Brandposten Eng36

News from Fire Technology at SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden
Number 36, 2007
English edition
CE-marking of re dampers
Sprinklers in road tunnels
SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden

Recently, two of SP Fire Technologys staff have been appointed as professors. Our congratulations go to Patrick van Hees, who is moving to Lund for a full-time position as professor. This is a prestigious post, to which he has been appointed against international competition. We are sure that Patrick will make a success of this, and look forward to further in-depth cooperation with the Lund Institute of Technology. This can be a win/win situation, with LTH and SP complementing each other in many areas. The Department of Fire Technology at LTH has an excellent reputation, built on many years experience of such working areas as risk analysis and evacuation, while our experience in Bors is concentrated more on areas such as materials reactionto-re, re resistance, re-ghting systems and international cooperation in various contexts. Together, LTH and SP represent a powerful combination. Haukur Ingason has been appointed a 20 % post as Adjunct Professor at Mlardalen Institute of Technology. He will remain with SP. Together, these two appointments conrm the reputations of our scientists, and that we have a high standard of research work. This is particularly important now, with the entire Swedish research institution sector undergoing a process of restructuring, from which SP is not excluded. We have changed our name to SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, complementing our strategy to establish strong R&D environments through cooperation with universities and institutes of technology, serving as a link between them and industrial research, and playing an important part in the overall Swedish innovation system. In other words, although we will work closely with the universities and institutes of technology, the very important basis of our activities and our business idea is cooperation with industry and assisting them with new knowledge to improve their competitiveness. Swedish newspapers and other news media have recently raised awareness of the fact that there can be serious moisture problems in some very common structures such as rendered facades, with a new method of building causing moisture to be trapped in the wall and encouraging the growth of mildew. This type of structural damage can easily be observed and veried. However, it is not as easy to detect potential faults in respect of re resistance, which are unlikely to be revealed until a real re has occurred. Is there any feedback of experience to building designers? I have, for example, recently investigated two extensive res in external walls containing combustible insulation. In both cases, the re started in the roof space and spread several oors downwards through the exterior walls. In one case, virtually all the insulation in the entire faade was destroyed by re without causing any directly visible external damage. This problem could easily be dealt with by extending the re cell boundary structures on each oor right out to the faade. But how can such cases be brought to the attention of the industry? Before the National Board of Housing, Building and Plannings building regulations were changed to a function-based approach, non-combustible materials were required in external walls. Although this is no longer the case, the problem is of course still there, as res can spread through ammable materials. Thus if new methods of building technology are to be introduced without applying the old prescriptive materials requirements, great care must be taken when designing details. If not, we can end up with a large number of buildings presenting potentially high re risks, with resulting associated substantial costs. At least 25 % of all res are started deliberately, costing the Swedish society over 100 million Euros per year. In total, over 10 000 res each year are started deliberately in Sweden, with at least half of them being started by children and persons under 18. About one school a day in Sweden is subjected to an arson attack. Arson, in other words, is an enormous problem for society. It is therefore very encouraging for us that SP has recently been commissioned by the Swedish Fire Research Board to take the rst steps in identifying the problems, nding where there are gaps in our knowledge and suggesting proposals for remedying the situation. The problem has to be seen in an overall perspective and tackled by a multi-disciplinary approach, covering everything from human behaviour and attitudes to more technical areas such as building technology, re detection, alarms, re-ghting methods and so on.
Ulf Wickstrm
BrandPosten is published by SP Fire Technology in a Swedish and an English edition and is distrubuted without charge to SPs customers, rescue services, authorities, certication bodies, classication parties, re consultants, re safety engineers and architects.
Cover picture: SP in Bors. Photo: Ulf Wickstrm
SP/BrandPosten #36/2007
Water spray in ships
12
CE-marking of re dampers
13
Sprinkler in road tunnels
16
Content #36/2007
2 4 6 10 11
Editorial Does EN ISO 9239-1 give the right results? Passing the test
18 20 21
Calculation of emissions from ires Theme day on lightweight vessels Catalytic exhaust cleaners on lawn-movers a re risk? New European standard for storage cabinets creates confusion on the market Continued high sales gures for P-marked storage cabinets New certicates for manufacturers of re-resistant storage cabinets. Academic installation for Haukur Experience a tunnel re - live Cable testing course The continuous evolution of water mist technology European joint calibration for re testing of cables Egolf meets in Bors SP reports from SP Fire Technology Video and DVD from SP Fire Technology
New ISO method for measuring the toxicity of re smoke
22
CE-marking of chimneys - a matter of safety Patrick van Hees appointed Professor in Lund
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 34
12 13 14 15
Efcacy of water spray re-ghting systems in ships can be measured Fire dampers can soon be CE-marked The P-mark - SPs mark of quality European re requirements for trains due shortly News from the Swedish Fire Research Board
16
The technical arguments against sprinklers in road tunnels do not stand up
Editorial staff
Editor Erika Hjelm Image editing Ulf Mrtensson
Assistant editor Magnus Arvidson
Advertisements Fredrik Rosn
SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden Fire Technology P O Box 857, SE-501 15 Bors, Sweden Phone +46 10 516 50 00 Telefax +46 33 41 77 59 E-mail rstname.surname@sp.se Internet www.sp.se/ Address changes inger.hansson@sp.se Publication Issue Biannual Swedish edition English edition
Editor in chief Ulf Wickstrm
6 000 copies 1 500 copies
Reprints of the articles in the magazine can be made if the source is clearly stated.
3 3
Does EN ISO 9239-1 give the right results?

The re classication of oor covering materials for use in buildings is determined today by EN ISO 9239-1. It shows how oor coverings behave in res by measuring the spread of ame and smoke evolution on a reduced scale. However, does it result in safer buildings? Trials have shown that oor covering materials behave differently at full scale.
Reconstructions of two res, the one at St. Sigfrids Hospital in Vxj in 2003, and the other at the discothque in Gothenburg in 1998, have shown the signicance of the oor covering material for evolution of the re. In both cases, the reconstructions have shown that the catastrophic results were a direct result of the ammable oor covering materials. According to the Swedish building regulations, oor materials used in public premises must meet certain re requirements in accordance with the EN ISO 9239-1 small-scale test method, which is concerned with the ignitability and spread of ame of the material. A project carried out by SP Fire Technology has investigated whether these properties are the most suitable as material quality criteria for identifying high re resistance. The behaviour of various materials in the small-scale re test method has therefore been compared with the results from full-scale experiments in a room. It was found that the rankings produced by the small-scale experiments did not always agree with those produced by full-scale tests.
Small-scale and full-scale trials

