:Extraction

enzymes in cells can break down oils in cells some oils highly unsaturated and easily oxidized heat in air > rapid oxidation Cold expression [1] Steam treatment + expression [2] Solvent extraction [3]

Cold method [1 ]
Castor beans
roll to break down testa winnow to separate seed coat from seed

Olives
put into press light pressure applied gives the 1st grade oil used in pharmacy oil washed to remove pigment floats to the top and is skimmed off oil recovered not economical 30-40%

Steam treatment + expression [2 ]

material left over from [1] undergoes steam treatment repressed to get 2nd fraction of oil

Solvent extraction [3 ]
to get 100% of oil out last portion gives a low grade used to industrial paints etc left with high protein+fibre fed to animals once ricin removed

Exampels
Cocoa seeds
fat is solid so cant cold express use hot expression with steam treatment oil is a byproduct of the cocoa industry

Cod liver and halibut

livers heated by steam process in an inert atmosphere mixture separated by centrifugation oil dried in drying towers gives a clear bright highly refined oil cooled to 0oC to remove saturated stearic fats leaves polyunsaturated triglycerides standardised for vitamin content stored in airtight containers in the dark

Spermacetin
ensure well separated from normal triglycerides washed with alkali

Wool fat
has to be cleaned up acidified to precipitate waxes free fatty acids removed by forming salts wax extracted with acetate product can be bleached to give light yellow colour or left as dark yellow wax

Oil Extraction
depends where oils lies and its stability

Steam distillation
gentle, herb + water heated and oil distilled over

Water distillation
wood chips in chamber and heated until water distills over crushed sample must be stable

Cold expression
(citrus fruit oil (lemon, orange, bergamot rasping process breaks oil sacs in rind pour cold water over and then separate oil and water

Enfleurage
petals (rose) placed between glass sheets covered in sheep or pig fat oil seeps into fat and can be extracted with methanol

Destructive distillation
produces a different product from the one started : with pine and juniper heated to exclude air over aqueous part - wood naphtha (ethanol and crude acetic acid) to attract juniper oil non-aqueous part resin (pine tar) to attract C5-C20 molecules including monoterpenes like a fractional distillation

Menthol and camphor

nearly solid at room temperature can isolate by freezing oils out cheaper to synthesize camphor but generally extracted from plants