Men are motivated by passion and passion alone, reason is the servant of the passions.

you want or you hate, so you tell your servant (reason) to figure out how obtain it. men are slaves to their passions science can only offer us conditional servitude

Hobbes devotes an entire chapter to power in the abstract. first time power in the abstract is discussed only comes in when you declare the goals clear Tries to understand everything in terms of power, everything is power. what does he mean by power? power means to obtain some future apparent good. desire for power common element among all the passions man is the passionate animal that seeks power after power Ancients, power is potentiality must consider the goal, understand things in terms of the ends. THe finish line Machiavelli, hobbes political father

Hobbes substitutes power for Aristotelean word goal. -morally neutral concept -power in it of it self is neither good or bad, all about the application. -not an illuminating concept. ex a hammer is power, build things with it. Also use it as a weapon to kill someone.

Power is quantifiable, its measurable. Ex Horsepower Political Science can be a true science because it has a mathematical basis

the value of a man is his price -Men has no intrinsic worth. Honor -Honor is the opinion of power, we honor those who we consider to have some power. To honor a man is to obey him, or to bestow gifts or praise. if you honor a man with power, it doesnt matter all that much how he uses that power. More importantly its a myth of morality that men pursue the right and just. men are attracted to power. -Friends are power. -reputation is power -eloquence is power -to be loved is power -to be feared is power Does it exhaust the possibilities?

Plato + Aristotle = cant understand humans unless you consider their goals. By abstracting power by itself, we understand less.

In chp 11 he denies that their is a Summum Bonum -it is the yardstick for understand all lesser goods -Aristotle would say this is the four cardinal virtues.

-basis for all the modern liberal democracies -if their is no such thing as an objective good then government has not the ability to make men happy Modern liberal democracies allow men to define within certain margins to define happiness for yourself, thats the meaning of liberty. Modern liberal democracies seek only to provide men the equipment for their own pursuit For money and piece you need liberty Jefferson - Life liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. Man is possessed by passion, beasts only lust at certain times of the year.

-man lusts everyday -man because he has reason as the hand servant of his passions. Men is just not concerned about just his next meal but all future meals.

men must find a bedrock passion, a common denominator to solve all political problems. Tries to figure out how to get men to live together in a civil society. -what passions lead to peace, and which ones to war. -Points to the need of a very strong government, a leviathan. -Leviathan is found in the bible, its a great ferocious beast. we need one Passions are controlled by other passions. -what passions are socially useful and which ones are socially harmful.

ALL THINGS RELIGION

if their is an afterlife, it changes our attitudes to controll of the passions. impossible to argue for a worldly policy in the face of the after world. religion becomes a crucial question for politics -why fear caesar if there is a god? Why obey him if theres a god Pasquals theory Wager his bet - their is no way to know whether there is a god or not. So you have two possibilities, there either is one or isnt. if there is a god there could be an afterlife, or no afterlife there could either be a heaven or hell you have to make a wager, you bet your life. If you bet on God and there is a god, you could have a wonderful eternal life. but if you bet on a no god, you lose nothing, but if it turns out there is a god, youre going to hell. only one good bet is to bet on god, you could win everything. worst that happens is that you come out even. He who fears god fears nothing else In chapter 12 he reticules religions

10/17 Why are men religious ? -Ignorant of just cause God is the first cause -cause of the universe Fear that accompanies ignorance is what makes people religious.

-This fear is used by ambitious men, they fan the flames of that fear to make men obedieant religions are founded on faith. Chp 7 - faith is one kind of opinion, not a form a knowledge. Ignorance. Opinions - always wrong Two kinds of knowledge -prudence - Street smarts - expectation that things that have happened once will happen again . witnessed cause and effect. Conscience - believing you know something, and somebody else believes the same thing, you are in agreement. Doesnt mean youre right. -Merely an opinion, no moral authority what so ever. -as we define - the ability to establish between right and wrong -Hobbes definition very great reduction in the definition of it. He does this because THE PROBLEM civil war and revolution. The basis of civil disobedience and religion - ultimately a man must serve two master, but cannot serve two equal masters. - The real problem becomes. if there is a god and an afterlife, then it would be foolish to disobey god. As long as the law of the state and the law of god are the same, its a uniform god. Chp 13 Discussion of the state of Nature aristotle doesnt have a state of nature theory. has theory of nature. 3 different definitions of the state of nature.

the rude and primitive beginning of the species homosapians -radically different the biblical starts -the natural condition of men is pre political ( no gov, rules) men are asocial. -The state of nature is a terrible condition, the war of the all against the all men are equal according to Hobbes, that any man even the weakest man can kill the strongest. - The weakest can kill the strongest because we all must sleep.