Floor covering materials tested by the small-scale test method are classied under the new European system from BFL to DFL, with BFL being the highest re resistance category (the least dangerous in res) and DFL being the lowest. The FL sufx indicates that the material is classied as a oor covering material. The class is determined by how far ame spreads along a test piece of the material, exposed to incident radiation which declines along the length of the material. The method admittedly also includes Classes s1 and s2 smoke evolution, but the limits for these classes are so generously set that essentially all relevant materials in this context meet the requirements of the higher class (s1). The materials included in the SP project were PVC and linoleum oor coverings, a polypropylene carpet and a wooden oor.
Figure 2 The full-scale tests were performed in the Room/Corner test room
Ranking them in accordance with the Euroclass system when tested in accordance with EN ISO 9239-1 (see Figure 1) indicates that the PVC oor covering is the best, with classication BFL-s1, with the other materials being rated DFL-s1. The DFL classication represents a spread of ame along the test piece approximately twice as far as along the BFL material. It is important to emphasise that the selection of products in each group was random. The full-scale trials used the same test room as in the ISO 9705 Room/Corner Test. The source of ignition was a pan of heptane, with a sufcient heat release rate (just under 1000 kW) almost to cause ashover. The pan was placed in one corner of the room, with the door on the opposite side being the only opening (see Figure 2). The oor was covered with various materials, and the times to ignition, the spread of ame, heat release rate, time to ashover and smoke evolution were all recorded. In all cases, the test resulted in ashover, i.e. ames spreading out through the door opening. Heat release rates of up to 2500 kW were measured, as can be seen in the photo on the next page.
Results
As previously mentioned, the small-scale test method ranked the PVC oor covering material as having the best re resistance. However, under the conditions of the full-scale test, it was this oor covering for which ashover occurred most quickly of all. The polypropylene carpet had approximately the same time to ashover, while the wooden oor and linoleum oor covering were considerably better, withstanding the re for almost one minute longer (see Figure 3).
Figure 1 Equipment for EN ISO 9239-1 re testing of oor covering materials.
The relative rankings between the three DFL-s1 oor coverings (i.e. all except the PVC oor covering) are the same in the EN ISO 9239-1 test method as in the full-scale tests with high re loading. The oor coverings were also tested by another small-scale test method, the Cone Calorimeter, with the heat evolution from the materials and the time to ignition being measured. Under this method, the time to ignition produced an interesting classication of the materials. When the tests were performed with a relatively high incident radiation power (50 kW/m), it was the PVC and carpet materials that ignited most quickly, while the linoleum and wood oor ignited considerably later (see Table 1). This is the same grouping as for the time to ashover as produced by the full-scale experiments.
Several parameters are decisive

The results from the investigation indicate that the procedure for determining re classications of oor covering materials should be reviewed. It seems clear that the test pieces used in EN ISO 9239-1 are not exposed to a sufciently high incident radiation power to be representative of a critical situation in a real room re. Indeed,
Photo: Magnus Samuelsson
Figure 3
An intense room re with heating effects of 2500 kW where a large contribution comes from the PVC oor covering.
this is clearly expressed in EN ISO 9239-1: The imposed radiant ux simulates the thermal radiation levels likely to impinge on the oor of a corridor .... during the
early stages of a developing re, i.e. the test method was not intended to represent heat exposure on the oor as a ashover re is developing. Chemical ame retardants, such as chlorides, play a relatively more important part in the small-scale spread-of-ame test with a relatively low incident radiation level. In a large-scale re, on the other hand, in which the materials are exposed to very high thermal powers, ame retardants play a considerably smaller part than they do in the EN ISO 9239-1 test method. The results of this project will be reported in full in an SP report, and will be presented at the INTERFLAM conference in September 2007. Experimental data can be downloaded from SP Fire Technologys database at www.sp.se/re/fdb.
Table 1 Times to ignition in the cone calorimeter when exposed to 50 kW/m2 incident radiation.
Floor covering material PVC oor covering Polypropylene Wooden oor Linoleum oor covering
Antndningstid (s) 14 12 27 27
Patrik Johansson Tel +46 10 516 50 92 patrik.johansson@sp.se
Figure 3 Heat release rates of different oor covering materials in the full-scale ashover trials. Flashover is indicated by the sudden steep rise in heat release rates to be seen in the diagram. SP/BrandPosten #36/2007
Tommy Hertzberg Tel +46 10 516 50 46 tommy.hertzberg@sp.se
Passing the test

