BIOLOGY MODULE 2012 LEARNING AREA : TRANSPORT

Activity 1 :The circulatory system in humans and animals The circulatory system is divided into a closed circulatory system and an open circulatory system. Humans, fish, amphibians and birds have a closed circulatory system, while insects have an open circulatory system. Unlike fish which have a single circulatory system, amphibians, birds and humans have a double circulatory system. The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels and the heart. Blood is made up of blood cells and plasma. Blood cells consist of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Plasma consists of water, plasma proteins, nutrients, metabolic waste, hormones and antibodies. Blood vessels are divided into three types; arteries, veins and capillaries. The heart is the organ that pumps blood, which carries all the vital materials that help the body function and waste products that the body does not need.

Transfer the information from the text above into the graphic organizer below.

Circulatory system

consists of

Open
example

Double circulatory system

example

Human
consists of

Birds

Fish

Heart

Blood vessel
made up of

Plasma
consists of

Red blood cell Activity 2 : The cellular components of the blood and their functions Write the correct cell due to its function. Cellular component Function Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

Phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and dead cells Releases enzyme that combat inflammation in allergic reactions. Kills parasitic worms. Combats inflammation in allergic reactions. Produces the immune response against foreign Agranular substances. Phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and dead cells Involved in the process of blood clotting.

Granular Leucocytes (white blood cell)

Activity 3 : Blood vessels Comparison between arteries, capillaries and veins. Fill in the box with correct answer. Blood vessels Arteries Capillaries Allow rapid gaseous exchange, nutrients, waste and hormones between the blood and cells The thickness of the wall No valves, except semiValves The size of lumen lunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery Small Large Thinnest (one-cell thick) Veins Carry deoxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary vein) towards the heart

Function

Activity 4 : The Human Heart The heart consists of four chambers: left and right atria, and left and right ventricles. The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. The bicuspid valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. These valves prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria when the ventricles contract. Semi-lunar (mitral) valves are present at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary artery to prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles.

Complete the label of the structure of the human heart.

Superior vena cava

Pulmonary vein Left atrium

Right atrium

Septum Chorda tendinae The wall of left ventricle

Activity 5 : The flow of blood in the heart Fill in the blanks. 1. Vena cava carry d_________ __ blood right a__________ through

t______________ valve right v_____________ through s ______________ valves p_______________ 2. arteries lungs. p_______________ veins left valve left v______________

Oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried by a____________ through b_____________

through s________________ valves aorta. Activity 6 : The pumping of the heart Match the figure with the correct sequence of contraction of the heart muscles which results in the pumping of the heart :

1. The SA node as the pacemaker generates electrical impulses.

2. The electrical impulses spread rapidly over the walls of both atria, causing the atria to contract simultaneously. The contraction of the atria helps push blood into the ventricles.

3. The electrical impulses spread to the ventricles causing them to contact and push blood out to the lungs and body.

4. The electrical impulses reach the AV node. Bundle of His fibres, bundle branches and Purkinje fibres conduct the impulses to the apex of the heart Activity 7 : The circulatory systems in insects, fish, amphibians and humans Complete the table below to show the differences between the circulatory systems of insects, fish, amphibians and humans. Organisms Type of circulatory system Insects Open Fish Single Amphibians Closed Humans Double

Separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood Number of chambers in the heart

(A single blood vessel forms the heart)

Incomplete

Four

Activity 8 : The Mechanism of Blood Clotting Complete the schematic diagram below.

Damaged blood vessels

stimulates

Agglutination of platelets
secretes

Liver
Vitamin K

T___________

Ca+

Prothrombin 9 : The A wrong. 1. Lymph flows into the lymph nodes to filter out bacteria, dead leucocytes. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Tick ( ) if Lymphatic System the statement

T____________

Activity

is true, cross ( X )

F___________ (soluble protein)

if the statement is

F________ (insoluble protein)

Blood clotting

foreign particles and ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Interstitial fluid is the fluid that fills up the space between cells. Lymph is in the blood vessels. Lymph contains glucose, amino acids, fat droplets, dissolved gases, minerals and hormones but no lymphocytes. Thoracic duct connects with the circulatory system at the left subclavian vein. Exchange of materials occurs between the body cells and interstitial fluid.

Interstitial fluid and lymph are different because they arise from different source. (

8. 9. 10.

Interstitial fluid is formed due to high pressure in the body cells. Fatty acids and glycerol are transported by lacteal into the right lymphatic duct to be returned to the circulatory system. Interstitial fluid that fails to return to the circulatory system can cause oedema.

( ( (

) ) )

Fill in the blanks the correct word to explain the concepts and facts regarding the lymphatic system.

1.

The flow of lymph in the lymphatic vessels is aided by the contraction of s___________ m_____________ around it.

2.

Interstitial fluid is returned to the circulatory system in two ways : (a) (b) by diffusing back into the l through the t d and the r ________ d___________ c_______________ into the circulatory system.

Activity 10 : The Bodys Defence Mechanism Complete the schematic diagram below. Lymphatic system
is involved in

Defence mechanism
is divided into

First line of defence

S__________ _______________
consists of

T_________ _______________
consists of

consists of

S_______

M________ m__________

Phagocytic white blood cell

Lymphocyte

Activity 11 : The mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy things Match each mechanism with the explanation on the right boxes.

