright's FST statistics value (Wright, 1951).

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