Signicant progress has been made in demonstrating the re safety of lightweight construction materials
(This is an edited version of an article by Margaret Freeth which appeared in the April issue of Shipping World & Shipbuilder. The magazine is published by the Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology.)
Fire safety is a central theme for the LASS (Lightweight construction applications at sea) project, which aims to improve the efciency of marine transport and increase the competitiveness of the Swedish shipping industry. Financed by VINNOVA (Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems) and participating companies, and under the management of SP Fire Technology, the three-year project is developing technical solutions using lightweight aluminium and breglass reinforced plastics (FRP) sandwich composite construction materials. Critical to these solutions is the establishment of a methodology to demonstrate re safety, and all necessary testing and certication of construction and insulation materials according to this methodology to enable such materials to be used in the building of an actual vessel. Two years in to the project, the methodology has been developed and large-scale furnace trials have been carried out at SP. The rst tests certied an FRP sandwich construction with lightweight insulation for decks and bulkheads and the next demonstrated that it is possible to make penetrations through composite bulkheads and decks that meet the requirements of the regulations. The LASS project aims to demonstrate functioning technology for the use of lightweight materials through ve ship concepts and one offshore accommodation module:
24m aluminium amphibious transport boat to be converted into a passenger vessel in composite Owner: FMV Rule code: HSC 88m high speed aluminium ferry (Stena Carisma) where the superstructure will be replaced with composite Owner: Stena Rule code: HSC 199m ro-ro car ferry (Undine) where the steel deck house will be replaced with aluminium Owner: Wallenius Rule code: SOLAS 188m ro-pax (Stena Hollandica) where the steel superstructure will be replaced with composite Owner: Stena Rule code: SOLAS 89m inland freighter (Eken) where steel superstructure, hatches and moveable decks will be replaced by composite Owner: Thun Rule code: SOLAS 400t steel offshore living quarters which will be redesigned based on mouldable aluminium Owner: Emtunga Rule code: MODU, NORSOK The original project targets of 30% reduction in weight and 25% reduction in cost have been extended to include a maximum payback time of eight years, preferably ve, in comparison with a conventional construction.
Fire insulation
A major obstacle to the use of lightweight materials in ship construction is the risk of reducing re resistance compared to steel. Fires on board ships account for 10% of all deaths at sea and represent the third highest insurance costs, after collisions and groundings. It is essential, therefore, to be able to clearly demonstrate high re resistance as a result of appropriate re protection. According to SOLAS regulations (Chap II, rule 11) the hull, superstructures, structural bulkheads, decks and deckhouses shall be constructed of steel or other equivalent material. Since July 2002 the new rule 17 Alternative design and arrangements in Chap II of SOLAS has allowed for other construction material provided it can be shown to maintain the same safety level the ship would have if constructed in accordance with the prescriptive demand for non-combustibility. Aluminium has already been used for the construction of vessels subject to the High Speed Craft (HSC) Code but composites have not been used in the same way, mainly due to re-rating problems. The HSC Code provides an opening for the use of combustible materials by permitting the use of re-restricting materials
Bulkhead test.
Deck test. Erection of test righ showing the steel bearing beams and hydraulic rams used to apply the static load required.
Deck test. Detail showing insulating material.
(materials that do not themselves spread res). The test requirements for such materials are severe but this does constitute an opening compared to the requirement for non-combustibility. A higher weight of re insulation is required in bulkheads and decks made of lightweight materials than in an equivalent steel construction because aluminium and composite re divisions must be maintained to a lower temperature in order to prevent collapse and subsequent re spread. This leads to increased insulation weight and could negate the benets of using lightweight construction materials. Three manufacturers of insulation materials are associate members of the project and their involvement centres on the development and testing of lightweight alternatives for re insulation. The largescale furnace tests carried out at SP involved Thermal Ceramics FireMaster Marine Plus lightweight re insulation and Isover/Saint Gobains lightweight insulation, Ultimate. Insulation from the third associate member, Rockwool, has not been tested within the LASS project but has been tested within the European Union SAFEDOR project, and the two project groups have established working links.
Fire restricting material has to pass the ISO Room/Corner Test. For a Fire Resisting Division 60 (FRD 60) as specied in the HSC Code, the 60min re resistance is tested by the same test as for an A60 material in SOLAS, with the additional requirement that it is loadbearing. The large-scale furnace tests carried out at SP resulted in approved and certied FRD 60 constructions for bulkheads and decks in FRP sandwich composite. Hertzberg describes this as the rst step to showing an equivalent level of safety as required by Regulation 17. This demonstrates that there are constructions which will pass the 60min re test. We will shortly also run 30min tests (FRD 30), which would be equivalent to B class in SOLAS. The tests were run using a worst case of composite strength so that the insulation specication tested could be applied to as wide a variety of stronger composite structures as possible. A very thin laminate of 1mm (bulkhead) and 1.4mm (deck) with a lightweight core was used, and 100mm thickness of Thermal Ceramics FireMaster Marine Plus blanket, with an overall weight of 6.9kg/m2. The tests for both deck and bulkhead demonstrated that the lighter weight insulation protected the composite structures from collapse for the full 60min. A successful bulkhead test has also been run for Isover/ Saint Gobains Ultimate, which had an overall weight of 7.5kg/m2. A deck test will also be carried out, plus possibly FRD 30 and Room/Corner tests. According to Hertzberg the critical part of testing an FRP sandwich is that the interface temperature between the rst laminate and the core cannot be too high
Tommy Hertzberg. SP, Co-ordinator of the LASSproject.
because when the bond between the two materials melts the load bearing capacity of the composite will disappear. The temperature of the back side remains close to room temperature, which means that if you have a re in one area, then the heat will not be transferred easily. Heat is contained in the enclosure of the re. Tests have been carried out with FireMaster Marine Plus down to an overall weight of 0.96kg/m2 to demonstrate possible equivalency with C class in SOLAS. This is specied as non-combustible materials , for which there is no obvious equivalent in HSC. Equivalency between A class and B class in SOLAS and FRD 60 and FRD 30 in HSC is obvious as the constructions use the same test procedure except for the load applied to the FRDs. If Room/Corner Tests with such lightweight insulation material were to be accepted as demonstrating equivalency, this would represent an important weight saving in view of the very large areas where this standard of re protection is used.
Methodology
Tommy Hertzberg of SP Fire Technology, who is the Project Co-ordinator, explains the methodology that has been developed to demonstrate re safety. Regulation 17 states that you have to full the functional requirements of the SOLAS regulations and we are doing that by using the HSC Code which allows the use of combustible materials as long as they are re restricting.
Overall resistance
The second step in showing an equivalent level of safety was to demonstrate that any penetrations through bulkheads or decks do not reduce the overall re resistance. Two large-scale trials have been carried out (one for deck and one for bulkhead) using the same basic construction as in the previous trials and including penetrations in the form of 12 cable sets, 14 pipes and two re dampers. These trials were carried out jointly with DNV, which is running a sub-project within SAFEDOR investigating the use of sandwich composites in superstructures on a ro-pax ferry. The Swedish company
Deck test; exposed side.
Deck test: inside furnace before test.

Photos: Rolf Hilling
Large-scale 60 min furnace tests carried out using a very thin laminate of 1 mm (bulkhead) and 1,4 mm (deck) with a lightweight core, and 100 mm thickness of Thermal Ceramics FireMater Marine Plus blanket, with an overall weight of 6,9 kg/m2.
MCT Brattberg provided the penetration assemblies for most of the tests. The requirements of the regulations were met in that re did not spread to the unexposed side of the structure and the loadbearing capacity of the sandwich structure was not noticeably affected by the penetrations. Most of the penetrations met the requirement that the temperature on the unexposed side must not exceed 180 C and where this was not fullled it was caused by high thermal conductivity through individual cables or pipes. The next step is testing of A60 doors (certied for steel bulkheads) in FRP composite in order to ensure that the interface between the two maintains the necessary re resistance. The insulation for the connection between the door and the composite is under development and Hertzberg expects testing to be carried out in May or June. That will be followed by similar testing for a window. As well as carrying out tests of as many different materials as possible in order to gain certication for construction, attention is also focusing on the problem of ame spread on the outside of a vessel. Hertzberg explains that one way to solve this would be to use an active water system on the outside. Another would be to develop materials with low ame spread characteristics that would be useable for the outside. Different materials are being investigated, including a combination incorporating phenolic-based resins which have good re resistance characteristics but poor mechanical properties.
Photo: Rolf Hilling
Unexposed side of bulkhead tted in a frame prior to the test with 12 cable sets, 14 pipes and two re dampers.
New regulations
The most challenging of the ve ship concepts are the ro-pax and the inland freighter, where steel is being replaced by composite and equivalent safety has to be demonstrated. The suggested technique within the LASS project for demonstrating a total equivalent level is to carry out risk analysis and make comparisons. This risk analysis is carried out together with DNV and in conjunction with SAFEDOR, and involves re simulations and small and large scale re testing of material from different vessels. In Hertzbergs words: The problem with equivalency is that the prescriptive rules dont give you a level of safety. When we do a comparison, we like to make a risk analysis of the steel case and then compare it to what we do. There is a sort of security in SOLAS, reading between the lines, that is not explicit. The re safety design for the ro-pax that is being developed within the LASS project will be based on Regulation 17 as an individual case. Other research groups, including SAFEDOR and the recently launched European project DE-LIGHT Transport, will also be putting forward designs based on individual re equiva-
lency. Hertzberg expects that once one individual case is accepted there will be other individual cases, and that once a vessel is actually built it will be more obvious what equivalency means and that the regulations will be revisited. There may be a change of the SOLAS regulations so that you can use FRP sandwich composite and then a more prescriptive coding will be established for this material. At the moment, there is no experience of it in use so all new cases have to be based on an individual proof. He is very pleased to report that an owner has shown an interest in making this type of construction but is unable to give further details at the moment. As for the progress of the overall project, the designs for the original four ship concepts are more or less nished and the project weight targets have been reached, or exceeded. From his point of view from what we promised when we started, it has been a very successful project. We are working very close to the market and for the researchers and the industry representatives involved the tasks within the project are really meaningful. Margaret Freeth
Photo: Henrik Johansson, Kockums
Exposed side of the bulkhead, with burning cable insulation after the re test.
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New ISO method for measuring the toxicity of re smoke

A new method for measuring the toxicity of smoke gases has now been adopted as a technical specication, ISO/TS 19700. SP Fire Technology already has considerable experience of application of the method, which has aroused growing interest in tests from industry.
Replication of conditions in a real re

