TROPES & SCHEMES TROPE (T) = a figure that involves a deviation in meaning - mostly closely related to pathos in their

effect X origin in the logical distinction made in the topics of inventio - antithesis, oxymoron, paradox and the tropes of irony (antiphrasis, paralipsis) - from the topic of contraries and contradictions - metaphor, similie, onomatopoeia, auxesis - have issued from the topic of comparison - metonymy, synecdoche - from the topic of definition or divison (genus vs. species; whole vs. part) or from the topic of essence and attributes - but some tropes are less related to logos, more to pathos only - e.g. exotema (rhetorical question), apostrophe, ecphonesis, aposiopesis SCHEME (S) = a figure that involves a deviation from normal word form (WF) or word order (WO) - marked repetition of a word, part of a word or a sound X if the purpose of the repetition is to bring out a basic change of meaning -> trope ploce = repetition of a word with the same meaning (S) antanaclasis = repetition of a word in its different meanings (T) - foregrounding = deviation from the norm (in terms of meaning) -> affect the sense also in the case of schemes X change of meaning by tropes => conceptually stronger, difference of kind rather than of degree alliteration (S) - the same consonant repeated at the beginningg of words (or their stressed syllable) in close proximity anadiplsis (S) - a word/words at the end of a clause repeated in the next anaphra (S) - beginning successive clauses/sentences with the same word(s) anthimria (S) = conversion; one word class used for another antimetbole (T) = irony antthesis (S,T) = a figure of word-arrangement (S), conceptual contrast (T) - contrasting ideas in close proximity aposiopesis (T) = breaking off an utterance, leaving the sense incpomplete; often signals intense emotion apostrophe (T) = turntale, turnaway; a sudden moving away from addressing one person or topic to addressing another (often involving prosopopoeia); frequently in an exclamation of intense emotion - today also another meaning: an address to an abstraction without moving from previous topic ecphonsis (T) = the exclamation does not involve an address - "O vicious minute" = elipsis "O what a vicious minute" assonance (S) = reccurence of the same vowel/similar vowels in close proximity asyndeton (S) = absence of conjunctions between several successive phrases or clauses - persuasive purpose brachylgia = absence of conjunction between single words epizeuxis (S) = brachylgia with repetition of the same word auxsis (T) = moving from less to greater importance or emotional impact in successive words, phrases or clauses chiasmus (S) - viz antimetabole; irony climax (S) = (Greek for "ladder" - the figure mirrors the progress up a ladder) - the last word or phrase of the first clause is repeated at the beginning of the second, the last word(s) of the second at the beginning of the third, etc. - anadiplosis = the first step; in climax three or more rungs consonance (S) = repeating the same consonants or the same type of consonants in words in close proximity epanalpsis (S) = repeating a word or words at the beginning and end of a clause epanorthsis (S or T) = the speaker corrects himself - S vs T - emphasis on meaning vs parallelism of structure epstrophe (S) = repeating the same word(s) at the end of successive clauses ertema (T) = rhetorical question; purpose: to assert something emotionally or persuasively hendadys (S) = expressing a single complex idea by two words connected by a conjunction or preposition; often two nouns instead of adjective-noun construction + reverse hendiadys = a striking adjective-noun construction instead of two nouns connected by conjunction or preposition - close to the form of hypallage (transfer epithet) X hypallage conceptually bolder (looser semantic association of adjective with noun)

homoiotelton (S) = repeating the same ending on different words (rhyme) - morphologically opposite of polyptoton hypllage (S or T) = constructing clauses or phrases in such a way that the application of the words becomes absurd - S: disarrangement of the words - T: transferred epithet = adjective with a noun to wich it does not literally apply (conceptual deviance) hyprbaton (S) = marked deviance in word order hirmus, irmos = "a manner of speach drawn out at length and going all after one tenor and with an imperfect sense till you come to the last word or verse which concludes the whole premisses with a perfect sense" (typical for Milton) hyprbole (T) = exaggeration for heightened effect - opposite: meiosis, litotes irony (T) - two central figures: antiphrasis, paralipsis antiphrasis = using a word, clause or a sentence in a sense opposite to what it would normally imply - dramatic irony - character's utterance has implications contrary to those understood by speaker/listener paralpsis (T) = the speaker pretends to regard something significant as insignificant by passing lightly over it littes (T) = understatement, belittles; emotionally positive meisis (T) = understatement, heightens by understatement; emotionally negative metaphor (T) = expresses something in terms of something else that has something incommon with it - an implicit comparison (X simile) metnymy (T) = replacing a word by another closely associated with it syncdoche (T) = replacing of the whole or the general with the part or the particular, or vice versa onomatopoeia (T) = using words whose sounds mirror natural sounds or suggests or reinforce the meaning oxymron (T) = a contradictory expression paradox (T) = a contradictory statement prison (S) = repeating the same grammatical construction in successive clauses or sentences isoclon (S) = prison with the repeated constructions of the same length compar = a term covering both prison and isoclon perphrasis (T) = 1/ way of saying something that would normaly be said more briefly (musical counterpart: sublime) 2/ using a proper noun for the typical quality or attribute associated with it = antonomsia (T) personification, prosopopoeia (T) = investing the inanimate with human attributes ploce or ploche (S) = occurence of the same word in a passage, mirroring the dispairing or desperate mental focusing on an issue, notion or concept epizuxis = ploce, when the words are repeated immediatelly, w/out any other words intervening polyptoton (S) = repeating the same word-base with different affixes polysndeton (S) = making use of an unusually large number of conjunctions X asyndeton puns (T): antanaclais = a word is repeated in different senses paronomasia = a play on words that sound identical (homophones) or similar, but have different meaning syllepsis = a word appeares only once but has more meanings simile, homoesis (T) = similitude with an explicit word of comparison (like, as) collation (T) = simile making up balanced and lengthy clauses in the shape "as X is/does. so Y is/does" - typical for Elizabethans (J. Lyli) zeugma (S or T) = S: a verb-object construction in which a single verb is grammatticaly related to two or more objects across two clauses = T: from one object to another, the verb changes its meaning syllpsis (S) = similar to zeugma; the verb form is grammatically, nor semantically incongruent