8085

8085 Architecture and its Operations

The microprocessor is a programmable digital device, design with registers, Flip flops and timing elements. The microprocessor has set of instructions, designed internally, to manipulate data and communicate with peripherals. This process of data manipulation and communication is determined by the logic design of the microprocessor, called the architecture.

 All the various functions performed by the microprocessor can be classified in three general categories:
Microprocessor-initiated operations Internal operations Peripheral (or externally initiated) operations

Microprocessor Initiated Operations and 8085 Bus organization

The MPU performs primarily four operations: 1. Memory Read: Read data (or instructions) from memory 2. Memory Write : Write data (or instructions) into memory 3. I/O Read: Accepts data from input devices 4. I/O Write: Sends data to output devices All the operations are part of the communication process between the MPU and peripheral (including memory). To communicate with a peripheral (or a memory location), the MPU needs to perform the following steps: Step1: Identify the peripheral or the memory location (with its address) Step2: Transfer binary information (Data or instruction) Step3: Provide timing or synchronization signals.

8085 Bus Structure

Example: Memory Read Operation

Internal Data Operations and the 8085 Registers

The internal architecture of the 8085 microprocessor determines how and what operations can be performed with the data. These operations are: 1. Store 8-bit data. 2. Perform arithmetic and logical operations. 3. Test for conditions. 4. Sequence execution of instructions. 5. Store data temporarily during execution in the defined R/W memory location called stack. To perform these operations, the microprocessor requires registers, an arithmetic logic unit and control logic, and internal buses (paths for information flow)

Peripheral or Externally Initiated Operations

External devices can initiate the following operations, for which individual pins on the microprocessor chip are assigned : Reset, Interrupt, Ready, Hold.

Address Bus The 8085 has 16 signal lines (pins) that are used as the address bus. Multiplexed Address/ Data Bus The signal lines AD7-AD0 are bidirectional they serve a dual purpose . They are used as the low order address bus as well as data bus. Control and Status Signal ALE -Address latch enable: This is a positive going pulse generated every time the 8085 begin an operation; it indicates that the bits on AD7-AD0 are address bits. RD-Read: This is a read control signal(active low). This signal indicates that the selected I/O or memory device is to be read and data are available on the data bus. WR-Write: This is a write control signal (active low). This signal indicates that the data on the data bus are to be written into selected memory or I/O location. IO/M: This is a status signal used to differentiate between I/O and memory operations. When it is high, it indicates an I/O operation; when it is low, it indicates a memory operation. This signal is combined with RD(Read) an WR(Write) to generate I/O and memory control signals S1 and S0: These status signals, similar to IO/M, can identify various operations, but they are rarely used in small systems. Power Supply and Clock Frequency Vcc: +5V power supply Vss : Ground Reference X1,X2 : A crystal is connected at these two pins. The frequency is internally divided by two therefore, to operate a system at 3Mhz, the crystal should have a frequency of 6Mhz. CLK (OUT)- Clock Ouptut: This signal can be used as the system clock for other devices.

Signal descriptions and pins of 8085 microprocessor

Cont.
Externally Initiated Signals, Including Interrupts
INTR(Input) Interrupt Request: This is used as a general purpose interrupt . INTA(Output) Interrupt Acknowledge : This is used to acknowledge an interrupt. RST 7.5 , RST 6.5, RST 5.5(Inputs) Restart Interrupts : These are vectored Interrupts that transfer the program control to specific memory locations. They have higher priorities than the INTR interrupt. TRAP (Input )This is a nonmaskable interrupt and has the highest priority. HOLD (Input) This signal indicates that a peripheral such as a DMA (Direct memory access) controller is requesting the use of the address and data buses. HLDA (Output) Hold Acknowledge: This signal acknowledge the HOLD request. Ready (Input) This signal is used to delay the microprocessor Read or write cycles until a slow responding peripheral is ready to send or accept data. When this signal goes low, the microprocessor waits for an integral number of clock cycles until it goes high. Reset IN : When the signal on this pin goes low, the program counter is set to zero, the buses are tristated and, the MPU is reset. Reset OUT : This signal indicates that the MPU is being reset. The signal can be used to reset other devices.

Cont..
Serial I/O Ports
The 8085 has two signals to implement the serial transmission: SID (Serial Input Data) and SOD (Serial Output Data).

Suggested Reading
Chapter 3 Section 3.1 and Chapter 4 Section 4.1 of Microprocessor Architecture, Programming, and Application with the 8085 by Ramesh Gaonkar 5th edition.