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11/30/2011
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Contents
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Questions 1 to 10 - Calculations and simulated measurements ...................................................... 4 Full-wave diode bridge rectifier ....................................................................................................... 6 Question 11 Ripple Voltage and output voltage harmonics. ........................................................ 8 Question 12 - Line Current Harmonics ........................................................................................... 13 Analysis for Question 11 - Ripple Voltage ...................................................................................... 18 Analysis for Question 12 - Line Current Harmonics ....................................................................... 20 Question 13 Voltage Regulator Design........................................................................................ 22 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 23 References ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Appendices ..................................................................................................................................... 25
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Introduction
A bridge rectifier is a circuit design that converts an alternating current into direct current. This report looks at the full-wave diode bridge rectifier. The full-wave diode bridge rectifier consists of a combination of four diodes connected in square configuration. Typically this combination produces a pulsed DC output. The humped characteristic of this pulsed output can be improved by connecting a capacitor across the load. This capacitor is often called the smoothing capacitor and this report will analysis the effects of adding this smoothing capacitor to a full-wave diode bridge rectifier.
Aim
Use the program PSPICE to simulate and investigate the characteristics and operation of a full-wave bridge rectifier.
Objectives
Design a full-wave bridge rectifier circuit in the program PSPICE using suitable diodes. Simulate the circuit and take a series of measurements and compare them to calculated values. Determine and analyse the ripple voltage produced by the circuit with two different variations of smoothing capacitors. Measure and analyse the harmonics for each capacitor variation up to 800Hz. Determine the line current harmonics with the circuit configured with different loads and capacitors. Compare the results to the European Directive related the line current harmonics.
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2)
Measured RMS output voltage from PSIPICE Simulation = 21.5 V (Refer to Appendix 1) 5)
6)
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7)
8)
9) 10) = 3.54 A
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The diode selected for the circuit was the 1N5401. This diode was selected because it has current rating of 3.0 A and the calculated output current was 2.25 A so the 1N5401 was sufficient to handle the calculated current.
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Figure 1.2 - A graph to show the rectified output from the full-wave diode bridge rectifier.
The blue trace is the output power (W) measured at the load, with peak of 117 W. The green trace is the voltage output (V) measured at the load, with a peak of 34.5 V. The yellow trace is the RMS value of the output voltage measured at the load, with a value of 22.3 V. The red trace is the current output measured at the load, with a value of 2.19 A.
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A capacitor has been placed across the load to smooth the output from the full-wave bridge rectifier. The results are shown in Figures 1.4 to 1.9 on the next few pages. Calculation for ripple voltage,
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Figure 1.4 - A graph from the simulation of full-wave bridge rectifier with 600uF smoothing capacitor to show the smoothed output
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Figure 1.5 - A graph to show the voltage harmonics from the simulation of the Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier with a 600uF smoothing capacitor
1st 9.75
2nd 1.8
3rd 0.86
4th 0.25
5th 0.052
6th 0.149
7th 0.205
8th 0.211
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Refer to Appendix 2 for the circuit design used to evaluate the 2200uF smoothing capacitor placed in the circuit. Figure 1.7 A graph from the simulation of full-wave bridge rectifier with 2200uF smoothing capacitor to show the smoothed output.
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Figure 1.8 - A graph to show the voltage Harmonics from the simulation of the Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier with a 2200uF smoothing capacitor
Harmonic Order 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Voltage Peak (V) 5.25 1.49 0.364 0.624 0.52 0.243 0.225 0.295 st The amplitude of the 1 voltage is nearly halved by using a 2200 uF capacitor instead of a 600 uF capacitor.
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The measurements for the line current harmonics were taken from the output of the Power Source show with the yellow probe. The results of the measurements with various capacitors and loads connected are show below.
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Figure 2.1 - Graph of the output voltage harmonics from the Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier with a 500uF smoothing capacitor and 10 load.
The yellow trace on the graph represents the line current harmonics up to 1 kHz. Figure 2.2 - Table of results from circuit with capacitor value of 500uF and load of 10. Harmonic Number 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Harmonic Frequency (Hz) 40.5 140 239 341 441 560 Harmonic Magnitude (A) 3.21 1.63 0.65 0.48 0.32 0.26 Calculated (mA/W) 27.4 13.9 5.6 4.1 2.7 2.2 Max Permissible (mA/W) n/a n/a 3.4 n/a 1.9 n/a
Figure 2.3 - Graph of the output voltage harmonics from the Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier with a 500uF smoothing capacitor and 50 load.
The yellow trace on the graph represents the line current harmonics up to 1 kHz. Figure 2.4 - Table of results from circuit with capacitor value of 500uF and load of 50. Harmonic Number 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Frequency (Hz) 40.2 140 260 361 441 541 Harmonic Magnitude (A) 1.23 1.02 0.52 0.29 0.23 0.21 Calculated (mA/W) 10.5 8.7 4.4 2.5 2.0 1.8 Max Permissible (mA/W) n/a n/a 3.4 n/a 1.9 n/a
Figure 2.5 - Graph of the output voltage harmonics from the Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier with a 2000uF smoothing capacitor and 10 load.
