ConnectedUrbanDevelopment

WorkshopforResearchProgramonEnvironmentally ResponsibleInformationTechnologyPractices

ITasanEnvironmentalIssue: ProblemsandOpportunities
RichardHodges
7079330299,RHodges@GreenIT.net

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Environmentalsustainabilityisamajor st globalissueofthe21 Century.

l Globalclimatechange l Airandwaterpollution l Oceandegradation l Depletionofnonrenewablenatural

resources l Humanhealthandsafetyissues l Toxicwastes l Disposalofsolidwastes l Speciesextinction

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ITsystemsareasignificant,andrapidly growing,partoftheproblem

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consumingnonrenewablenatural resourcesformanufacturing
Manufacturingcomputersismaterials intensivethetotalfossilfuelsusedtomake onedesktopcomputerweighover240 kilograms,some10timestheweightofthe computeritself.Thisisveryhighcompared tomanyothergoods:Foranautomobileor refrigerator,forexample,theweightoffossil fuelsusedforproductionisroughlyequalto theirweights.Also,substantialquantitiesof chemicals(22kg),andwater(1,500kg)are alsoused.ComputersandtheEnvironment,KuehrandWilliams,2003)
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creatinghealthhumanhealthissues duringmanufacturinganduse

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consumingresourcesforglobal distributionofproducts

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consumingelectricitywhileinuse
ElectricPower Generation byFuelType(2004)

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producingwaste
l Paper60%ofsolid

wastefromoffices. l Consumableswaste. l Universalandtoxic waste l Packagingwaste.

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duringshortproductlives
l gadgets<6months? l Cellphones,PDAs2to3years l LaptopComputers3to4years l DesktopPCs3to5years l ServersandNetworkGear3to5

years l TelephoneSystemsandPublic NetworkGear5to7years

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andbecomingtoxicewasteattheend ofusefullife.

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TheenvironmentaleffectsofITsystems canbeassessedusingthesame categoriesasgreenbuildings.

lEnergyandAtmosphere lMaterialsandResources lIndoorEnvironmental Quality lSite lWater
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LEEDLeadershipinEnergyand EnvironmentalDesign
TheLeadershipinEnergyand EnvironmentalDesign(LEED) GreenBuildingRating Systemisthenationally acceptedbenchmarkforthe design,construction,and operationofhighperformance greenbuildings.
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Certified Silver Gold Platinum

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EnergyandAtmosphereElectricity
Howmuchofabuildingselectricity consumptionisduetoITsystems?
Data
Tech Offices 50%? Center 95%?

LBNL Study 3%?

DoE Survey 26%?

Officeequipmentaccountsfor26percentofelectricity usedinofficebuildings.Thisismorethantheentire lightingsystem(22percent)andalmostasmuchasthe chilledwatersubsystem(28percent).Flexyourpower,StateofCA

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EnergyandAtmosphereElectricity
CalpersHeadquarters Sacramento,California
KEYPARAMETERS: l GROSSSQUAREFOOTAGE:1.1million ft2 l COST:$192million l COMPLETED:November2005 l ANNUALPURCHASEDENERGYUSE (BASEDONSIMULATION):81.6kBtu/ft2 16%reductionfrombasecase.

LEEDGold

65%oftheenergyuseisfor datacenterandoffice equipment.

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GreensourceMagazine, April2007

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EnergyandAtmosphereElectricity CurrentCaliforniadesignstandards forplugloadincommercial buildings

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2 Title24limitslightingto1.1to1.2wattsperft.

For"plugload"atthedesktop,engineersplanfor1.52.5 watts,ormore. Plugloadexcludespowerindataclosets(not regulated)orthecoolingloadassociatedwithanyofthe equipment(alsounregulatedifit'sspecifictotelecom closets/datacenters).

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EnergyandAtmosphereElectricity EPAReportonServerandDataCenter EnergyEfficiency, July2007

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Datacentersconsumedabout60billionkilowatt hours(kWh)in2006,roughly1.5percentoftotal U.S.electricityconsumption. Theenergyconsumptionofserversanddata centershasdoubledinthepastfiveyearsandis expectedtoalmostdoubleagaininthenextfive yearstomorethan100billionkWh,costingabout $7.4billionannually.

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EnergyandAtmosphereElectricity

ITSystemsare thefastestgrowing segmentof electricalpower consumption worldwide.

InformationWeek, February27,2006 18
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MaterialsandResourcesComputers
l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

Copper Aluminum Lead Gold Zinc Nickel Tin Silver Iron Platinum Palladium Mercury Cobalt Antimony Arsenic Barium Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Selenium Gallium

Producingone squarecentimeter ofSiliconwafer (0.16grams) uses45gramsof chemicalsand556 gramsofelemental gases Consumes1.8 kwhofelectricity Generates17.8 Kgofwastewater and7.8gramsof solidwaste

Manufactureof onetwogram microchip Uses32,000 gramsofde ionizedwater Generates26Kg ofwaste,someof ithighlytoxic.

ManufactureofPCand Monitor Uses240Kgoffossil fuels,22Kgofchemicals and1500Kgofwater Fora50poundcomputer /VDTcombination,this makesamaterialsto productratioof71:1,not includingpacking, distribution,delivery, usage,anddisposalat endoflife.