Toxic gases are the main cause of injuries and deaths in res. The chemical reactions that take place in a re are complicated, and are very dependent on the temperature of the re and the availability of air/ oxygen. Generally, when a material burns under oxygen-decient conditions, the resulting gases in the smoke are considerably more toxic than if the material had burnt under more favourable conditions. In the case of some substances, such as nylon, the products of combustion actually differ, depending on the conditions in the re. If burnt in the presence of plenty of air, nylon forms oxides of nitrogen (NOX), but if it is burnt in low-oxygen conditions, the resulting re gases contain the strongly toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN). It is therefore important, when carrying our laboratory-scale trials, to have full control over the combustion conditions if the aim is to mimic the conditions in a real re as closely as possible. There has not previously been a suitably scientically conrmed small-scale method fullling these requirements. The Purser furnace, known as the steady-state tube furnace, shown schematically below, has now been
accepted by ISO as a technical specication under the reference ISO/TS 19700.
Inter-laboratory comparison expected to lead to standard method

Use of the steady-state tube furnace leads to several benets, the most important of which is the previously mentioned control of combustion conditions, determined by the feed rate of the sample material and the primary air ow velocity (see the gure). The furnace temperature, too, is an important parameter. Another important benet is that the sample material and the combustion air are continuously supplied during the test in such a way as to achieve steady-state combustion during the test. In addition, the mixing chamber provides good access to the combustion gases, assisting detailed analysis. The method will now be further validated by ISO by means of inter-laboratory comparisons of tests on a number of materials. When this exercise has been concluded and evaluated, it is hoped that the method can be upgraded from a technical specication to a full ISO standard. At present, the test method can be operated by 5-6 laboratories around the world. SP
Fire Technology is one of those having by far the greatest experience of using the method, which has already been used in several research projects and a number of customer tests. There is a substantial demand for scientically supported investigations of the toxicity of re smoke, and the new status of the method can only serve to increase this interest. Per Blomqvist Tel +46 10 516 56 70 per.blomqvist@sp.se
Figure: Per Blomqvist
Schematically picture of the test apparatus used for ISO/TS 19700.
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CE-marking of chimneys a matter of safety

SP is a Notied Body for certication and inspection for CE-marking of prefabricated chimneys (system chimneys) and chimney liners of metal. The rst product standard for chimneys was published in March 2004, which means that it has been possible to CE-mark these products since April 2005. However, CE-marking of construction products is not obligatory in Sweden, with the result that there has been little demand for CE-marking of chimneys. We believe that safety would be enhanced by CE-marking chimneys or, even better, by P-marking them.
Patrick van Hees appointed professor in Lund

SP Fire Technologys Head of Research, Patrick van Hees, will be appointed Professor of Fire Technology at Lund Institute of Technology in August, to replace Gran Holmstedt. Patrick joined SP from Belgium twelve years ago, and has played an important part in the development of the department, particularly in the areas of re dynamics and evaluation of the reaction to re characteristics of materials. His work has been highly appreciated throughout SP for his coordination of SPs calculation expertise, as well as for his chairmanship of SPs Art Club for several years. We are, of course, sorry to lose such a valuable member of staff. However, at the same time, we can be pleased and proud that members of our staff have such high academic reputations. We therefore congratulate Patrick on his appointment, and wish him every success in his new work. For us, his appointment should further improve the potential of developing cooperation with the work carried out in Lund, while Patrick can expect exciting new challenges and a move to beautiful Skne with his dear Ingar. Ulf Wickstrm Tel +46 10 516 51 94 ulf.wickstrom@sp.se
CE-marking or P-marking?
Important requirements for health and safety are specied in general terms in the EU Construction Products Directive. Products that comply with the directive indicate this by displaying a CE symbol. CE-marked products must full the requirements specied in the applicable product standards (harmonised CEN standards). In the case of system chimneys (such as the one shown in the picture below) and chimney liners, the harmonised standards are EN 1856-1 and EN 1856-2 respectively. For a product to be CE-marked, its manufacturers internal inspection procedures must be reviewed and assessed by a Notied Body, and must then be followed up by annual surveillance inspection visits. This procedure is referred to as 2+ in the directive, and is intended to ensure that quality assurance is maintained. System 2+ also means that
all necessary tests can be performed by the manufacturer. The type tests for P-marking must be performed by SP or by some other test body approved by SP. The requirements may also specify that surveillance inspection must be carried out every year. SP assesses the materials used in the chimneys, or performs corrosion testing in accordance with one of the three methods in EN 1856-1. A chemical analysis of the materials is also performed. Whether it is CE-marking or P-marking that is selected depends on the manufacturers internal procedures and customers requirements. P-marking involves more comprehensive inspection of the products, while CE-marking should be regarded as a minimum requirement. P-marking also carries the advantage of linking to the Swedish building regulations. Further information on CE-marking or P-marking can be obtained from Susanne Hansson at SP Certication, while further information on testing procedures can be obtained from Joel Blom, of SP Fire Technology. Joel Blom Tel +46 10 516 56 93 joel.blom@sp.se
Susanne Hansson Tel +46 10 516 51 52 susanne.hansson@sp.se

Photo: Nldens Vrmeindustri AB
P-marked chimney, NVI 2000, manufactured by Nldens Vrmeindustri AB. More information about P-marked chimneys can be found on www.sp.se.
Patrick Van Hees
11
Efcacy of water spray re-ghting systems in ships can be measured

Fire-ghting systems in engine rooms in large vessels are normally of carbon dioxide type. They are relatively inexpensive, the technology is well-proven, and the equipment does not occupy very much space. However, in recent years, the use of such systems has been increasingly questioned, not least due to their high personal safety risks and for environmental reasons. A growing number of ship-owners are therefore interested in water-based re-ghting systems, and so a new re test method and guidelines for installation of such systems have been developed in a recently completed project.
A water-based re-ghting system can be activated at an early stage of a re, thus reducing the re damage. In addition, it presents no hazard risk to persons, and has no adverse environmental effects. Such systems are therefore becoming increasingly common in the engine rooms of smaller ships, with a design capacity sufcient for activation of all spray nozzles in the protected area. However, such an arrangement in really large engine rooms would require high water ow rates, powerful pumps and high electrical power capacity. For these applications, systems must therefore be divided into sections that can be activated independently of each other. in terms of reducing or controlling a pool re. One method involves the use of a calorimeter, i.e. measuring the heat release rate. However, many re laboratories do not have access to such equipment, and so re trials have been carried out with the aim of nding alternative methods of measuring the performance. The solution that has been found involves measuring the gas temperature about 150 mm above the surface of the fuel, using ordinary thermocouples, and then relating the measured average temperature to the temperature as measured in a freely burning re. This method was found to work well in most cases, particularly when the re-ghting system was suppressing or extinguishing the re. However, an additional method of measurement was required for those cases where the re was being only controlled by the system. It is therefore proposed that the duration of the re should also be measured, and be related to the duration of a freely burning re. The longer the time for which the re burns, the more effective the system, with the exception of extinguishing, which is simple to determine by purely visual means. Based on trials, criteria were established linked to re control, re suppression and re extinguishment. A re is regarded as being under control if it has been suppressed to a level that is half of that of the freely burning re level. Fire suppression means that the heat release rate of the re has immediately been reduced to one-fth of the freely burning level, and that it is not allowed to increase again. The objective is to develop a complete method of testing, describing the procedure and evaluation of the results in detail.
Recommendations for installation formulated