If there is any civilization we owe it to ourselves. before hobbes state of nature was a theological term in reference to the paradise of adam

Men are equal in a politically relevant sense, the idea of a equality is a dividing line between the ancients and the moderns. - at the time this idea of equality was a radical new teaching. -Prior to this it was assumed men were not equal ( biologically) Hobbes says that this assumed inequality is just a social construction.

are these observable difference in important in the state of nature? No, they arent. -fear of violent death, the common denominator passion. Summum malum (greatest evil). opposite Summum Bonum (greatest good) Arts and sciences are only for the few, politically irrelevant. Men may also be thought to prudence, practical wisdom. Prudence is a product of experience, is equally distributive because almost every grown man thinks he has enough. Children believe, that adults are more prudent then them. A lost child will ask strangers for help. -every adult seems to be content with the prudence they have and think theirs superior

Aristotle men are unequal when it comes to the highest things hobbes - men are equal in everything besides the highest things. Mother nature made men equal, we should acknowledge that fact. but even if nature diddnt we should tell a noble lie because it will bring about a good result.\ Competition leads to hostilities among men three causes of war Competition which drives men to violence for gain diffidence drives men to violence for safety. Glory men to violence for reputation what lead men into civil society and out of the state of nature, socially constructed passions -peace -luxury -comfort -knowledge Build civil society on the fear of violent death, the strongest death.

Virtue can be corrupted, but fear is pure and incorruptible. Men are not vicious by nature, but fearful. Nature is not a positive standard. - in the state of nature , life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.

The war of the all against the all is a negative standard. in civil war the state of nature reappears. Between and among nation states,

Nation states are a shelter against the storm.

civil war within a state is the worse thing No such thing as international law, its an oxymoron. Derives natural laws from natural rights

what could be considered nesscesary means to preserve ones life in the state of nature, the answer is anything and everything in the state of nature a man has a right to do what ever he wants to preserve himself -men are notoriously bad judges Blameless liberty A natural law is a teaching , a rule of reason on how to preserve yourself -first law of nature is to seek peach, -second law make the social contract. give up all your rights but one. on the condition every other man does the same and you gives these rights to a leviathan. -we retain the right to preserve ourselves. The leviathan has all rights and no duties. This is Hobbes solution, to create a very very very powerful ruler. 10/19 Government is not natural, its man made. Unlike aristotle what does it mean to give up a natural right? A real right simply defined, is a rule upon others Given up rights means taking on a duty man is not the social political animal, atleast not by nature. We are not brothers

Third law of nature - Keep the contract, obey the law. Obey the sovereign . Justice is keeping the social contract. Each man in hobbes eyes are equal, because they all have the same rights.

The absence of the ruling element creates the state of nature The disease of the state of nature is equality cure for this would be to create a inequality, the leviathan. Why do we need the sovereign?

Contract, a promise to perform something in the future. Depends on trust, belief that each signer of the contract will hold up to there end The Leviathan is guranteerer of performance, he is the punisher. Makes sure you have more to lose from breaking the law then upholding it. Can one commit in an unjust act in nature - no -Justice is a construction of man. The one right you keep, is the right of resistance. Under the leviathan man resist the command to injure himself, and his executor. A man may resist the sovereign only when his life is in danger, the right of resistance is an individual right. The right of resistance is in our constitutional law. The social contract is an agreement between x amount of men and one of those men to be choosen as sovereign. Men do not have the right overturn a political regime, you gave up that right.

The sovereign cannot commit an act of injustice on his subjects what is there to prevent a sovereign from damaging or injuring his subjects? The self interest in the sovereign in his own self preservation. If he dehabilitates his subjects they will rebel. sovereign power lasts only as long as obedience lasts. power is the basis of all ruling. power is the ability to enforce ones will.

Why will men obey a command to fight on a battlefield and face death? only because the sovereign threatens them with immediate death. Stalingrad ultimatum 10/21 John Locke

Father of the american constitution though he was a Brit. Political philosopher whose theory was behind the glorious revolution in brititan. Madison, the purpose of government is to protect property property means life liberty and estate. Every Political philosopher has to take their bearing from being and ruled and ruling Why do men obey? Force and violence Ultimate political phenomenon What legitimizes ruling? -locke tries to show that one cannot legitimize political power to divine right.

-Hobbes, all government in the world is the product of force and violence.

-locke disagrees with that, they are at opposites on this matter. On the second treatis - locke considers what the true foundation of government is. -Political power is the right of giving laws with penalties including death, for this for the regulation and protection of propert. -by property he means life liberty and estate. -untraditional in its reference property Are men political animals to Locke? Men are not political by nature. The original man, the natural man, exists in a state of nature -we are not a band of brothers, there are no natural ties that bind us together. men originally lived in an Apolitical state We must consider what men were like in the beginning -takes his bearings from the acorn, not the perfect oak. Men in the state of nature has authority over another. No men is by nature is good enough to rule over another man, this is a state of freedom not of license.

THe law of nature is reason, no one ought to injure another unless..his own preservation is at stake. Every man acting as the judge in his own case, holds himself in a higher regard then he ought to be.

Gradual retracted Assertion -

How does locke define the state of war?

The use of force without the right

Locke says there is a plain of difference between the state of war and the state of nature. -gives a new and more precise definition of nature. The state of nature is the absence of the common judge. -the state of civil society would be the presence of the common judge. -in the civil society the common judge cannot always be present State of war can exist within a civil society if the force of the common judge is absent or ineffectual. is there any difference in the state of war in the state of nature and the state of war in civil society. -wont last as long in the civil society.