Antibodies can clamp pathogens together. The clumping makes the pathogens easy targets for phagocytes to capture and destroy.

Opsonins are antibodies that bind with antigens to act as markers so that phagocytes can recognize the antigens and destroy them.

Lysins are antibodies that bind to antigens and cause the antigens to rupture or disintegrate

Activity 12 : Immunity An antibody can neutralize the toxins produced by bacteria by binding to the toxin. This prevents the toxin from attaching to cells and causing damage.

The schematic diagram below shows the various types of immunity. Complete the diagram. Types of immunity

Active immunity is divide into

Passive immunity

Naturally acquired

Artificially acquired example

Naturally acquired

Artificially acquired

C__________p___ Activity Organic 13 : The

H____________, d____ _, p______ Transport

Antibodies are required from the mother of

T____________

Substances and

Water in Plants
characteristics

- A_____________ are produced in response to the antigens. - The person is immune after he has been infected by it. - Permanent immunity

- A v _________ stimulates the body to produce antibodies. - The body has acquired immunity through vaccination.

- A foetus receives maternal antibodies through p_______. - Babies acquire the immunity through breastfeeding. - Temporary immunity

- A serum which contains antibodies or a____________ can be injected from the donors. - Temporary immunity

A. Complete the schematic diagram below. PLANTS

divided into types of transport

Xylem
function in

P______

Transport of w_______ and m____________ from roots to leaves

via three mechanisms

Transport of o________ s________ through translocation

Root pressure

Transpiration pull
due to

C________ and a_________ in the xylem

T____________

Sample questions. 1. Figure 1 shows the human circulatory system.

Figure 1

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(a)

Name circulations P and Q. Describe each circulation. (i) P : ________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Description : (i i) Q :

______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ ( 4 marks ) (b) On Figure 1, mark the following flow of blood to illustrate the circulations P and Q. Description :

______________________________________________________________________

(c)

Oxygenated blood with the arrow

) ) ( 1 mark )

Deoxygenated blood with the arrow (

The pacemaker of a patients heart fails to function. An electronic pacemaker is used to replace the original pacemaker. Explain how the electronic pacemaker works. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ( 3 marks )

(d)

Table 1 shows the volume of blood and the blood pressure in blood vessels X and Y. Blood vessel X Y Volume / cm3 100 300 Table 1 Pressure / kPa 13.3 0.3

( i) Based on Figure 1 and Table 1, what conclusion can you make about the rate of blood flow in the blood vessels X and Y? Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

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( 2 marks ) (ii) Explain how vigorous exercise increase the blood flow in the blood vessel X. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ( 2 marks )

2.

Figure 2 shows left half of the human heart.

Figure 2 (a) On Figure 2, ( i) complete the right half of the heart and label the drawn parts. (ii) draw an arrow to show the flow of blood. ( 3 marks )

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(b)( i) Which chamber is relax? ______________________________________________________________________ (ii) Based on Figure 2, give two reasons to support the answer of (b)(i). 1. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________________________ ( 3 marks ) (c)( i) State the difference between chambers labeled Y and Z. ______________________________________________________________________ (ii) Explain the importance of the difference in (c)(i). ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ( 2 marks ) (d) )( i) Do the contractions of the cardiac muscle need to be stimulated by nerve impulses? ______________________________________________________________________ (ii) Explain your answer in (d)(i). ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ( 2 marks ) 3. Figure 3 shows the concentration of antibody in the blood of Individuals P and Q during the treatment to acquire immunity.

(a)

Identify the type of immunisation given to each of them.

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Individual P : __________________________________________________________ Individual Q : ___________________________________________________________ ( 2 marks ) (b) State the difference of the antibody concentration in the blood between Individual P and Q. Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ( 2 marks ) (c) State the advantages of the type of immunisation given to both individuals. Individual P : __________________________________________________________ Individual Q : ___________________________________________________________ ( 2 marks ) (d) Apart from the natural defences provided by the phagocytes and the lymphocytes, antibiotics and vaccination are used to combat infectious diseases. Explain what is meant by : ( i) antibiotic (ii) vaccines : : _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ( 2 marks ) 4. Table 2 shows the information of types of blood.

Type of blood Cell P Cell Q Cell R Produces Carries oxygen Function and carbon dioxide Table 2 Defense mechanism antibodies : - Lysine - Agglutinin - Antitoxin Blood clotting Cell S

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(a)( i) Cell Q engulfs the pathogen entering the body by phagocytosis. Complete the diagram below to show the mechanism of phagocytosis occurred in cell Q.
Pathogens

(ii) Cell R destroys the pathogens entering the body by the action of antibodies. State one of the mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy pathogens. ______________________________________________________________________ ( 1 mark ) (b)( i) Explain how cell P functioning in the transportation of respiration gases. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ( 3 marks) (ii) Based on Table 2, state two structural differences between Cell P and Cell Q. 1. ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ( 2 marks ) (c)( i) Explain how Cell S functioning in the blood clotting. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ( 2 marks )

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(ii) Write down two enzymic reactions in the mechanism of blood clotting. 1.

2.

( 2 marks )

Nama: Tingkatan : 16 FORM 5 : CHAPTER 1 Nama Guru:... TRANSPORT

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