It is important to know the efcacy of a system before it is installed in an actual engine room. However, there is also a need for further guidelines, including how the system is to be activated, how it may be divided into sections, where nozzles should be placed, component requirements etc. Such recommendations have also been developed as part of the work of the project.
Efcacy can be measured

Up to now, there has been no good method of measuring the efcacy of a water spray or water mist re-ghting system
Reports
The results of the work are described in two reports, SP Report 2005:33, Measurement of the efciency of a water spray system against diesel oil pool and spray res, and SP Report 2006:52 Pool re tests to establish re performance criteria in large machinery spaces. The reports can be downloaded from SPs web site. The project was nanced by Brandforsk (Swedish Fire Research Board), VINNOVA (Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems) and the Swedish Mercantile Marine Foundation. Magnus Arvidson Tel +46 10 516 56 90 magnus.arvidson@sp.se
Photo: Magnus Arvidson
It is difcult to prevent the leakage of fuel, lubrication or hydraulic oil inside a shipboard machinery space. If ignited, a re in combustible liquids may be severe.
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Fire dampers can soon be CE-marked

A new product standard, prEN 15650, for re dampers intended for installation in ventilation ducts, has been produced and is now out on circulation for comments. This means that, within the near future, it will be possible to CE-mark re dampers. After a long period of work, SP now has the necessary equipment, which enables it to perform re tests in accordance with EN 1366-2. Lars Bostrm Tel +46 10 516 56 08 lars.bostrom@sp.se
Testing re gas dampers installed in SPs vertical furnace.
Photo: Rolf Hilling
Kerafix Flexpan 200 Kerafix Flexpress 100 Kerafix Flextrem 100 Kerafix FXL 100 Kerafix Flexting Kerafix Flexlit
Kerafix Fire Protection Silicone Kerafix Fire Protection Foam Kerafix Firestop Putty Kerafix Intumescent Acrylic
Kerafix S Board Kerafix Coolmax Kerafix Coolux
If you require further technical information or datasheets, please contact our Sales Department.
Alfred-Nobel-Str. 47-51 Kerpen (Germany)
Phone: +49 (0) 22 37 / 9 73 28-0 Fax: +49 (0) 22 37 / 9 73 28-555
Internet: E-Mail:
www.gluske.de info@gluske.de
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The P-mark SPs mark of quality

The P-mark is SPs mark of quality for products and is applied in several sectors, particularly the building sector, but also in a number of other sectors having direct relevance for re technology. It has been in use since 1985, with more than 300 products from over 100 manufacturers now displaying the symbol.
and to support safety, a good environment and sustainable development in society as a whole. In recent years, a number of other research institutes have become part of SP, so that the group now has a staff of over 800. In 2007, the group also changed its name, in order to clarify its role as an applied technical research institute. Further information can be found at www.sp.se. Making ideas work.
Why P-mark products?

P-marking of a product indicates that its quality is that of a type-tested product. In addition, in certain cases, the product may also comply with further requirements over and above those of the fundamental requirements.
P-marked re products
- for safety and quality
The road to P-marking

The necessary conditions for P-marking in each product sector are described in certication rules (SPCR). However, the method of obtaining a P-certicate is the same for all product areas. The rst step is a written application to SP Certication. Applications must be complemented with, or include, reference to the material required for certication, as specied in the relevant SPCR. This material will be checked by SP against the SPCR requirements. SP inspects the manufacturers equipment and premises, presenting the results in a report. Assuming that the results are acceptable, an agreement concerning ongoing inspection is signed between SP and the manufacturer, setting out the requirements with respect to the inspection to be performed at the manufacturer. This agreement is based on requirements specied in the relevant SPCR. Certicates (permission to apply the P-symbol) normally have a validity of ve years, but can be extended after application from the certicate-holder. SP carries out surveillance inspection of the manufacturers own inspection systems, normally by means of an annual visit to the manufacturer. The results of this inspection are presented in a report. Further information on P-marked products can be found on our web site, www.sp.se.
Fire extinguishing foam
Storage cabinets
Cabinets for ammable liquids
Fire hydrants and re engine hoses
Ask for the P-mark when you want to buy quality!

For more information about P-marking of re products, please contact: Lennart Aronsson, Tel +46 10 516 52 41 E-mail: lennart.aronsson@sp.se

SPs working objective is to assist the growth and competitiveness of industry,
SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden P O Box 857, SE-501 15 Bors, Sweden

Telephone: +46 10 516 50 00, Telefax: +46 33 13 55 02, E-mail: info@sp.se, www.sp.se
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European re requirements for trains due shortly

Those who have been following the progress of new harmonised re requirements for trains in Europe know that it has been slow. Although work on the introduction of common requirements started in the middle of the 1990s, it is only now that documents are available for nal voting by the parties concerned or have, in some cases, already started to be used. The new standard for passenger trains is CEN TS 45545, consisting of seven parts covering re safety in all areas, i.e. material requirements, re protection, electrical safety, re containment designs and ammable liquids. The most extensive part of the standard, and that in which SP Fire Technology has been most involved, is CEN TS 45545-2, which describes how all interior materials and ttings are to be tested (walls, ceilings, roofs, seats, tables and other ttings). This part of the standard will be circulated for nal voting in the middle of 2007, after which it will become a technical specication for 1-3 years. However, the document is already in use today, and operators in several countries have started referring to the standard. SJ (Swedish Railways), for example, species that all materials used in new and refurbished trains in trafc in Sweden must full the new requirements. Several manufacturers have therefore already started re-testing their products. The new requirements generally involve testing by several different test methods in order to evaluate properties such as ignitability, the spread of ame and the production of smoke and toxic gases. Despite this, the major manufacturers estimate that, in the longer term, the costs of re-testing will be considerably less when the results can be used throughout the EU, as opposed to the earlier situation when each country had its own national standards. Train manufacturer Bombardier, for example, has estimated that the total cost of testing interior materials can be reduced by 70-85 % through the implementation of the new standard. BrandPosten will describe progress of the new standard in future issues. Jesper.axelsson Tel +46 10 516 50 90 jesper.axelsson@sp.se
Photo: Jesper Axelsson
Under the new standard, seats are tested at full scale, measuring the heat release rate continuously throughout the test.
News from the Swedish Fire Research Board

28 years work and an investment of SEK 175 million in research by Brandforsk (The Swedish Fire Research Board) have resulted in considerable impact. The research work carried out for the Board has played an important part in the rapid development of Swedish knowledge concerning res. The re performance based design approach in Sweden would not have been as well developed as it is today without the efforts of the Board, and construction and building regulations would have been different. ke Fors has been the Boards new departmental director since 1st January 2007, joining from his previous post as risk manager with ABB. Together with his assistant Malin Bckman, he intends to make a number of changes in the Board in order to achieve more from the organisation. These changes include greater emphasis on the spread of knowledge via seminars, and the establishment of an advisory research panel. There will also be greater concentration on demonstrating the value of research, with an increased ability for sponsors to inuence the direction of work. The Board intends to facilitate the development of knowledge of importance to other parties. In addition, it intends to initiate a number of larger and more comprehensive research projects, continuing for longer periods of time, in order to be able to examine more complex areas. If you would like further information on the Swedish Fire Research Board, please contact ke Fors or Malin Bckman on +46 8 588 474 16 or +46 8 588 475 14. Patrick van Hees Tel +46 10 516 50 93 patrick.van.hees@sp.se
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The technical arguments against sprinklers in road tunnels do not stand up