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MaterialsandResourcesEWaste
Selectedtoxicsubstancesinelectronicproducts
Substance Cadmium(batteries,pigments) ToxicityReasonforattention Exposuretohumansoffinecadmiumpowderaffectsrenal andrespiratorysystems.Smallamountsofdissolved cadmiumaretoxictoaquaticandterrestrialorganisms. Leadaffectsthecentralnervoussystemandkidneysof humans.Environmentaltoxicityhasbeenreportedin severalorganisms.

Lead(circuitboardsolder,batteries, cathoderaytubeglass)

Elementalmercuryistoxicbyinhalationoringestion. Mercury(switches,relays,fluorescent Mercuryaffectsthehumancentralnervoussystemandthe lampsforflatpaneldisplays,alsoemittedfromcoalfired kidneys.Itisalsotoxictoaquaticorganismsandmay electricitygenerationplants) causelongtermeffectsintheaquaticenvironment. Beryllium(circuitsubstrates,springsteelalloys) Phthalates(additivestopolymers) Brominatedflameretardants(oncircuitboards, suchasFR4,andinplasticsinelectronicequipment) Verycarcinogenicbyinhalation. Probablehormonedisruptingchemicals(stillunder investigation)Somebrominatedflameretardantsare carcinogens,somearesuspectedtocausereproductive effectsandsomemaycauseorganandespeciallyliver toxicityinhumans.Somedegradeslowlyinnature,allare bioaccumulative,andsomeproducedioxinswhen incinerated.

Source:ToxicityandEcotoxicity,DanishEPA,Environmentalprojectnumber568,2000,www.gnteknik.dk

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MaterialsandResourcesEWaste
Increasingvolume
PCs Servers CellPhones

Increasingrestrictions
Baseltreaty WEEE/EuPinEurope StateandFederalGovernmentinU.S.

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MaterialsandResourcesEWaste

ImageFromSVTCWebsitehttp://svtc.etoxics.org
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MaterialsandResourcesDataCables
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VirginCopper1.5Bpounds peryearforbuildingcable. PVCPlastics11poundsper 1kfeetofdatacable. LeadPVCsheathsare2to 8%leadbyweight. VolumeofITcablein buildings >1,300feetper officeworkerintheU.S,and growing. DisposalatEndofLife CablesastoxicEwaste
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MaterialsandResources DataCables
Abandonedcableisahiddenhazardinour buildingstoday.Inadditiontocreatingcable management,structuralandairflowproblems, excesscableaddsunnecessaryfuelloadin concealedspacesofbuildings.Thisaddstothe riskofsmokeandfirespread.Aftermanyyearsof accumulation,removalofabandonedcablewas requiredbytheNationalElectricCode(NEC) 2002.DuPontCablingSolutions,2005

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MaterialsandResourcesUniversalWaste
Commonitemsthathavetraditionallybeenthrownin thetrashcannotbesafelydisposedinlandfills.These itemsarereferredtoashazardouswaste,andsomeof themasuniversalwaste(uwaste). CIWMB
Batteries.Includesallbatteries,AAA,AA,C,D,buttoncell,9volt, bothrechargeableandsingleuse.Alsoleadacidbatteries. Computerandtelevisionmonitors.Mostmonitorsarecurrently consideredhazardouswasteincludingcathoderaytube (CRT),liquidcrystaldiode(LCD),andplasmamonitors. Electronicdevices.Includescomputers,printers,VCRs,cell phones,telephones,andradios. AsofFebruary9,2006,alluwasteitemsarebannedfromthetrash.
CIWMB 25
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IndoorEnvironmentalQuality
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VolatileOrganicCompounds (VOCs)andparticulate emissionsfromPrinters andCopiers. VOCoffgassingfrom electronicequipment. Chemicalresiduesfromfire retardantsoncomputers (PDBEs). Leadfromdatacable sheaths.

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IndoorEnvironmentalQuality
BigHealthRiskSeeninSomeLaserPrinters
SanFranciscoChronicle,August1,2007

Ifyouworknear certainmodelsoflaser printers,youmightbe breathingthesame amountofultrafine particlepollutionasif asmokerwerepuffing awayinthenext cubicle.

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SiteSpaceRequirements
SpaceforITequipmentina typicalofficebuilding
ANSI/EIA/TIA569minimum standardisabout1%of usablefloorspace.

Actualspace needsarehigher, andgrowing.

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SiteSpaceRequirements MaterialsandResourcesInfrastructure
ITsystemsdrive requirementsfor buildinginfrastructure andmorespace.
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Electricalpower distributionsystems. Backuppowersystems forITequipment. Coolingsystems. Firesuppressionsystems.

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Whatistheonethingthatweknowis trueabouttechnology? Wealwaysoverestimatetheeffect oftechnologyintheshortand underestimatetheeffectinthe longrun.

TomEdringtonIV,1984

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Theinternet(akatheglobal informationnetwork)reallyisgoingto changeeverything.

GraphicattributedtoGartnerGroup

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Greeninginformationtechnology systemsrequiresnewthinkingandnew processes,forexample ThethreeRsofenvironmentalism: REDUCE,REUSE,RECYCLE

3 TheGreenITER Principle:ELIMINATE thenReduce,Reuse,Recycle.

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Theenvironmentalbenefitsofnew thinkingandnewprocesses
MITIGATION
Reducedconsumptionofmaterialsandequipment. Improvedenergyefficiencyandgreenhousegasemissions reductions. : Reducedelectronicandofficewaste.

INNOVATION
Reducedspaceneeds. Lessemployeecommutetravel. Reducedbusinesstravel. Newwaysofdeliveringgovernmentservices. Newwaysofdeliveringgovernmentservices.
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Wecandobetter.

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