S.

JUGEE

Form 6 Lower Mathematics Main/Sub QUADRATICS

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A. Cambridge Syllabus Content

1) Carry out the process of completing the square for a quadratic polynomial 2 + + , and use this form, e.g, to locate the vertex of the graph of = 2 + + or to sketch the graph. 2) Find the discriminant of a quadratic polynomial 2 + + and use the discriminant, e.g, to determine the number of real roots of the equation 2 + + = 0. 3) Solve quadratic equations, and linear and quadratic inequalities, in one unknown. 4) Solve by substitution a pair of simultaneous equations of which one is linear and one is quadratic. 5) Recognise and solve equations in which are quadratic in some function of , e.g, 4 5 2 + 4 = 0.

B. Quadratic Expression and Equation

A quadratic expression is one which contains a variable of the second degree and is in the form of 2 + + , where , and are constants Some examples are; 2 2 + 3 22 + 3 5 2 1

(i) Factorising Quadratic Expressions 1) Simple case (coefficient of 2 = 1) 2 + 5 + 6 = + 2 + 3 2 + 7 + 6 = + 1 + 6 2 + 6 = 2 + 3 2 + 5 + 6 = + 2 + 3

1

S. JUGEE

Form 6 Lower Mathematics Main/Sub QUADRATICS

2 2 + 6 = 2 3 + 2 4 2 19 + 12 = 4 3 4 5 2 10 + 6 = cannot be factorised 2 2 4 16 = 2 4 + 2 6 2 + 2 = 2 1 3 + 2 6 2 + 15 + 36 = 3 4 2 + 3 6 + 2 = + 2 3 20 2 17 63 = 4 9)(5 + 7 6 2 + 12 2 = 2 + 3 (3 4) 4 2 2 8 = 2 + 2 2 + 2 6 + 6 3 + 5 = 3 + 5 3 + 1 3 3 6 = 3 3
1 1 2 1 1 1

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2) Harder Case (coefficient of 2 1)

3) Weird Case (disguised expressions)

3 + 2
1

+ 5 2 + 4 = 2 + 4 ( 2 + 1) 4 4 25 = 2 2 5 2 2 + 5 3
4

+ 2 3

8 = 2 6 + 13)( 2 6 + 7

A quadratic equation is in the form of 2 + + = 0 (ii) Solving Quadratic Equations 1) Using Factorisation: 3 4 = 0 = 3, 4 2 + 5 + 6 = 0 = 2, 3 2 3 = 2 = 1, 3 + 2 + 3 = 12 = 6, 1 2 5 = 0 = 0, 5 2 5 = 0 = 2, 2 2
2

12 = 0 = 2 2 3
2

S. JUGEE

Form 6 Lower Mathematics Main/Sub QUADRATICS

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2) Using Quadratic Formula: The general form of the quadratic formula is = Notes: i. ii. Before using the formula, the right hand side of the equation must be 0. 2 4 is called the discriminant. 2 4 2

2 4 8 = 0 = 2 2 3 2 8 + 15 = 0 = 3, 5 2 2 4 3 = 0 = 0.58, 2.58 2 = 4 = 1.24, 3.24 9 2 + 12 + 4 = 0 = 3

5 2 5 10 3

0.3 2 0.5 3 = 0 = 3 ,

3) Using Completing the Square method: Quadratic Equation: 2 + + Steps to factorise quadratic expressions: Make the coefficient of 2 becomes 1, if it is not, by removing it as common. Take the coefficient of and divide it by 2. Square the result in the above step and add it before the constant term and subtract after the constant term. Group the 2 and the squared part before the constant term. Simplify the constant term and the squared part after the constant term. Rearrange in the form + 2 + or + 2 Examples: 2 + 6 + 7 + 3 2 2 2 + 4 + 3 + 2 2 1 2 4 12 2 2 16 9 2 + 12 + 7 3 + 2 2 + 3 2 2 + 8 10 2 + 2 2 18 8 2 16 4 2

S. JUGEE

Form 6 Lower Mathematics Main/Sub QUADRATICS

Quadratic Equation: 2 + + = 0

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Steps to solve quadratic equations: Divide all terms in the equation by the coefficient of 2 if it is not 1. Send the constant term to the right hand side. Add on both sides of the equation the square of half the coefficient of . Simplify until the value(s) of is found. (iii) Vertex of a graph The vertex of a quadratic graph is also called as the maximum, minimum, turning point or stationary point. A graph is minimum if the coefficient of 2 is positive ( > 0) and is maximum if coefficient of 2 is negative ( < 0). when > 0;

when < 0;

S. JUGEE

Form 6 Lower Mathematics Main/Sub QUADRATICS

Collge du Saint Esprit

(iv) Coordinates of the vertex and axis of symmetry of a graph

Method 1: Using completing the square In order to determine the coordinates of a maximum or a minimum, the standard form of a quadratic function must be arranged in vertex form (completing the square form). Standard form: f = 2 + + Vertex forms: f = +
2

+
2

(when a graph is minimum) (when a graph is maximum)

f = +
2

when f = +

+ ,

Coordinates of the Minimum point is , Note: To find the x-coordinate, equate + to 0. when f = + 2 , Coordinates of the Maximum point is , Note: To find the x-coordinate, equate + to 0.