State of nature is state of war -bad -solution is civil society Lockes teaching on the state of nature - government must grounded in the state of nature in the modern sense. Must not prevent us from not following our instincts.

You have a duty in the state of natuer to protect others when your own self preservation is not in danger. -heros - those who protect others when their own self preservation is at stake A secret law is no law at all. -law properly is a thing to be obeyed, and cannot be obeyed unless known. Is the law of nature known?

-its both known and unknown -its written inthe hearts of men, no man is ignorant of the law of self preservation. -always the possibility of misjudgement - it is in this sense that men may be ignorant of the law nature. We may not consider the importance of the conditions made by a general peace is for preservation. Unknown except to the studier. The condition of finding a way for a general peace, that general peace is only to be found in a civil society

Locke basis is rooted in the passions calculation is reason which lead to the acting upon passions.

10/23/11 The difference between hobbes and locke are plainly seen in their teaching on property -locke - state of nature is the state of abject poverty -who does the earth belong to? God gave it to men in common (each one us owns the whole earth). -How did private property come to pass. according to locke each one us has a property right, each one us owns their own body -Labor is the source of all value. -apple on the ground is useless until he uses his labor onto it. How much does a man have a right to? As much as he likes, so long as he leaves enough for his fellows.

How is a man punished it he took more then his share -answer - the spoilage limit.

What was the quality of gods gift to earth. God was stingy, a very very poor gift. The fruits of the earth are soo meager that they live at the poverty line - it is only a potential plenty - curse of the state of nature is poverty Man made the difference that changed the wasteland into a productive situation. -nature is the source of no value at all. Men have to work very hard to preserve themselves.

Locke - Sociably useful passion - acquisitiveness - Severely restricted in nature by the spoilage limit.

Spoilage limit is a very bad thing that must be over come? How did we? - They invented money, gave consent to money. -Little intrinsic value, it doesnt rot. Invention of money released the power of labor. Men can produce more then they can protect. Locke - Limited Government invention of money leads to inequality, some men will have more then others. Why would some men consent to inequality? -1 acre of cultivated land is worth 10 acres of uncultivated lands, no 1 acre of land is = to 100 acres of uncultivated , no again 1 acre is equal too unlimited acres of uncultivated land. -makes the earth fruitful -not everyone has the same amount, but they have more then they would have in the state of nature.

-economic inequality is a deserved. The industrious man is the virtuous man. Work is the virtuous characteristic of men The day laborer in england is better off then in a king in an undeveloped land. Materially better off, and thats all that matters locke. Men were not foolish to give up their equality because it was equality in poverty. -equal distribution will destroy acquisitiveness which is the driving force. The protection of private property makes possible unlimited acquisition. you have to consider in fact what men are . The right to private property lies in the tremendous wealth of the world that makes it possible. Base your regime on Amorality - Locke - Acquisitiveness Locke - Life Liberty and the state = Private Property denial of ownership of the body is wrong. Either you own your own body or not. Self ownership and socialist equality are incompatible ,

Right of freedom and ownership are synonymous .

The creation belongs to the creator, private property and limited government are coeval ( they come together). You can only have liberty when you have private property. The country that takes freedom seriously they must secure private property rights. first philosopher to make this arguement, great philosopher of human liberty. 10/25/11

man works on the self love of his fellows , by setting before them a temptation get what he wants. -reciproci Lockean man is an acquisitive man -not to be confused with being greedy Metamorphisizing his living energy (labor)

Converting your labor power into money allows us to have our cake and eat it too.

Lockean man is a risk taker and courageous entrepreneurs create jobs not governments.

Lockean entrepreneurs are the men of the future. -looks to what is not yet , and dares to materialize his dream. Not the highest type of man, not noble nor a great soul. But then again very few are. He is an admirable type of man.

What is the purpose of government according to locke.

Title to Rule -Consent -Actual protection of natural rights. Men have different talents, men are different. Skills vary -men are equal in the state of nature in that no man is good enough to rule over another man. Nature provides no model for ruling

The rule of parents over children is only temp. Only last as long as children are ignorant of the law of nature, reason. Why do grown men listen to their parents? -not obeying them, but their own right reason. all forms of authority must be reinforced by the bonds of property -disagrees with aristotle Basic motivation for obey property

Locke suggests that the union of marriage is for property, they stay together because their union allows them to law property for the future for when they are old. Welfare has weaken the family structure, it weakens the family because it weakens the economic importance of the family. and thats its purpose. To claim that welfare supports the family is sheer nonesense, destroys economic bond. Leaves only affection, which isnt reliable. Government is not natural to me, it is artificial . group of people all agree wish to protect their private property Everyone to be a member of your government must consent.

When a man enter civil society he gives up all of his rights except for 3. life liberty and estate. In the state of nature every man has to natural powers. The power to judge, the power of enforcing the law of nature, preserving yourself.