Interest in the use of sprinkler systems in road tunnels has increased in recent years as a result of the major tunnel res that have occurred in the last few years and of the good results from experiments with new sprinkler technology. Nevertheless, despite this, the installation of sprinklers in new tunnels is far from settled. A review of the literature, carried out by SP Fire Technology, shows that many of the technical arguments against the use of sprinklers in road tunnels do not stand up.
Japan has over 80 road tunnels with sprinkler systems, as against only about a dozen tunnels with such systems in the whole of the rest of the world. One possible explanation for this is to be found in a number of technical arguments against the use of sprinklers: arguments that are even documented in the latest editions of PIARC and NFPA 502, the two international publications that are most used in connection with re safety in road tunnels. The tunnel had a cross-sectional area of 23 m, was 190 m long and had only one entrance/exit. The sprinkler system used in the experiments did not incorporate foam admixing. In all the experiments, the sprinklers extinguished the re, but the re gases were quickly driven down to oor level when the system was activated and the short tunnel was entirely lled with smoke. In addition, a deagration occurred in the last experiment, 20 minutes after extinguishing, when explosive fumes from the petrol were re-ignited. The results also included scalding, i.e. burns damage to organic materials caused by steam. In addition, the steam moved the re gases further into the tunnel, causing temperatures there that were higher than in the experiments without the use of sprinklers. Since this, the results from these experiments have been used as arguments against the use of sprinkler systems in road tunnels. Further negative arguments have been put forward since those experiments were carried out in 1965, such as the risk of the sprinkler water carrying oating fuel along the road and thus increasing the size of the re, the limited ability of sprinklers to deal with res inside vehicles, the risk of secondary accidents due to unintentional activation, the risk of frost damage and high maintenance costs. Most of these arguments originate from discussions between experts, rather than on direct experience from experiments.
Historical experiments in Switzerland

The background to several of the arguments against sprinklers is to be found in the re experiments that were carried out in the Ofenegg tunnel in Switzerland over 40 years ago. Interpretation of the results of these experiments has probably been decisive in determining the limited use of sprinklers in tunnels. The experiments were carried out with pans of petrol, of varying sizes, in a relatively small tunnel.
New experiments new knowledge

The experiments of sprinklers that have been performed in recent years (water mist, conventional sprinkler systems and foam sprinkler systems) show that all such systems restrict the spread of re and radically reduce temperatures. Experiments have been carried out both on liquid res and on large and small vehicles. In all cases, the experiment tunnels have been longer than the Ofenegg tunnel, with greater cross-sectional area. Admittedly, the re gases have been pressed down towards the road surface when the systems were activated, but only in the vicinity of the re. In this context, it is important to point out that longitudinal ventilation also presses the re gases down towards the road surface downstream of a re. No signs of scalding have been observed, and nor have temperatures in other areas been higher. However, experiments involving liquid res have been carried out using pans, which means that it has not been possible to determine whether the water would spread the fuel. Nevertheless, using foam, liquid res have been extinguished very effectively, with the blanket of foam preventing re-ignition. An article in BrandPosten no. 35 describes one of the recent series of experiments of sprinklers in road tunnels.
Photo: Marioff Corporation Oy
Several series of experiments of sprinklers in road tunnels have been carried out in recent years. The results show that water mist type sprinkler systems are effective, and that most arguments against the use of sprinklers do not stand up.
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cost of a sprinkler installation can be justied, at least in road tunnels carrying high volumes of trafc. SP Report 2006:56 includes the entire literature list. In addition, it presents the results of 1:23 model scale experiments using water sprinklers, and investigating the effects of basic parameters such as air velocity, heat release rate and water ow. Haukur Ingason Tel +46 10 516 51 97 haukur.ingason@sp.se
Photo: Marioff Corporation Oy
Magnus Arvidson Tel +46 10 516 56 90 magnus.arvidson@sp.se
Fires in modern private cars can be extremely erce if they involve several vehicles, or if petrol or diesel fuel leaks out onto the road.
Many years experience of sprinklers in road tunnels in Japan

Many experiments of sprinklers in road tunnels have been carried out in Japan, with the result that sprinklers have been recommended for use in tunnels longer than three kilometres and carrying more than 4000 vehicles per day. The accumulated experience is very favourable, with sprinklers having prevented major res in several cases and without causing any problems with evacuation. No cases of accidental activation or negative effects of sprinkler systems have been reported. The smoke from res in those cases where the system has been activated has been pressed down towards the ground only in the vicinity of the re.
and rescue services quickly reached the scene, all those in the tunnel were able to escape from it without any injuries. The tunnel was in fact back in use after only four hours.
Bjrn Sundstrm defends his thesis

Bjrn Sundstrm has written an academic thesis for the degree of Doctor of Technology with the title The development of a European Fire Classication System for Building Products Test Methods and Mathematical Modelling. He will orally defend his thesis in Lund on September 21 with professor Per-Jostein Hovde as opponent. The thesis gives a comprehensive background to various models and their ability to predict re developments. In particular Bjrn shows how his own invention, the classication parameter Figra obtained from SBI tests, can be used to predict Room/Corner tests with the same accuracy as more advanced models. He also shows how well the concept of the Figra parameter can be applied for several other types of products and scenarios. His conclusions are based on numerous tests carried at SP as well as at other research institutes over a long period of time. The use of Figra as an input parameter to his modelling ensures data will be available for modellers as Figra is a classication parameter in the Euroclass system. For more information contact Bjrn Sundstrm, e-mail: bjorn. sundstrom@sp.se, phone +46 10 516 50 86.
New guidelines in NFPA 502

The present edition of NFPA 502, Standard for Road Tunnels, Bridges, and Other Limited Access Highways, includes several negative comments on sprinklers in tunnels. These comments will still be in the next edition, but will be complemented by an explanatory text explaining why they are no longer valid. Another important change is that the design re rating of res in heavy goods vehicles will be increased to 70-200 MW, as against the previous 20-30 MW. This means that the expected consequences of a re are greater, making the installation of sprinklers more benecial. The new edition of NFPA 502 will be published in September 2007.
The re in Melbourne a concrete example

A re occurred in a tunnel in Melbourne on 23rd March 2007 as the result of a collision between two heavy goods vehicles and two cars. This tunnel is one of the few tunnels outside Japan that actually has a sprinkler system. The re could have had catastrophic consequences. However, as the re gas ventilation system and the sprinkler system (a deluge system) were activated at an early stage, and as the re
Time to think again

There is no well-supported technical argument against the use of sprinkler systems in road tunnels. The only argument that can be considered is that of investment and maintenance costs. However, seen in a larger context, and thus including the costs of re damage, standstill costs and deaths and injuries, it is likely that the
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Calculation of emissions from res

