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MULTIPLICATION:

Multiplication using multiples 12 x 15 = 12 x 5 x 3 = 60 x 3 = 180 Multiplication by distribution 12 x 17 = (12 x 10) + (12 x 7) ---> 12 is multiplied to both 10 & 7 = 120 + 84 = 204 Multiplication by "giving and taking" 12 x 47 = 12 x (50 - 3) = (12 x 50) - (12 x 3) = 600 - 36 = 564 Multiplication by 5 --> take the half(0.5) then multiply by 10 428 x 5 = (428 x 1/2) x 10 = 428 x 0.5 x 10 = 214 x 10 = 2140 Multiplication by 10 ---> just move the decimal point one place to the right 14 x 10 = 140 ---> added one zero Multiplication by 50 ---> take the half(0.5) then multiply by 100 18 x 50 = (18/2) x 100 = 18 x 0.5 x 100 = 9 x 100 = 900 Multiplication by 100 ---> move the decimal point two places to the right 42 x 100 = 4200 ---> added two zeroes Multiplication by 500 ---> take the half(0.5) then multiply by 1000 21 x 500 = 21/2 x 1000 = 10.5 x 1000 = 10500 Multiplication by 25 ---> use the analogy $1 = 4 x 25 cents 25 x 14 = (25 x 10) + (25 x 4) ---> 250 + 100 ---> $2.50 + $1 = 350 Multiplication by 25 ---> divide by 4 then multiply by 100

36 x 25 = (36/4) x 100 = 9 x 100 = 900 Multiplication by 11 if sum of digits is less than 10 72 x 11 = 7_2 ---> the middle term = 7 + 2 = 9 = place the middle term 9 between 7 & 2 = 792 Multiplication by 11 if sum of digits is greater than 10 87 x 11 = 8_7 ---> the middle term = 8 + 7 = 15 because the middle term is greater than 10, use 5 then add 1 to the first term 8, which leads to the answer of = 957 Multiplication of 37 by the 3, 6, 9 until 27 series of numbers --> the "triple effect" solve 37 x 3 multiply 7 by 3 = 21, knowing the last digit (1), just combine two more 1's giving the triple digit answer 111 solve 37 x 9 multiply 7 by 9 = 63, knowing the last digit (3), just combine two more 3's giving the triple digit answer 333 solve 37 x 21 multiply 7 by 21 = 147, knowing the last digit (7), just combine two more 7's giving the triple digit answer 777 Multiplication of the "dozen teens" group of numbers -(i.e. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19) by ANY of the numbers within the group: solve 14 x 17 4 x 7 = 28; remember 8, carry 2 14 + 7 = 21 add 21 to whats is carried (2) giving the result 23 form the answer by combinig 23 to what is remembered (8) giving the answer 238 Multiplication of numbers ending in 5 with difference of 10 45 x 35 first term = [(4 + 1) x 3] = 15; (4 is the first digit of 45 and 3 is the first digit of 35 --> add 1 to the higher first digit which is 4 in this case, then multiply the result by 3, giving 15) last term = 75 combining the first term and last term, = 1575 75 x 85 first term = (8 + 1) x 7 = 63 last term = 75 combining first and last terms, = 6375 15 x 25 = 375

= 14 Multiplication of numbers ending in 5 with the same first terms (square of a number) 25 x 25 first term = (2 + 1) x 2 = 6 last term = 25 answer = 625 ---> square of 25 75 x 75 first term = (7 + 1) x 7 = 56 last term = 25 answer = 5625 ---> 75 squared Division by 100 ---> move the decimal point two places to the left 25/100 = 0.25 Division by 500 ---> divide by 100 then multiply by 0.2 17/500 = (17/100) x 0.2 = 0.17 x 0.2 = 0.034 Division by 25 ---> divide by 100 then multiply by 4 500/25 = (500/100) x 4 =5x4 = 20 750/25 = (750/100) x 4 = 7.5 x 2 x 2 = 30