The axis of symmetry is the value of the x-coordinate itself. Example: Find the coordinates of the vertex of the following functions and state whether it is a maximum or a minimum, stating also the axis of symmetry. 2 4 12 2 8 2 16 4
2

16
2

2 2 + 8 10 2 + 2
2

18

S. JUGEE

Form 6 Lower Mathematics Main/Sub QUADRATICS

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Method 2: Using Shortcut Formula This formula gives the value of the coordinate of the vertex first. If f = 2 + + Then, coordinate of the vertex is given by =
2

To find the coordinate, replace the coordinate into f The axis of symmetry is = Example: Find the coordinates of the vertex and axis of symmetry of the following graphs. = 2 4 12 = 2 2 + 8 10 = 8 2
2

C. Linear and Quadratic Inequalities

(i) Linear Inequalities Types of Inequalities: <, >, , Properties of Inequalities: (a) Transitive Property If < and < , then <

(b) Addition Property If < , then + < +

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Form 6 Lower Mathematics Main/Sub QUADRATICS

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(c) Subtraction Property If < , then <

(d) Multiplication Property i. If < and is positive, then < . ii. If < and is negative, then > . Examples: 6 + 6 > 2 + 2 > 2
3 2 1 5 3

1 > 4 < 2

1 < 2 + 3 < 6 2 < < 2 2 < 4 3 + 8 (ii) Quadratic Inequalities Steps for solving quadratic inequalities: Rewrite the inequality so that there is a 0 on the right hand side. Find all linear factors. To find the critical values, set each linear function to 0. Determine the sign of the function in the intervals formed by the critical values.

Examples: Find the set of values of for which 3 + 5 > 0 < 5 or > 3
4 3

6 2 12 < 0 3 < < 2

4

4 + 2 < 2 + 3 < 1 or > 2 8 + 2 3 2 > 0 3 < < 2 5 + 14 3 3 or 5 2 6 + 1 < 0 3 2 2 < < 3 + 2 2 1 2 > 9 < 2 or > 4
2 5 2 +3 (4) 1
1

> 3 5 < < 6 2

< 0 3 < < 1 or 2 < < 4

3 + 4 < 2 6 < 9 2 5 < < 2

S. JUGEE

Form 6 Lower Mathematics Main/Sub QUADRATICS

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D. Roots of Quadratic Equations

The discriminant of a quadratic equation, of the form 2 + + = 0 determines the nature of the roots, and is given by = 2 4 Notes: i. ii. iii. iv. If 2 4 > 0, there are two distinct real roots. If 2 4 < 0, there are no real roots. (Imaginary roots resulting in complex numbers) If 2 4 = 0, there is only one real root. (Equal roots) If 2 4 0, there are two real roots.

Examples: 1. Determine the nature and the number of roots of the following equations 2 6 + 9 = 0 equal root, 1 2 + 3 + 1 = 0 real and distinct roots, 2 2 + + 3 = 0 imaginary roots, 0 7 2 10 5 = 0 real and distinct roots, 2 2. If the roots of the equation 2 2 + 8 = 0 are equal, find the values of . (Ans: = 8) 3. Prove that the roots of the equation 2 + 2 + 4 + 8 = 0 are real for all values of . 4. Find a relationship between and if the roots of the equation 2 + + 1 = 0 are equal. ( 2 = 4) 5. Find the set of values of for which the roots of the quadratic equation 1 + 2 2 10 + 2 = 0 are real. (Ans: 3 4.5)

S. JUGEE

Form 6 Lower Mathematics Main/Sub QUADRATICS

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E. Intersection of a line and a quadratic curve

A line has the general form of = + and a quadratic curve has the form = 2 + + . To verify if a line intersects a curve or not, equate both equations; 2 + + = + Arrange it in the general form of a quadratic and use the discriminant to determines the nature of the roots Conditions: i. ii. iii. iv. If 2 4 > 0, there are two distinct points of intersection. If 2 4 < 0, the line and curve does not meet. If 2 4 = 0, the line is a tangent to the curve. If 2 4 0, the line meets the curve at only one point.

Examples: Find the range of values of for which the line = meets the curve = 2 + 7. Ans: 3 3 Find the value of for which = is a tangent to the curve = 2 + 3 + 4.( = 1, 7) Find the range of values of for which the line = + 6 does not meet the curve 2 2 3 = 0. Ans: > 5

S. JUGEE

Form 6 Lower Mathematics Main/Sub QUADRATICS

Collge du Saint Esprit

F. Disguised Quadratic Equations

To recognise such equations; the power of the leading term is double that of the middle term. To solve such equations, a substitution must be used. Examples: 6 2 3 + 1 = 0 = 1 4 4 2 + 4 = 0 = 2 3 4 7 2 + 2 = 0 = 5 = + 4 = 1, 16 3 3 3 + 2 = 0 = 1, 8 2 + 2 1 = 21 = 9
1 2 1

1 3

, 2

G. Simultaneous Equations
These equations will consist of one linear equation and one non-linear equation. The method of substitution will be used to solve the simultaneous equations Examples: 2 + 2 = 5; = 1 2, 1 , (1, 2) = 2; + 3 = 0 1, 2 , (2, 1) 2 + 4 2 = 2; 2 + + 2 = 0 1, 2 = 4; 2 5 2 = 20 (1, 5)
1

10