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2.0 BODY COORDINATION

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WHAT IS BODY COORDINATION?

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2.1 Body Coordination

Coordinate work/act together efficiently Coordination the ability to control ones movement Body coordination life processes which involves harmonious action by various organs in the body to produce a coordinated respond

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Two body system that control and regulate coordination a) nervous system b) endocrine system Both system of coordination are started/initiated by a stimulus and ends with a respond
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Stimulus change in the internal or external environment Respond process that promotes action

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Stimulus Sensory organ Body coordination (Coordination centre) Effectors organ

Respond

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The Importance of Body Coordination

Ensure the survival Avoid dangerous situation Coordinates all body activities Adapt ourselves to the changing environment Maintain hormones at normal levels

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Activity
Aim: - To recognize daily activities which involve body coordination

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Procedures:

1. Work in group. 2. Each group is required to think of daily life situation which requires systematic body coordination 3. Discuss each situation with respect to how the activities of our body parts must be coordinated to perform their many tasks at times and at rates that depend on the needs of the body 4. Present your findings to the others.
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Example
When you run to catch a ball, other form of coordination are involved. Your breathing and heartbeat rate will increase to get more oxygen to your muscle. Your sweat glands will produce sweat to get rid of excess hear generated by your muscles. Sugar will be released into your blood to provide energy.

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THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

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2.2 The Human Nervous System

Is made up of a) central nervous system brain and spinal cord b) peripheral nervous system cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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2.2.1 The Central Nervous System (CNS)

Consist of: a) Brain - control most of the body activities - the centre of control and coordination in the nervous system - receives information/nervous impulse from all parts of the body - able to produce intelligent actions - protected by the skull (cranium)
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b) Spinal cord - a long string of nervous tissue running down from the brain inside the vertebral column - controls the reflex action - nervous impulse pass through it - protected by backbone
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2.2.2 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Includes: a) cranial nerves - 12 pairs - originated from the brain - connected to sense organ in the head, neck and to the effectors (muscles or glands)

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b) Spinal nerves - 31 pairs - originated from the spinal cord - connected to the sense organs and effectors in the whole body, hands and legs

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Spinal and cranial nerves can be classified according to function

a) Somatic nerves - form the somatic nervous system - carry signals about moving your head, trunk and limbs

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b) Autonomic nerves - form the autonomic nervous system - associated with involuntary activities (beating of heart, peristalsis and sweat secretion) - comprised of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system

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Human Nervous System

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Brain

Spinal cord

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

Spinal nerves
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Cranial nerves
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2.2.3 Neurones
The basic functional unit of the nervous system Specialised to generate and transmit impulse

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Posesses: a) a cell body consist of a cytoplasm and a nucleus b) branches that are known as dendrons, dendrites and axon

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Dendrons the branches that point outwards from the cell body Dendrites dendrons fine terminal branches Dendrons and dendrites receive messages/impulse towards the cell body Axon another type of projection that send impulse away from the cell body

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Dendrons and axon are covered with fatty myelin sheath formed by Schwann cells Nodes of Ranvier - uncovered parts between the Schwann cells The myelin sheath act as an electrical insulator and speed up the transmission of nerve impulses along axon

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Types of neurones and their functions

3 basic type: a) sensory neurone - has long dendron and short axon - the cell body is at the side of the nerve - receive and transmit impulse from the sensory organ to the CNS

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b) Motor neurones - has a short dendron and a long axon - the cell body is at the end of the nerve - transmit impulses out from the CNS to tissues and organs in the body

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c) Relay neurone/interneurone - multipolar, forms synaptic connections with other neurones - the cell body is at the end of the nerve - located in the CNS - send impulse between sensory neurones and motor neurones

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The difference between sensory, motor and relay neurones

Subject Sensory neurones Motor neurones Relay neurones

Connection Position of the cell body Direction of impulse to the central nervous system Function

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The difference between sensory, motor and relay neurones

Subject Connection Position of the cell body Direction of impulse to the central nervous system Function Sensory neurones
From the sensory organ to the central nervous system At the side of the nerve

Motor neurones
From the Central nervous system to the tissue and organs in the body At the end of the nerve

Relay neurones
Connect sensory neurones with motor neurones At the end of the nerve

Into the central nervous system

Transmit out from the central nervous system

Inside the central nervous system

Receive and transmit impulse from the sensory organ to the CNS

Transmit impulses out of the CNS to tissues and organs in our body

Send impulse between sensory neurones and motor neurones

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Interneurones Central Nervous System

Sensory organ

Effectors organ

Sensory neurones
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Motor neurones
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Synapse
A very narrow space between an axon of a neurone and the dendron of the subsequence neurone nearby To transmit impulse from one neurone to another very fast to avoid dangers and accidents and also minimize injury

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How the nervous system works

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Group Discussion
Discuss in your group. Explain how the nervous system works Refer to this diagram to explain:

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When there is a stimulus, it will received by the sensory organ. The impulse will go through the sensory neurone to the central nervous system. In the central nervous system, the interneurone will transmit the impulse from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone. The impulse will go through motor neurone to the effector and the effector will give response.