Together with the Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SP Fire Technology has developed a method for estimation of the formation and distribution of emissions from a re.
The emissions from a re consist of a large number of substances of various types, with varying health and environmental effects. They include not only airborne emissions, but also emissions in the form of contaminated extinguishing water that can nd its way into the ground or waterways. In addition, there may be residues left after the re which have to be disposed of. Estimating the quantities of emissions from a given re, and then calculating their spread, requires knowledge of several links in a chain of events ranging from the re itself and its progress, to the spread of emissions to the air, ground and water. The method that has been developed describes what happens, and what is needed, in each step in order to be able to describe the entire sequence of events. emissions have been determined in advance using calculation models and experiments. Plume models and computational uid dynamics (CFD) models have been used to determine the temperatures and gas velocities in the plume, while emission levels have been based on experimental data results. The results from this work have then provided input data for calculation of the spread of emissions to the atmosphere, ground and water. Finally, in order to be able to illustrate the effects of topological, meteorological and geological conditions, the re has been virtually placed in the Nol river valley at Bollebygd, a few kilometres from Bors. The special feature of the work on this method is that each partial process was investigated, while at the same time considering the overall effect and how data from one process or part can be transferred to the next. This means that, in addition to the results from the emissions spread calculations at the end of the programme, each individual element of the chain of events and processes has been investigated in detail.
Fire-ghting can result in increased contamination

The scenarios that were selected involved res in a stock of scrap electrical and electronics materials and in a heap of tyres. Using these actual materials and products, tests were carried out to investigate and analyse the resulting re gases, extinguishing water and residue, looking for a large number of different types of chemical substances, both organic and inorganic. The results have been presented in detail in two SP reports, nos. 2005:42 and 2005:43, which can be downloaded from SPs web site. Some of the results are described below. Extinguishing some types of res often results in reduced overall emissions, as the overall duration of the re is reduced. Successful re-ghting, quickly extinguishing or substantially reducing the re, naturally results in a reduced total quantity of emissions. However, some types of res, such as in a heap of vehicle tyres, are difcult to extinguish, with the result instead being a longer period of combustion under poor conditions. This means that the re-ghting efforts therefore result in an increase in the quantity of emissions. Fire tests of tyres have also shown that the use of foam results in a greater quantity of contamination ending up in the re-ghting water, compared to what would have been the case if water alone had been used, although the use of foam does improve the extinguishing effect. Both these factors should be considered when deciding on how to ght the re. A recurrent question is whether the lesser harm to the environment will be caused by leaving the re alone or by ghting it. Unfortunately, there can be no general answer to such a question: instead, the particular conditions have to be considered in each individual case. However, it is hoped that the results from this research project will help provide information for making such a decision.
Formation and spread of emissions can be calculated

Briey, the method of calculating the effects of any particular re involves dening the re scenario in terms of the materials involved, and the extent and progress of the re. For each scenario, a re plume and the types and quantities of
Semi-empirical models were developed

Photo: Anders Lnnermark
Fire gases, extinguishing water and post-combustion residue were analysed in the re tests of electrical and electronics waste.
When making calculations of the spread of emissions, it is not always feasible to carry out actual re tests in order to deSP/BrandPosten #36/2007
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Photo: Anders Lnnermark
Fire tests with 32 vehicle tyres was carried out in order to investigate emissions to the air, water and ground, both with and without extinguishing.
termine the emissions from a particular type of re. There is therefore a substantial need to be able to calculate the emitted quantities of various substances, which can then be used as input data for the emission spread calculations. For this reason, mathematical models were developed to describe the formation of a large number of different substances from different types of res. The models are semi-empirical. Formation mechanisms for various chemical substances have been investigated, in order to identify important parameters. This information has then been complemented and compared with other information from re tests, carried out both as part of this project and in previous work, in order to construct correlation models. The modelling work shows that the availability of oxygen is very important in determining the production of various emissions. In the cases of the res that were simulated, it was the availability of oxygen that was more important than the temperature in the combustion zone in determining the production of several toxic substances. A comparison of experimental results and calculated results from the model shows that the emissions model produces interesting results. See SP Report 2006:53, which will shortly be available on SPs web site.
Conditions determining the spread of contamination in the ground vary widely. Simulations must therefore be site-specic, which means that it is necessary to know the particular local ground conditions. In many cases, emissions to surface water become diluted. However, it must be borne in mind that some emissions, such as chlorinated and brominated dioxins, from certain types of res can be very stable and persistent. Some substances may also occur in very high concentrations. If a re occurs in a sensitive area, or close to a sensitive recipient, special care must be taken in dealing with it. In some cases, it may be better to refrain from extinguishing a re, in order to avoid carrying hazardous substances down into the ground or waterways with the extinguishing water. It can also be pointed out that major problems have occurred in the res in large tyre dumps that have occurred in many parts of the world due to the production of pyrolysis oils released from the rubber by the re and then escaping from the re site and contaminating waterways. The calculations of the spread of airborne emissions show that major res can result in very high plume rises. This means that particles can be transported over very long distances, as has been seen in real res, such as the re in the Bunceeld fuel depot in the UK in 2005. The spread calculations also show that meteorological conditions play an important part in the spread and mixing of emissions, which means that factors such as topology and the time of year are very important. Although the re tests in this project were restricted to tyres and electrical scrap, the emission models that have been developed were based on a broader spectrum of materials and types of res. The model has been constructed in such a way that it can relatively easily be complemented with new and improved constituent modules.
these reasons, it will be necessary to carry out further re tests involving analyses of re gases, extinguishing water and residues after the re. However, the above-mentioned comparisons between experimental results and model calculations show that the model that has been developed is already capable of giving reasonable results for the particular cases. The work has been part of a recently concluded three-year research project, Emissions from res Methods, models and measurements, nanced by the Swedish Rescue Services Agency. Further information is available from Anders Lnnermark. Anders Lnnermark Tel +46 10 516 56 91 anders.lonnermark@sp.se
Maria Khorsand new Chief Executive Ofcer (CEO) of SP

Maria Khorsand succeeds Claes Bankvall as CEO of SP on October 1st, 2007. She has held several executive positions within Ericsson with focus on the wireless technology, OMX and Dell. Prior to Ericsson, she used to be a technical analyst at Unisys corporation. Maria has an extensive international background. She was born in Iran, educated in USA and has been living in Sweden for the past 20 years with her husband and 17 year old daughter. Claes Bankvall is retiring from SP which he has been heading since 1985.
Further re tests needed

It is important, when developing mathematical models, that the models are supported by an adequate number of tests, partly in order properly to be able to cover the area of interest, and partly because res are random in their nature, which means that several tests may be needed in order to identify the main trends. For
Photo: Pr Rittsel
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Theme day on lightweight vessels

The Lightweight Construction Applications at Sea (LSS) project (www.lass. nu) has been running since 2005, with a total budget of ~2.6M, bringing together 29 different partners to investigate how to minimize ship construction weight. The project has produced breakthroughs that today make it technically possible to design vessels in carbon bre or glass bre for use in national and international transport. It has also shown new ways in which aluminium designs can be used at sea. A one-day conference will be held at SP in Bors on 31th October 2007, presenting results and actual vessel designs from the work. Those wishing to attend should contact Tommy Hertzberg or register at www.lass.nu.
Lightweight construction applications at sea
Aluminium and composites for shipbuilding and offshore
Full day seminar, SP Bors, Sweden October 31, 2007 Register at www.lass.nu
Tommy Hertzberg Tel +46 10 516 50 46 tommy.hertzberg@sp.se
Catalytic exhaust cleaners on lawn-mowers a re risk?

