ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY COMM 602 Meghan Dennehy 7/9/2011

Broido, E. M. (2004). Understanding diversity in millennial students. New Directions for Student Services, (106), 73-85. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

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In this article, the author didnt use a qualitative or quantitative approach. The article opens up with how the millennial generations have very different views from past generations when it comes to diversity. The most noted difference is when it comes to ethnic and racial diversity. It stated that there is more diversity in colleges today when it comes to race. The author said that the reason for this is because of the higher number of immigrants coming to the United States and more students are likely to be multiracial or biracial. Another point the author brought up was that more millennials are coming out or are more aware of their sexual orientation at a much younger age, as early as them being in elementary school. With this being on the rise more and more millennial students are supportive when it comes to legalizing gay marriage. The author believes this is because they have had more contact with gay people. There is still many hostile environments for gay students. This generation also has a higher number of transgender college students. What was also an interesting point was that more millenials are being raised by single parent, stepfamilies and or blended families, and parents of the same gender. The author also talked about political attitudes among the millennial generation. It shows that more are defining out loud their political views. Also it was stated that more millennials are speaking up for what they believe in. This would include voting and protesting among a few. The most relevant finding that resonated with me was the author listed things that will need to be addressed or changes in schools to keep up with this younger generation. There were a total of eight suggestions. One I agreed with the most was to advocate for curricular diversity requirements that go beyond just learning about international cultures (Broido, 2004, p. 82). I think it is extremely important for everyone at college age to be educated on this topic. It is very important for everyone to understand diversity and treat everyone as equals. This article offers great insight on how the millennial generation is evolving every day and how student affairs need to keep up with the evolving generation. I think this article opens up the doors for future, more in-depth research that can be done around the topic of diversity. I think this will help strengthen my topic going into the differences among gender and looking into diversity.

Emeagwali, N. (2011). Millennials: Leading the charge for change. Techniques: Connecting Education and Careers, 86(5), 22-26. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. The key to this article is the word change. This is the main word to sum up this article of what the millennial generation is looking for. The article opened up with the need to take a closer look at what type of students are sitting in classrooms to determine what type of leaders the millennials will be. The author listed seven core traits that most millennials possesses. The one topic that resonated with me the most is this generation being very team oriented. This is a very important trait in having success in todays world. An interesting study was stated in the article about a survey done using high school students about their beliefs, perceptions and thoughts of their overall student engagement. The results in this study showed that still students are feeling no connection to their overall learning experience. This shows how important it is for the school systems to change the way they do certain things in the past and that the need for

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more technology in the classroom could help with students learning experience. Another point listed in the article was the lack of classes at the high school level geared towards helping the transition from high school to college an easier process for students. I agree that more and more students are struggling once they get to college. This gives a good avenue of a research approach to find out what is needed to help make this transition better for the millennial generation. It was also noted that the millennials are challenging businesses to change in the work force and to push businesses to be better. The article also goes into great length as to why millennials want to be leaders. It lists what drives them and that overall they would want to be a leader for the main reason of being able to help others. Within my research topic I wouldnt mind exploring that further in depth to see how much more this could vary between females and male college students.

Haselwood, D. M., Joyner, A., Burke, K. L., Geyerman, C. B., Czech, D. R., Munkasy, B. A., & Zwald, A. (2005). Female athletes' perceptions of head coaches' communication competence. Journal of Sport Behavior, 28(3), 216-230. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. The authors in this article conducted a quantitative study which explored the relationships involving female athletes and head coaches when it came to perceived communication. They examined both female and male coaches to see if there was a difference in perceived communication when it came to the coaches gender. There were plenty of examples of previous studies listed in the article around communication of coaches to their players. Overall, one main point that was brought up was that coaches have to be able to motivate their athletes, be able to manage conflict and provide instruction. For a coach to be effective of doing all of the above they have to be good communicators. It was also stated, that in some cases the ability to communication effectively as a coach could result in a higher burn out among their athletes. It was examples like these that lead the authors of this article to dig a bit deeper to see if gender played a role. This study questioned if there was a significant difference when it came to the gender of the coach and if there was a relationship between how the head coach perceived their communication competence compared to the way their athletes viewed the coaches communication competence. They also wanted to see if there was a relationship between three dimensions of communication, which are Communicator Competence Questionnaire (CCQ) Interpersonal Communication Competence scale (ICCS) and the Scale for Effective Communication in Sports teams (SECTS) (as sited in Hasselwood et al., 2005, p. 219). There were a total of 13 coaches, 6 male, 7 females and a total of 134 college female athletes that participated in the study. The authors used a pilot study to examine whether their study was reliable. After analyzing it the study resulted in an average score of .71 reliability coefficient among the 2 main dimensions. The results showed that the only major difference when it came to the coaches gender was on the ICCS dimension that stated that female coaches were more likely to share personal information compared to male coaches (Hasselwood, 2005). Another significant difference was when that the coaches had a stronger perception of how they