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2.3. NERVOUS COORDINATION

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Receptors and Effectors

Receptors cells specialized to detect a stimulus via the sensory nerves Effectors cell/organ that produces response when stimulated by nerve impulse

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Nerves impulse
A message conveyed along the nerve in the form of weak electrical pulse Moves very fast along the nerve cell Can only move in one direction

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Reflex Action
a fast and automatic responds toward stimulus involuntary and cannot controlled by the brain Advantages: - allows a very fast response towards changes in internal/external environment - the respond is automatic - the action protects from serious harm. Important for our survival.
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Reflex Arc
The sequence of pathway taken by impulse in a reflex action Example of reflex action in our daily life is the reaction of the human hand upon contact with hot iron

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Group Discussion
Discuss in your group about the path of impulses in a reflex arc when we touch a hot object. Explain to your class. You can refer to the diagram to explain. Give an example of reflex action in our daily life.

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Answer
1.When we touch a hot object, the stimulus will receive by the reseptor in the skin. 2.This causes impulse go through the receptor nuerone (sensory neurone) to the spinal cord. 3. In the spinal cord the impulse will transmit to the effector neurone (motor neurone) by the relay neurone. 4. The impulse will go through effector neurone to the effector organ that is the muscle. 5. The musle will give respond and contract to withdraw our hands away from the hot object.
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2.4 THE ROLE OF PROPRIOCEPTORS IN MAINTAINING BALANCE AND COORDINATION

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What are proprioceptors?

Sense organs that are connected to sensory neurones A sensory receptor found in muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints Receptors that are sensitive to movement, pressure or stretching within the body Important in maintaining the body balance and coordination
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The role of proprioceptors in maintaining balance and coordination

Respond to changes in the position and movement of the body Inform us about the orientation and movement of body parts so that adjustment may be made to maintain body posture Very important for blind people

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o Activities made possible by proprioceptors Walking on rope Buttoning shirt without looking Tying shoe string without looking Typing without looking

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How proprioceptors work?

When we move, there is a change in the tension of the muscles, tendons and joints. These changes will stimulate proprioceptors and nerve impulses will be sent to the brain. The brain will interpret the message and send impulse to parts of the body for coordination and response.

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Kinaesthesis
Sense that allows us to be aware of the position and orientation of the whole body. Allow us to carry out activities such as dancing and changing clothes in the dark We can determine which object is heavier when two objects are held with our eyes closed Proprioceptors play important role in kinaesthesis

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Exercise
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What are proprioceptors? Where are proprioceptors located? State one function of proprioceptors. What is kinaesthesis? What is the relationship between proprioceptors and kinaesthesis?

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2.5 THE HUMAN BRAIN AND ITS COMPLEXITY

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Human brain is made up of millions and millions of nerve cells Act as a centre which controls and coordinates our responses Stores information that enables us to act based on our previous experiences Protected by skull (cranium) External layer (grey matter) consist of cell bodies of neurones Internal layer (white matter) consist of mainly nerve fibres
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Three main parts of brain: 1. cerebrum 2. cerebellum 3. medulla oblongata

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Structure of the Brain

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1. Cerebrum
The largest part of the brain and highly folded Divided into two parts: 1. Right hemisphere receives nerve impulses from the left side of the body 2. Left hemisphere receive nerve impulses from the right side of the body The outer layer (cerebral cortex) is folded and grooved to increase the surface area and the capacity of brain to store and interpret information and also supplied with many blood vessels which provide oxygen and glucose
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The outer layer made up of grey matter the area where the main functions are carried out The inner layer made up of white matter, connect the cerebral cortex to the lower central nervous system The functions of cerebrum: 1. Controls voluntary actions 2. Receives and interprets impulses from sensory organs 3. Controls behavior and emotion
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Divided into five functional area:

1. Sensory area receives impulses from the sensory organ 2. Motor area coordinates movement 3. Associate area controls activities like thinking, memory, learning, reasoning and intelligent 4. Areas concerned with taste and smell 5. Areas concerned with hearing and vision
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2. Cerebellum
Located above the medulla oblongata and partly beneath the cerebrum The external area also folded and divided into left and right hemisphere Functions: 1. Controlling and maintaining posture and balance of the body 2. Controlling and coordinating muscular activities 3. Helping promote smooth voluntary movements
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3. Medulla oblongata Lowest part of the brain and connects directly to the spinal cord Smallest component of the brain Functions: 1. controls all involuntary actions 2. coordinates all reflex actions

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Group Discussion
Discuss in your group to complete this table about the functions of the main parts of the brain
Parts of the brain 1. Cerebrum Functions

2. Cerebellum

3. Medulla oblongata
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Parts of the brain 1. Cerebrum

Functions 1. Controls all voluntary actions 2. Receive and interprets impulses from sensory organs 3. Controls behaviour and emotion 1. Controlling and maintaining posture and balance of the body 2. Controlling and coordinating muscular activities 1. Controls all involuntary actions 2. Coordinates all reflex actions 74 by imeldanyaun

2. Cerebellum

3. Medulla oblongata

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Voluntary and involuntary actions

Voluntary actions actions which result from conscious activity by the brain, we are aware of these actions Involuntary actions automatic actions that the brain does not consciously decide upon, include the constant actions of inner organs Refer to text book page 32 for the example

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Things we learn today:

Main parts of the brain The function of each part of the brain The meaning of voluntary and involuntary actions

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The effects of injuries to specific parts of the human brain

Cerebellum lose sense of balance and not be able to control movement medulla oblongata all involuntary action will stop Motor area of the cerebral cortex paralysis and loss of conscious Meningitis inflammation of meninges (membrane surrounding the brain) can cause brain injuries due to bacterial or viral infection

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2.6 HORMONAL COORDINATION IN THE BODY

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The Endocrine System

Chemical coordination involves endocrine system which consist of a number of endocrine glands which are ductless glands and their secretion The glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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HORMONES
Chemical secreted by endocrine glands Secreted directly into the bloodstream and carried by the blood to the target cells or organ without the need of any ducts to produce specific responses Roles: - controlling the rate of body processes - influencing growth - causing physical and physiological changes Excessive or deficiency secretion of hormone will caused undesirable effect on health
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Comparison between the hormonal and nervous system

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Types of hormone
Endocrine glands 1. Pituitary glands Types of hormone Growth hormone (GH) Follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) Luteinesing hormone (LH) Prolactin Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Thyroxine in conjunction with iodine Adrenaline Insulin Glucagon Oestrogen Progesterone
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2. Thyroid glands 3. Adrenal glands 4. Pancreas 5. Ovary 6. Testes

Testosterone

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Types of hormone and their functions

Types of hormone Growth hormone (GH) Follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) Luteinesing hormone (LH) Functions Controls growth of bones and muscles Stimulates development of ovarian follicles and spermatogenesis Stimulates ovulation and production of progesterone from ovaries and testosterone from testis Stimulates milk production Stimulates growth of thyroid gland
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Prolactin Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Oxytocine

Stimulate contraction of uterus 84 during birth

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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Causes the kidney tubules to become permeable to water more water absorbed into blood Controls metabolic rate Ensure normal physical and mental development Prepare body to action Speed up heartbeat & breathing, raises blood pressure & allow more glucose give energy Lower blood glucose level Increase glucose uptake and utilization by cells Increase blood glucose level stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in liver

Thyroxine in conjunction with iodine Adrenaline

Insulin

Glucagon

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Oestrogen

Stimulates growth of uterus lining ( endometrium) Development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics (breast, softskin & feminine voice) Promotes growth of endometrium Inhibits evolution Spermatogenesis Development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics (deeper voice &body hair)
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Progesterone

Testosterone

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The Effects of Hormonal Imbalance on Health

Hormone 1. Thyroxine Effects of deficiency Effects of excessive Stunted physical and Goitre (swelling of mental development the thyroid glands) (cretinism) Increase metabolic Built up of rate, increase subcutaneous fat, heartbeat and cause rough skin and lack restlessness energy (adult) Diabetes mellitus Lowering blood high blood sugar sugar level level & sugar in urine (hypoglycaemia) lead to shock and coma Dwafism
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2. Insulin

3. Growth hormone (GH)

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Hormone 4. Testosterone

Effects of deficiency

Effects of excessive

Deters the Excessive male development of male characteristics and secondary sex early puberty characteristics in adults Excessive female Deters the development of female characteristics and early puberty secondary sex characteristics in adults Abortion of embryo Blood pressure increase Blood sugar level and concentration of salt in the blood increase
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5. Oestrogen

6. Progesterone 7. Adrenaline

Failure in delivery at the correct time Ability to overcome stress diminishes Muscle become weak Addisons disease body has excessive salt and water
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Group discussion
Discuss in your group about the similarities and the differences between nervous coordination and hormonal coordination You can refer to page 39 on your text book.

