Physical properties of different group Group 18/ noble gases gas Group 17/halogen Gas-F Gas-Cl Liquid-Br Solid-I

colourless Shiny grey solid F-pale green Cl-Greenish yellow Br-Reddish brown I-purplish black Wgtg, Wgtg, Wgtg, Reason: number Reason: number Reason: number of shells of shells of shells occupied with occupied with occupied with electron electron electron increases increases increases Overall: low Reason: noble gases are made of single atom held together by weak van der waals force of attraction. Only small amount of heat energy is required to overcome the force of attraction. Wgtg , Atomic size become bigger, van der waals force of attraction between the Overall: If Compare with heavy metal: low (soft metal) Overall: low Reason: halogen are made of molecules held together by weak van der waals forces of attraction. Only small amount of heat energy is required to overcome the force of attraction. Wgtg , Molecular size become bigger, van der waals force of attraction between the Group 1/alkali metal solid

Physical state

colour

Atomic size

Melting and Boiling point

Wgtg, Atomic size become bigger, metallic bond between the atom of the alkali metals become weaker. Less heat energy is

atoms become stronger. More heat energy is required to overcome the stronger force of attraction.

required to overcome the weak metallic bonding.

molecules become stronger. More heat energy is required to overcome the stronger force of attraction Overall: low Wgtg : Increase in atomic mass is bigger than increase in volume.

Density

Overall: low Wgtg : Increase in atomic mass is bigger than increase in volume.

Heat conductor Electrical conductor

poor Cannot conduct electricity

Overall: low Wgtg : Increase in atomic mass is bigger than increase in volume. Li,Na, K less dense than water Rb, Cs ,Fr more dense than water Good Good

poor Cannot conduct electricity

Elements place in the same group because hv same number of valence electron. If number of valence electron ---same---meant element in the same group hv same chemical properties.

Group 18 1. do not hv chemical properties 2. cause duplet /octet electron arrangement -achieve stable duplet or octet electron arrangement. -do not donate, accept or share electron with other element.

Group 1 1. group 1 elements hv same chemical properties because they have same valence electron . 2. Reactivity of group 1 elements are different. Reason: The group 1 elements have one valence electron. Each atom of the group 1 element will release one electron to achieve a stable duplet or octet electron arrangement. wgtg , the atomic size become bigger,

the distance of nucleus and single valence electron become further. This cause the force of attraction of nucleus towards the valence electron decrease. Thus, the single valence electron can released more easily. (same discussion for electropisitivity)

Group 17 1. group 17 elements hv same chemical properties because they have same valence electron . 2. Reactivity of group 17 elements are different. Reason: The group 17 elements have seven valence electron. Each atom of the group 17 element will accept one electron to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement. wgtg , the atomic size become bigger, the distance of nucleus and outermost occupied shell become further. This cause the strength of the nucleus of a halogen atom to attrat one more electron into the outermost shell decrease. (same discussion for electronegativity)

Period Atomic size decrease when going across a period from left to right. When going across period, the proton number increases. This cause positive charge of the nucleus increase across the period. Hence, the force of attraction by the nucleus on the electron in the first ___ occupied shells become stronger. These electron are pull closer to the nucleus across the period. (electronegativity increase)