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communicated compared to how the athletes perceived the communication. What was also discovered was that the athletes said that male coaches were listed higher in effective communication compared to female coaches. One last example that the study found, that coaches that see themselves as being easy to understand also listed themselves as good listeners and being assertive. I believe that this article has emerged as a major factor when it comes to my research. I feel that a more updated version of this study as well as asking more questions directed just to college female athletes will give a better insight on how the gender of the coach can determine whether one over the other is better at communicating. Howell, J. L., & Giuliano, T. A. (2011). The effect of expletive use and team gender perceptions of coaching effectiveness. Journal of Sport Behavior, 34(1), 69-81. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. In this article, the authors took a quantitative approach to test the effects of both expletive use and team gender perceptions when it comes to coaches effectiveness when communicating with their players on their team. The authors came up with this study to test the hypothesis that expletive use by coaches is more accepted when it is directed at a male team than when it is directed at a female team (Howell, Giuliano, 2011, p. 69). They stated that overall the use of expletives can be hurt the overall conversation when addressing a team. Cursing can also have a negative effect, predominantly among female athletes. Moreover most sport fans see the use of expletive use as a common behavior within competitive sports. There is also an association that the use of expletive words can make players like a coach less. This can lead to the coachs inability to motivate their team. Because of the lack of findings surrounding using cursing to communication to teams, the authors came up with a study to go more in depth to find out how both males and females feel about a male coach using such profanity in a halftime speech compared to not using any profanity. They also studied how the speech came across to a male team compared to a female team. There were a total of sixty participants that were all undergraduates in college, half female and half male, all high school aged. From there the sixty participants at random watched one of four half time speeches in the study. Half of the speeches had profanity in them, while the other half did not. Also, half of the speeches were aimed at male teams, where the other was to a team of all females. I felt that the study was well thought out and there were not many margins for errors. Overall the findings were consistent with the hypotheses. They found that when it came to the female participants, all of the speeches were evenly effective, regardless of the team gender or profanity used. On the other hand the male participants rated the speech with profanity less effective when directed towards a female team than the male team. In the speeches with no profanity used the male participants rated it to be evenly effective for both gendered teams. This study does open the doors to further examine the use of expletives when communicating to sports teams. This article offers great insight and a great avenue for me to take in my study. There were some limitations that the authors addressed, one being that the use of expletives among a team of college players could potentially add a different result. From reading this article it has given me a more focused approach to my

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY research questions. I would like to further study the use of profanity on female teams only and how they interpret it when it comes from a female coach compared to a male coach.
Jin, W., Li, C., & Jian Chang, J. (2004). Athletes' perceptions on coaches' behaviors and competitive situations at collegiate level. International Sports Journal, 8(2), 1-14. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

The point of this article was to look more into athletes perceptions of their coach when it came to the coachs behavior within competition. They took into account the athletic experience, level of the players skill and the gender of the coach. There were 218 varsity level players that participated in this study. The reason for this study was to find out what the athletes perception were of their overall experience of participation in their sport. It noted that overall that college sports programs should provide all participating college athletes with a positive experience and to be successful. Using a quantitative approach the authors studied the inventory of selfperceptions towards competitive situations in sports (ISPCSS, Wang, 1999). The survey was on a 5 point Likert scale. The ISPCSS used four subscales: Coaches behavioral impact on athletes, perceptions on playing time of the players, perceptions toward competitive situations and perceptions toward team unity for winning (Wang, 2004, p.5). It was noted that the authors had the ISPCSS retested to make sure it was both reliable and valid before starting their research. There were several specific examples of what was found in the results that can make it very easy for any coach to identify with. Personally by finding out more about what is important to the athletes coaches will be able to help make each of their college athletes playing experience the best it can be. Like stated in the article coaching is a very challenging profession especially with the college players being from the millennial generation. Within my research I can go more in depth with the findings in this article but focus more on the millennial generation and how to better reach them with how they are changing the way they communicate. Mahoe, S. (2007). Five ways to improve communication with your players. Coach & Athletic Director, 76(7), 44. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. This article was very short but gave great insight which was straight to the point about how to better communicate with your players as a coach. It was focused more toward the sport of softball but any coach can benefit from the five ways to better communicate that the author listed in the article. The author opened up with how to be a successful coach, which involves both motivation and the provision of instruction that will enhance the athletes skill and performance (Mahoe, 2007, p. 1). The author also stressed the importance that what the coach is communicating has to be in a way for them to hear it but also understand it. The five ways to better communicate that the author listed were, start with a plan, what exactly do you want to communicate, when and where will this message best be delivered, why you want to communicate this message, how are you going to communicate the information (Mahoe, 2007)? The author then moved on to how to effectively deliver the message to the players. Another great point the author made was listing a few ways of effective communication like to make sure you are clear and straight to the point. Overall, I feel like this is a great article that all coaches at any