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Answer
The similarities between nervous coordination and hormonal coordination are both play the role . The differences between nervous coordination and hormonal coordination are first the component. In nervous system there are nuerone network, the brain and the spinal cord but in endocrine system there are endocrine glands. The second difference are the agent invovled. In nervous system . and in endocrine system

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Exercise
1. What is hormone? 2. Where is the location of pituitary glands? 3. Give two hormone secreted by the pituitary glands. 4. Give function of these hormone: a) Adrenaline b) Testosterone

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2.7. COORDINATION BETWEEN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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Both system function to coordinate & control all activities in the body. They function differently in the regulation of the body activities. They coordinate to ensure a smooth and appropriate response to a specific stimulus. The physical and mental health of a person depends on efficient and proper coordination between the nervous system and endocrine system
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How coordination between nervous system and endocrine system work?

Example: - When facing danger. Situation Siti was alone at home and she heard a noise downstairs.

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Impulses are sent to the brain indicating that there is danger in the house. Nerve impulses are transferred to the muscle and endocrine system. The leg muscle are responds and are ready to run. Adrenal glands releases the adrenaline hormone that cause the heartbeat to increase. The blood pressure also increase to enable more blood to be pumped to the muscles. Glycogen breaks down into glucose which causes an increase in blood glucose level. The glucose in the blood is used for cell respiration which provides energy to run away from the danger. This will prepare Siti for fright or flight.
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Group discussion
Discuss in your group about an example of fright or flight situation. Discuss how the nervous system and the endocrine system coordinate to produce a response to such stimulus. Explain what happen to the class.

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Conclusion
Coordination between the nervous system and endocrine system are important for good physical and mental health in human being.

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Ecstacy pills a type of amphetamine, an addictive stimulant drug

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2.8. THE EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE ON BODY COORDINATION AND HEALTH

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What are drugs?

Psychoactive substance that may cause addiction and negative effects on physical and mental activity of a person Chemical substance that can influence the function of nervous system Used in medicine help to prevent, diagnose and treat diseases or injuries Drug abuse excessive use of drugs Addiction habitual use of drugs
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Types of drugs and their effect on body coordination Types of drugs Stimulants Examples Effects

Amphetamines, Stimulates reaction caffeine, cocaine, Act on the CNS; activate marijuana, nicotine brain cell Increase blood pressure and pulse rate User become active, aggressive, loses appetite and unable to sleep Barbiturates, tranquilizer Slow down reaction Slow down heart activities, the respiratory system and skeletal system User feel more calm and less anxious Excessive cause user to be by imeldanyaun in a daze and may cause 101 coma

Depressant

Hallucinogens

Opiates/Antidepressants Inhalants

Cannabis, LSD Cause hallucination (Lysergic acid Distort the function of diethylamine) brain in relation to distance, space and time Change the thought of the user Morphine, Help to relieve pain heroine, Induce sleep opium Petroleum, organic solvents, chloroform, ether, glue Cause hallucination Blackouts Unconsciousness Increase heartbeat
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Heroin in sachets

Morphine in the form of block and powder

Ecstacy pills a type of amphetamine, an addictive stimulant drug

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Effects of drug abuse on health

User have very poor physical and mental health. Drugs affect the respiratory system, nervous system & heart. Drug users suffer malnutrition. Drug users have a high risk of contracting disease HIV, Hepatitis B. Drug users are susceptible to disease pneumonia, bronchitis and flu Drug users suffer from withdrawal symptom vomiting, diarrhea, hallucination
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Group discussion
Discuss in your group about a) Factors that cause drug abuse (Group 1,2,3 & 4) b) How to prevent drug abuse (Group 5,6,7, & 8)

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a) Factors that cause drug abuse

Curiosity want to try something new Family problem Influence by friend To avoid from problems To have fun Associate with drug addicts Lack of moral/religious knowledge To give strength (athlete) Lack of knowledge about the effects of drug abuse
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b) How to prevent drug abuse

Having Anti-drug campaign Dont mix with drug addict Rehabilitation for the drug addicts Through education Parents should spend more time with their spouse/parental guidance Law enforcement Sense of responsibility to ourselves Heavy jail sentence to the drug dealers
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Exercise
What are drugs? Give two types of drugs and their effects? Give two factors that can cause drug abuse. Give two ways on how to prevent drug abuse? Why we have to stay away from drugs?