DIVISION:

Division by parts ---> imagine dividing $874 between two persons 874/2 = 800/2 + 74/2 = 400 + 37 = 437 Division using the factors of the divisor: "double division" 70/14 = (70/7)/2 ---> 7 and 2 are the factors of 14 = 10/2 =5 Division by using fractions: 132/2 = (100/2 + 32/2) ---> break down into two fractions = (50 + 16) = 66 Division by 5 ---> divide by 100 then multiply by 20 1400/5 = (1400/100) x 20 = 14 x 20 = 280 Division by 10 ---> move the decimal point one place to the left 0.5/10 = 0.05 ---> 5% is 50% divided by ten Division by 50 ---> divide by 100 then multiply by 2 2100/50 = (2100/100) x 2 = 21 x 2 = 42 700/50 = (700/100) x 2 =7x2

ADDITION:

Addition of numbers close to multiples of ten (e.g. 19, 29, 89, 99 etc.) 116 + 39 = 116 + (40 - 1) = 116 + 40 - 1 ---> add 40 then subtract 1 = 156 - 1 = 155 116 + 97 = 116 + (100 - 3) = 116 + 100 - 3 ---> add 100 then subtract 3 = 216 - 3 = 213 Addition of decimals 12.5 + 6.25 = (12 + 0.5) + (6 + 0.25) = 12 + 6 + 0.5 + 0.25 ---> add the integers then the decimals = 18 + 0.5 + 0.25 = 18.75

SUBTRACTION:

Subtraction by numbers close to 100, 200, 300, 400, etc. 250 - 96

= 250 - (100 - 4) = 250 - 100 + 4 ---> subtract 100 then add 4 = 150 + 4 = 154 250 - 196 = 250 - (200 - 4) = 250 - 200 + 4 ---> subtract 200 then add 4 = 50 + 4 = 54 216 - 61 = 216 - (100 - 39) = 216 - 100 + 39 = 116 + (40 - 1) ---> now the operation is addition, which is much easier = 156 - 1 = 155 Subtraction of decimals 47 - 9.9 = 47 - (9 + 0.9) ---> "double subtraction" = 47 - 9 - 0.9 ---> subtract the integer first then the decimal = 38 - 0.9 = 37.1 18.3 - 0.8 = 18 + 0.3 - 0.8 = (18 - 0.8) + 0.3 ---> subtract 0.8 from 18 first = 17.2 + 0.3 = 17.5

90% of 700 = (100% - 10%) x 700 = (100% x 700) - (10% x 700) ---> 100% minus 10% of the number = 700 - 70 = 630 What is 18 as a percentage of 50? = 18/50 = (18/100) x 2 ---> method: division by 50 (explained above) = 0.18 x 2 = 0.36 = 36% What is 132 as a percentage of 200? = 132/200 = (132/2)/100 = [100/2 + 32/2]/100 ---> solution by "double division" = (50 + 16)/100 = 66/100 = 0.66 = 66% What is 270 as a percentage of 300? = 270/300 = [(270/3)/100] ---> "double division" (using the factors of 300) = 90/100 = 90% What is 17 as percentage of 500? = 17/500 = (17/50)/10 = (17/100) x 2/10 ---> solution using the procedure: division by 50 = (0.17 x 2)/10 = 0.34/10 = 0.034 = 3.4 % percentages close to 100: 95% of 700 = (100% - 5%) x 700 = (100% x 700) - (5% x 700) = 700 - (10% x 700/2) -------> 5% is 10%/2 = 700 - 70/2 = 700 - 35 = 665 percentages less than 10 percent: 3% of 70 = (3/100) x 70 = (70/100) x 3 ---> divide by 100 then multiply the percent value = 0.7 x 3 = 2.1

WORKING ON PERCENTAGES:

30% of 120 = 10% x 3 x 120 ---> it is much easier working with tens (10%) = 10% x 120 x 3 = 12 x 3 = 36 five percent of a number: 5% 360 x 5% = 360 x 10%/2 ---> take the 10% and divide by 2 = 36/2 = 18 360 x 5% = 360 x 50%/10 ---> take the half(0.5) and divide by 10 = (360/2)/10 = 180/10 = 18 ninety percent of a number: 90%

DECIMALS: 4/3 = 1 1/3 = 1.3333 = 133.33% ---> useful number for volume of sphere, etc. To convert or express percentages as decimals, divide by 100 or simply just move the decimal point by two places to the left of the given number, thus: 1% = 1/100 = 0.01 2% = 2/100 = 0.02 = 1/50 3% = 3/100 = 0.03 4% = 4/100 = 0.04 = 1/25 5% = 5/100 = 0.05 = 1/20 6.25% = 6.25/100 = 0.0625 = 1/16 7% = 7/100 = 0.07 7.5% = 7.5/100 = 0.075 10% = 10/100 = 0.1 = 1/10 12.5% = 12.5/100 = 0.125 = 1/8 20% = 0.2 = 1/5 21% = 0.21 25% = 0.25 = 1/4 30% = 0.3 = 3/10 33.33% = 33.33/100 = 0.3333 = 1/3 37.5% = 0.375 = 3/8 40% = 0.4 = 2/5 50% = 0.5 = 1/2 60% = 0.6 = 3/5 62.5% = 0.625 = 5/8 66.66% = 66.66/100 = 2/3 75% = 0.75 = 3/4 80% = 0.8 = 4/5 87.5% = 0.875 = 7/8 100% = 1 125% = 1.25 = 1 1/4 150% = 1.5 = 1 1/2 200% = 2 9/5 = 1 4/5 = 1.8 = 180% ---> conversion factor for Celsius/Fahrenheit temperatures

V = 4/3 pi * r^3 where: V = volume of sphere r = radius of sphere

F = (1.8 C) + 32 where: F = temperature in Fahrenheit C = temperature in Celsius

FRACTIONS:

What is three quarters of 80? = 3/4 x 80 = (80/4) x 3 ---> divide by 4 then multiply by 3 = 20 x 3 = 60 How many quarters in two and a half? 2.5/.25 = 10 ---> there are 10 quarters in $2.50

Improper fractions: 3/2 = 1 1/2 = 1.5 = 150%

1. The 11 Times Trick We all know the trick when multiplying by ten add 0 to the end of the number, but did you know there is an equally easy trick for multiplying a two digit number by 11? This is it: Take the original number and imagine a space between the two digits (in this example we will use 52:

2943.5 (fractional number (ignore remainder, add 5) 29435

4. Multiply by 9 5_2 Now add the two numbers together and put them in the middle: 5_(5+2)_2 That is it you have the answer: 572. If the numbers in the middle add up to a 2 digit number, just insert the second number and add 1 to the first: 9_(9+9)_9 58 x 4 = (58 x 2) + (58 x 2) = (116) + (116) = 232 (9+1)_8_9 10_8_9 1089 It works every time. 2. Quick Square 6. Calculate a Tip If you need to square a 2 digit number ending in 5, you can do so very easily with this trick. Mulitply the first digit by itself + 1, and put 25 on the end. That is all! 252 = (2x(2+1)) & 25 15% of $25 = (10% of 25) + ((10% of 25) / 2) 2x3=6 $2.50 + $1.25 = $3.75 625 7. Tough Multiplication 3. Multiply by 5 Most people memorize the 5 times tables very easily, but when you get in to larger numbers it gets more complex or does it? This trick is super easy. Take any number, then divide it by 2 (in other words, halve the number). If the result is whole, add a 0 at the end. If it is not, ignore the remainder and add a 5 at the end. It works everytime: 2682 x 5 = (2682 / 2) & 5 or 0 2682 / 2 = 1341 (whole number so add 0) 8. Dividing by 5 13410 Dividing a large number by five is actually very simple. All you do is multiply by 2 and move the decimal point: Let s try another: 195 / 5 5887 x 5 Step1: 195 * 2 = 390 If you have a large number to multiply and one of the numbers is even, you can easily subdivide to get to the answer: 32 x 125, is the same as: 16 x 250 is the same as: 8 x 500 is the same as: 4 x 1000 = 4,000 If you need to leave a 15% tip, here is the easy way to do it. Work out 10% (divide the number by 10) then add that number to half its value and you have your answer: This one is simple to multiple any number between 1 and 9 by 9 hold both hands in front of your face drop the finger that corresponds to the number you are multiplying (for example 93 drop your third finger) count the fingers before the dropped finger (in the case of 93 it is 2) then count the numbers after (in this case 7) the answer is 27. 5. Multiply by 4 This is a very simple trick which may appear obvious to some, but to others it is not. The trick is to simply multiply by two, then multiply by two again:

Step2: Move the decimal: 39.0 or just 39 2978 / 5 step 1: 2978 * 2 = 5956 Step2: 595.6 9. Subtracting from 1,000 To subtract a large number from 1,000 you can use this basic rule: subtract all but the last number from 9, then subtract the last number from 10: 1000 -648 step1: subtract 6 from 9 = 3 step2: subtract 4 from 9 = 5 step3: subtract 8 from 10 = 2 answer: 352 10. Assorted Multiplication Rules Multiply by 5: Multiply by 10 and divide by 2. Multiply by 6: Sometimes multiplying by 3 and then 2 is easy. Multiply by 9: Multiply by 10 and subtract the original number. Multiply by 12: Multiply by 10 and add twice the original number. Multiply by 13: Multiply by 3 and add 10 times original number. Multiply by 14: Multiply by 7 and then multiply by 2 Multiply by 15: Multiply by 10 and add 5 times the original number, as above. Multiply by 16: You can double four times, if you want to. Or you can multiply by 8 and then by 2. Multiply by 17: Multiply by 7 and add 10 times original number. Multiply by 18: Multiply by 20 and subtract twice the original number (which is obvious from the first step). Multiply by 19: Multiply by 20 and subtract the original number. Multiply by 24: Multiply by 8 and then multiply by 3. Multiply by 27: Multiply by 30 and subtract 3 times the original number (which is obvious from the first step). Multiply by 45: Multiply by 50 and subtract 5 times the original number (which is obvious from the first step). Multiply by 90: Multiply by 9 (as above) and put a zero on the right. Multiply by 98: Multiply by 100 and subtract twice the original number. Multiply by 99: Multiply by 100 and subtract the original number. Bonus: Percentages Yanni in comment 23 gave an excellent tip for working out percentages, so I have taken the liberty of duplicating it here: Find 7 % of 300. Sound Difficult? Percents: First of all you need to understand the word Percent. The first part is PER , as in 10 tricks per listverse page. PER = FOR EACH. The second part of the word is CENT, as in 100. Like Century = 100 years. 100 CENTS in 1 dollar etc. Ok so PERCENT = For Each 100. So, it follows that 7 PERCENT of 100, is 7. (7 for each hundred, of only 1 hundred). 8 % of 100 = 8. 35.73% of 100 = 35.73

But how is that useful?? Back to the 7% of 300 question. 7% of the first hundred is 7. 7% of 2nd hundred is also 7, and yep, 7% of the 3rd hundred is also 7. So 7+7+7 = 21. If 8 % of 100 is 8, it follows that 8% of 50 is half of 8 , or 4. Break down every number that s asked into questions of 100, if the number is less then 100, then move the decimal point accordingly. EXAMPLES: 8%200 = ? 8 + 8 = 16. 8%250 = ? 8 + 8 + 4 = 20. 8%25 = 2.0 (Moving the decimal back). 15%300 = 15+15+15 =45. 15%350 = 15+15+15+7.5 = 52.5 Also it s usefull to know that you can always flip percents, like 3% of 100 is the same as 100% of 3. 35% of 8 is the same as 8% of 35.

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