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level can benefit from. I agreed with every point made. This is a great start into a topic that could be further researched. And as a result helps with my research topic. Marback, T. L., Short, S. E., Short, M. W., & Sullivan, P. J. (2005). Coaching confidence: An exploratory investigation of sources and gender differences. Journal of Sport Behavior, 28(1), 18-34. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. This study took a deeper look into the relationship differences of coaching competence and coaching efficacy with a quantitative approach. It compared their findings to see if there was a difference when it came to gender. The study was in depth but some stated there was a lacked validity among the two models used. This could lead to this topic needing to be better examined. It showed that there was a difference when it came to men versus women coaches when it came to their overall confidence level. They only used coaches in their study and I feel that it would help clarify this topic if female athletes would be included. The authors stated that most studies used a quantitative approach when researching this topic and that using a qualitative approach would better their work. From the article, I feel that using a qualitative approach will be the best approach for my research findings because I feel that you can learn more by talking to the athletes to find out what works best for them. I would still like to have a large pool of participants but interview a more intimate number so that I can discover more information about the major differences of the gender of the coach. Pearson, J. C., Carmon, A., Tobola, C., & Fowler, M. (2009). Motives for communication: Why the millennial generation uses electronic devices. Journal of the Communication, Speech & Theatre Association of North Dakota, 2245-55. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. This article was another quantitative study which investigated college students motives of technological devices including: cell phones, television, computers, and MP3 players (Pearson et al, 2009). Another purpose of the study was to see if there was a relationship between belongingness and loneliness when it came to these motives. It stated that younger adults are using technology to stay in the loop with their friends and family to stay connected. There was one main research question which was what motives do students identify for using electronic devices (Pearson et al, 2009, p. 49)? Next, there were three more questions asked all concerning loneliness, belongingness, social connection and social assurance. There were a total of 780 university students who were asked to complete a series of three surveys. The first technique used was based on the use of the four technological devices crossed with 6 different factors: escape, entertainment, information, companionship, social interaction and to pass time. They found that the college students used the four devices more for entertainment purposes and to keep in touch with friends and family. The next two surveys were about loneliness and belongingness, which was on a five-point Likert scale, to see if the college students used the four devices because of being lonely or to feel connected. Overall both surveys had no correlation to either being lonely or feeling belonged. It also backed up the first survey which stated that the main reason college students use the tech devices was for entertainment purposes. This was an

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interesting article toward my research mainly because millennials are using technology more and more everyday to communicate. Stuntz, C. P., Sayles, J. K., & McDermott, E. L. (2011). Same-sex and mixed-sex sport teams: How the social environment relates to sources of social support and perceived competence. Journal of Sport Behavior, 34(1), 98. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. This article used a quantitative approach within sports but went into a different approach looking into any difference there could be between same-sex teams vs. mixed-sex teams. They examined both teams when it relates to the social support and competence information from the teams. Questions that the authors asked which I really like was, how does the presence or absence of opposite-sex athletes on a sports team influence thoughts and social process in sports? and do athletes think and act differently when they are surrounded only by individuals of the same sex than by individuals of both sexes? (Stuntz et al., 2011, p.99). I thought that the results were very interesting. An example of one of their finds was the fact that men on SS teams were thought to be treated more manly but on a MS team those feelings werent there as much because the team had to accommodate both sexes. Again this topic is interesting because I wouldnt have thought of this topic and it opened my eyes. This study also listed a few limitations. The one that stuck out the most which will help my research is including the gender of the coach to again find more research around gender. Overall this is a great topic and one I didnt really think about since I coach a SS team. I think it adds a great avenue to my research.

Narrative Description

The nine sources that I choose for my annotated bibliography were on a wide spectrum of my research topic. Overall, all of the articles touched on how to better communicate with the

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millennial generation which is what I am trying to find out more about. One of the first articles I came across focused on how to better communicate with millennials when using technology. This was very interesting while also a bit off topic from my research topic which focuses on face to face communication. Although it was off topic, I enjoyed the article because in my profession I will have to communicate with my athletes by using technology. Also, I found many articles focusing more on my topic concerning the gender of the communicator towards the millennial generation. Most of the articles took a quantitative approach with many detailed results. The findings were very beneficial to my research but it leads me to the conclusion of wanting to do a qualitative study. This is mostly because the quantitative studies had numbers to their conclusions, which is good but didnt get down to specifics as to what it pertains to the actual athlete. I would like to find out how to better communicate with the millennial generation by asking them specific questions. There was one article that looked into how the gender of a coach could influence the perceptions of a team. It also focused on the coaches using curse words and if that helped with the overall effectiveness. This was another quantitative approach which I felt limited them on their findings. From here I would like to research how the coaches gender influences the way millennials perceive communication within the sports world. To add to that I would like to see if the use of curse words changes the perception, while also breaking down that by gender. I have now come to the conclusion that I would like to do a focus group of a college team. My approach would to have half the team watch a video of a female coach giving a halftime speech. The other half would watch a very similar approach but from a male coach. Afterwards I would lead them into a discussion to see if the speech was motivating or not, then compare the results to see which gender was more motivating and why. I am still figuring out if this is exactly how I would go about it or if I would have the whole team watch both speeches and then get feedback from the group. Overall this assignment opened my eyes to a wide variety of articles that can help me within my profession.