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2.9 The Effects of Excessive Consumption of Alcohol on Body Coordination and Health

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What is alcohol?
Type of alcohol in alcoholic drink ethanol Ethanol: - ethyl alcohol - a psychoactive substance which influence the nervous system - produced by fermentation of cereals/fruit juices by adding yeast - glucose in cereals/fruit juices reacts with yeast to produce ethanol & carbon dioxide
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Types of alcoholic drinks

Beer slow fermentation of grains with yeast at low temperature Ale fermentation of grains with yeast rapidly at high temperature (bitter taste) Wine fermentation of grape Whiskey fermented marsh of grains Brandy produced by the distillation of fermented beer and wine but flavoured with fermented juice Gin aromatic alcohol made from distillation of rye and other grains and flavoured with juniper berries
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What are the effects of excessive consumption of alcohol on body coordination? Slow down the nervous system slowing down the bodys reaction time to stimuli Causes poor judgment of distance & double vision Inhibits thought processes Influence the upper centre parts of medulla oblongata feel sleepy, influence the heartbeat, blood pressure & body temperature Effect the cerebellum muscle movement become uncoordinated
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Euphoria become more self-confident or daring, flushed, say the first thought that come to mind Confusion not knowing what they do, become aggressive, not feel pain Stupor cannot respond to stimuli Coma unconscious Death stop breathing & dies

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Cause blockage in blood capillaries less oxygen transported to the brain causes unconsciousness/blackout Dehydration frequent & high volume of urine produce Suppress appetite malnutrition Consume during pregnancy retardation of foetus (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)
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Damage the organ in the body - Brain size shrink due to the death of brain cell - Heart muscle deteriorate causing heart disease - Cirrhosis of liver (hardening and scarring) - Cause stomach gastritis & ulcers - kidneys reabsorb less water leading to dehydration
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Group discussion
Discuss in your group about why it is important to avoid excessive consumption of alcohol. Present your findings to the class

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The importance of avoiding excessive consumption of alcohol

For a healthy life To avoid traffic accidents To avoid crime and fighting To avoid abuse To avoid wasting money to buy alcoholic drinks To avoid family breakdown
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Exercise
What is alcohol? Give two types of alcoholic drinks. Give two effects of excessive consumption of alcohol to body coordination. Give two effects of excessive consumption of alcohol on health. Give two importance of avoiding excessive consumption of alcohol.
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Answers
Alcohol is ethyl alcohol in the alcoholic drinks, a type of psychoactive substance which influence the nervous system. Two types of alcoholic drinks are beer and ale. Two effects of excessive consumption of alcohol on body coordination are slow down the nervous system and inhibits thought processes. Two effects of excessive consumption of alcohol on health are dehydration and suppress appetite Two importance of avoiding excessive consumption of alcohol are for a healthy life and to avoid traffic accidents.
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2.10 The Importance of Sound and Healthy Mind

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What is mind?
The process of thinking and reasoning Differentiate human from animal Healthy mind help us think rationally and we can solve problem

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The importance of sound and healthy mind

Enable us to think before acting Enable us to face problem realistically Enable us to find satisfaction and happiness in life Enable us to concentrate on our work Enable us to differentiate between good and bad Enable us to face stress positively
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Factors that can affect mind

Brain damage Hormonal balance Balance diet Living habit must have good living habits Over work and lack of sleep Consumption of drugs and alcohol Health must take care of health
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Justification of the importance of sound and healthy mind

A sound and healthy mind and good body coordination is essential for us to lead a healthy, happy and harmonious life A person with a sound and healthy mind will lead a happy life, is mentally strong, independent, think positively, think rationally and show living kindness

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Exercise
1. What is mind? 2. Give two importance of a sound and healthy mind. 3. State two factors that can affect mind. 4. Why we must have a sound and healthy mind?

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Answer
1. The process of thinking and reasoning. 2. Two importance of sound and healthy mind are enable us to think before acting and enable us to face problem. 3. Two factors that can affect mind are brain damage and hormonal balance 4. To become a mentally strong person, independent, think positively and have a happy life.
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