Gene Expression & Regulation

by: Lanny Hartanti

Summary
A. Gene Expression Translation Transcription A biochemical Model B. Gene Regulation Repressor Activator Feedback Control Models for gene regulation network

DNA and RNA have a backbone of sugar - phosphate

DNA

RNA

DNA is stored in the Nucleus

Each DNA molecule is a Chromosome Number of chromosomes varies for each species

A DNA molecule has sections that code for a protein called Genes Gene protein

Gene Expression
Gene is just a small part of DNA. The gene expression follows the process of: DNA RNA Protein

Gene expression shows big difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Most of the models of gene networks proposed in literature are for prokaryotic cells.

Transcription RNA is an intermediary between DNA and Protein Transcription from DNA to RNA is based on the base pair. However RNA doesnt have T , instead it has U, which pairs with A just as T does.
mRNA carries the information on how to make a protein from nucleus to ribosome Other RNAs involved in protein synthesis: tRNA and rRNA How is the information converted from DNA to RNA to protein?

e expression involves two steps

Transcription What happens? Where does it take place?

Translation What happens?

Transcription: from DNA to mRNA

The Parts involved:

NA (only one side is the template) gle nucleotides (to make the new mRNA) RNA polymerase (enzyme)

Product: mRNA

After transcription and before translation, mRNA needs to be edited

Capping and tailing adds extra nucleotides RNA splicing cut and paste

Translation: from mRNA to protein

The parts involved: mRNA tRNA Ribosomes (rRNA) amino acids (attached to tRNA) The process Initiation Elongation Codon recognition Peptide bond formation Translocation Termination

Regulation of Gene Expression Internal Regulation: Control takes place during many steps of gene expression
Valve = regulation step

During each regulation step: If necessary molecules (usually other proteins) are not present, valve is not open and process stops
Most important step is transcription

Transcription factors are a group of proteins that control transcription step

Transcription factors turn genes on enhancers attaching toby Making it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to DNA and begin What happens transcription if there are no

External Regulation: signals from the outside control gene expression

1. Signal molecule (like hormone) produced by another 2. it binds to receptor proteins cell in cell membrane 3-4. This starts a signal transduction pathway series of molecular changes that converts a signal into a response This pathway activates a t allows transcription of DNA into RNA transcription factor And translation of RNA into protein

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