The yellow trace on the graph represents the line current harmonics up to 1 kHz. Figure 2.6 - Table of results from circuit with capacitor value of 2000uF and load of 10. Harmonic Number 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Harmonic Frequency (Hz) 40.4 139 259 361 440 541 Harmonic Magnitude (A) 5.54 4.46 2.14 1.26 0.89 0.96 Calculated (mA/W) 47.4 38.1 18.3 10.8 7.6 8.2 Max Permissible (mA/W) n/a n/a 3.4 n/a 1.9 n/a
Figure 2.7 - Graph of the output voltage harmonics from the Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier with a 2000 uF smoothing capacitor and 50 load.
The yellow trace on the graph represents the line current harmonics up to 1 kHz. Figure 2.8 - Table of results from circuit with capacitor value of 2000uF and load of 50. Harmonic Number 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Harmonic Frequency (Hz) 40 80 140 260 340 460 Harmonic Magnitude (A) 3.23 2.18 2.22 1.16 1.02 0.71 Calculated (mA/W) 27.6 18.6 19.0 9.9 8.7 6.1 Max Permissible (mA/W) n/a n/a 3.4 n/a 1.9 n/a
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2.24 V is a small ripple voltage but the rectifier output would still not be an ideal dc output. The capacitor would have to be increased to 100,000 uF to produce a ripple voltage of 0.22 V which would be very close to the ideal dc output. But having a capacitor of this high value may have detrimental effects of the other characteristics on the circuit such as increasing the current to intolerable values.
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current has to be high with a high capacitor and low load resistance. With the load increased to 1000 (See results in Appendix 3) a reduction of the harmonics can be seen and some of the harmonic values would comply with IEC 61000-3-2. In this circuit the high load resistance was limiting the current generated in the harmonics. Why do harmonics occur? Harmonics occur in the line current in the supply because non-linear components (the four diodes) draw current disproportionably to the source voltage therefore causing nonsinusoidal current waveforms to be produced.
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How can the circuit be improved to minimise the harmonic amplitudes? The introduction of a higher load resistance would decrease the harmonic amplitude and also allow a fairly large capacitor to be used meaning the ripple voltage can be made a small as practicable. See Appendix 3 for results of simulating the circuit with a 1000 load resistance. The results in Appendix 3 show very small harmonic magnitudes across the whole frequency range measured. So with a 1000 load resistance the circuit would easily comply with the EU directive 61000-3-2. Another way to improve the full-wave diode bridge rectifier would be to place a choke the circuit. This inductor would have high impedance which would limit the ripples produced in the output.
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Load 10 0V
This circuit is designed to output 12 V d.c to the 10 load. The zener diode selected for the circuit is the 1N4740A. This diode has a Zener Voltage of 10 V and a Zener Current value of 25 mA at 10 V. The Bi-polar transisitor choosen was the ZXTN25100BFHTA which has a hfe value of 100 and a max collector current of 3A. The datasheets for the selected zener diode and BJT are referenced in the references section of the assignment. Calculations for cirucit are as follows.
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Conclusion
The aim of this assignment was to use the program PSPICE to simulate and investigate the characteristics and operation of a full-wave bridge rectifier. The results were that the voltage ripple can be reduced by fitting a smoothing capacitor across the load. By increasing the size of the smoothing capacitor the voltage ripple and voltage harmonics can be reduced further. For the line current harmonics section of the assignment it was found that none of the four circuits simulated would comply with the EU Directive IEC 61000-3-2. It was suggested that for a circuit to comply with IEC 61000-3-2 the load resistance needs to be high enough to limit the harmonic magnitudes whilst the capacitor needs to be large to provide a small ripple voltage. A design of a voltage regulator was produced to supply a steady 12 V d.c output. To further investigate this circuit an inductor could be added to the circuit either before or after the bridge. This could be then simulated to find if the inductor would improve the line current harmonics and the rectifier output.
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References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_10/7.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_(electrical) http://www.epsma.org/pdf/PFC Guide_November 2010.pdf http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheets_pdf/1/N/5/4/1N5401.shtml
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Appendices
Appendix 1 Graph from PSPICE simulation of full-wave diode bridge rectifier.
Appendix 2 Full-wave diode bridge rectifier circuit including 2200uF smoothing capacitor.
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Appendix 3 - Table of results from circuit with capacitor value of 600uF and load of 1k. Harmonic Number 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 40 260 340 380 460 540 Harmonic Frequency (Hz) Harmonic Magnitude (A) 0.694 0.134 0.153 0.101 0.1 0.103 Calculated (mA/W) 5.9 1.1 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 Max Permissible (mA/W) n/a n/a 3.4 n/a 1.9 n/a
7th
580
8th
660
9th
740
10th
800
15th
1140
39th
3040
0.06 0.5 1
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