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Quantity
Proportion
Excel functions standard deviation of quantities = stdev(data) area to the left of t-score = t.dist(t-score, degrees of freedom, TRUE) area to the left of z-score = norm.s.dist(z-score, TRUE)
t-score =
The shaded area is the probability of observing a quantity or proportion less than or equal to the stated quantity or proportion.
H0 > HA <
H0 = HA
(1 )
N
Calculate the score
z-score = sample proportion standard error
Find the area to the left of the score (standard normal distribution)
p-value approach: The probability of the null hypothesis being true is the p-value. Significance approach: If p-value < significance level, reject the null hypothesis.
H0 > HA <
H0 = HA
Comparing two sample proportions H0 : population proportion 1 = population proportion 2 standard error = p1 ( 1 p1 ) p2 (1 p2 ) + N1 N2
Calculate the score
z-score = sample proportion standard error
Find the area to the left of the score (standard normal distribution)
p-value approach: The probability of the null hypothesis being true is the p-value. Significance approach: If p-value < significance level, reject the null hypothesis.
H0 > HA <
H0 = HA
Comparing a sample mean to a fixed quantity H0 : population mean = s2 N degrees of freedom = N 1 standard error =
Excel functions area = t.dist(t-score, degrees of freedom, TRUE) t-score = t.inv(area, degrees of freedom)
p-value approach: The probability of the null hypothesis being true is the p-value. Significance approach: If p-value < significance level, reject the null hypothesis.
H0 > HA <
H0 = HA
Comparing two sample means H0 : population mean 1 = population mean 2 standard error =
2 2 s1 s2 + N1 N2
degrees of freedom N1 + N2 2
Excel functions area = t.dist(t-score, degrees of freedom, TRUE) t-score = t.inv(area, degrees of freedom) area to the nearest tail = t.test(data set 1, data set 2, 1, 3)
p-value approach: The probability of the null hypothesis being true is the p-value. Significance approach: If p-value < significance level, reject the null hypothesis.
H0 > HA <
H0 = HA
2 -score =
( N 1 ) s2
2
p-value approach: The probability of the null hypothesis being true is the p-value. Significance approach: If p-value < significance level, reject the null hypothesis.
H0 > HA <
H0 = HA
Comparing two variances H0 : population variance 1 = population variance 2 degrees of freedom smaller variance = Nsmaller variance 1 degrees of freedom larger variance = Nlarger variance 1
Excel functions area = f.dist(f-score, df for smaller variance, df for larger variance, TRUE) F-score = f.inv(area, df for smaller variance, df for larger variance)
State the conclusion
p-value approach: The probability of the null hypothesis being true is the p-value. Significance approach: If p-value < significance level, reject the null hypothesis.