SP Fire Technology together with Svensk Maskinprovning (SMP) have investigated whether catalytic converters in the exhaust systems on lawnmowers increase the re risk.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the USA has put forward a proposal for more stringent emission requirements on lawn-mowers and other outdoor power equipment. One method of meeting the requirements is to t the lawn-mowers with catalytic converters. However, the National Association of State Fire Marshals raised the questions of whether this might result in an increased re risk, bearing in mind the increase in the number of res that occurred when catalytic converters were introduced in cars. This brought the advice not to park cars on grass. SP has recently investigated the problem nanced by the trade association of lawn-mower manufacturers (the Outdoor Power Equipment Institutes Education and Research Foundation). The work involved tests of engines with both standard and modied prototype exhaust systems in dynamometer test rigs, as well as testing complete lawn-mowers in various situations intended to reect real use, such as parking a lawn-mower close to ammable material in a shed. The tests showed that there is a risk that the number of res could increase unless one can ensure that the mufer system temperature, in particular the temperature of parts that can be reached by items such as tall grass and packaging material, does not increase when a catalyst is introduced. The report from the study has been provided to EPA as a comment to their current rulemaking. Petra Andersson Tel +46 10 516 56 21 petra.andersson@sp.se
Photo: Ulf Wickstrm
Moving the lawn affects the environment.
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New European standard for storage cabinets creates confusion on the market
A proposal for a new European testing standard (prEN 15659) for re testing storage cabinets has been developed by CEN. The proposed standard species considerably less stringent requirements than the previous standard, EN 1047-1. It includes, for example, a 30-minute rating, which would have the effect of allowing poor, but classied, cabinets to be put on the market.
Work has been busily conducted since the spring of 2006 on developing a new European standard for re-testing storage cabinets, with German cabinet manufacturers being among the most eager supporters of this work. The new method allows considerably lower requirement levels than the previous EN 1047-1 standard. In comparison with EN 1047-1, the main differences are as follows: two new classes, LFS 30 P and LFS 60 P, applying only for document storage cabinets only one cabinet will have to be tested no cooling phase no measurement of relative humidity within the cabinet (only D and DIS cabinets in EN 1047-1) no drop test no shock testing (re shock/re explosion) the test furnace to be controlled by plate thermometers. 30 minutes, and without a follow-on cooling phase, is therefore not reasonable. Another difference is to be found in the positioning of thermo couples inside the cabinet which, according to prEN 15659, is based on the specication in EN 1047-1. NT FIRE 017 requires a thermo couple to be placed 25 mm from the centre of each surface inside the cabinet. According to the European method, the temperature must also be measured at points 25 mm from the corners inside the cabinet. In addition, the surface temperature at the centre of each surface inside the cabinet must be measured, which is not a requirement in NT FIRE 017. This means that, in most cases, the requirements are somewhat more stringent than those in NT FIRE 017. However, we are in favour of the requirement that the furnaces must be controlled by plate thermometers, as this creates the conditions for harmonized testing that will provide the same results regardless of the thermal characteristics of the furnaces.
prEN 15659
troducing a new standard which, in many respects, is applicable to products similar to those covered by NT FIRE 017, coupled with the introduction of a new re resistance class of dubious quality, there is a clear risk of so confusing end users that they fail to consider any approval marking systems at all. Until today, there have been two major certication systems and test standards for storage cabinets: ECB-S (European Certication Board Systems), which has certied storage cabinets based on EN 1047-1 testing, and SP, through its P-marking scheme, which has certied lighter re-resistant storage cabinets based on testing in accordance with NT FIRE 017.
Comparison with NT FIRE 017

There are clear similarities with the Nordic NT FIRE 017 test method. However, one major and important difference is that prEN 15659 includes a 30-minute classication, which NT FIRE 017 does not. In our view, there is a clear risk that such a relaxed requirement would risk getting cabinets with such poor re resistance that it would be very doubtful if they would be able to protect documents when exposed to a normal room re. Although a 30-minute rating is often used for parts of buildings, this cannot be compared with document storage cabinets. In a building, the re can continue long after the time for which the structure has been classed, as it is required to full its performance only for 30 minutes. A storage cabinet, on the other hand, must meet its required performance level throughout the re and also in the subsequent cooling phase after the re. It must be possible, after the re, to open the cabinet and nd that the documents stored in it are still intact. Introducing a re test that lasts for only
A confused market
Introducing a standard for re testing lighter storage cabinets risks creating confusion on the market. Today, P-marked re-resistant storage cabinets are widely accepted on the European market. By in-
Fredrik Rosn Tel +46 10 516 56 86 fredrik.rosen@sp.se
Photo: Fredrik Rosn
Fire-testing a storage cabinet in SPs horizontal furnace. SP/BrandPosten #36/2007
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Continued high sales gures for P-marked storage cabinets

New sales statistics on the number of P-marked storage cabinets that have been sold have been received from the manufacturers by SP. The results indicate that sales are still buoyant: during 2006, a total of 58 699 P-marked storage cabinets were sold. Of them, 49 697 were document cabinets, 6962 were ling cabinets, and 2040 were data media inserts. It will be interesting to see the sales statistics for 2007, as an increasing number of international manufacturers have started to P-mark parts or all of their ranges of re-resistant storage cabinets. P-marking of re-resistant storage cabinets in accordance with NT FIRE 017 is a certication area within SP certication that has won the widest international acceptance. Today, customers are not using P-marking simply to be able to sell their products in Sweden, but particularly to be able to sell them anywhere in the European market, as well as in the Middle East and Asia. Fredrik Rosn Tel +46 10 516 56 86 fredrik.rosen@sp.se
Consolidated sales gures of P-marked storage cabinets, by re resistance classication.
XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX
P-marking is SPs quality marking scheme, indicating that products meet the requirements set out in special certication rules (SPCR), developed for each particular product area. Before publication, the rules are discussed with interested parties, before nally being approved by SPs Certication Board. Certication is based on rules that have been well thought out, are relevant and rmly anchored in practice. Manufacturers must comply with strict quality requirements, consisting of the manufacturers own inspection procedures and SPs surveillance inspection. This ensures that all the requirements are fullled throughout the validity period of the certicate. Many products can today be P-marked, ranging from personal protective equipment, through oorball clubs to air heat pumps.
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Securing higher standards.
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New certicates for manufacturers of re-resistant storage cabinets

P-marking of re-resistant storage cabinets is steadily increasing, particularly among non-European manufacturers of cabinets. P-marking is widely recognised in Europe, with acceptance increasing in other markets such as the Middle East, Asia and Australia. SP sees a continued increase in the sales of P-marked storage cabinets.
FireKing in New Albany, Indiana, is one of the worlds largest manufacturers of re-resistant ling cabinets. The company has obtained a certicate for its ling cabinets with re technical classication NT FIRE 017 60 Paper.
MOEM in Malaysia is a major manufacturer of ofce equipment, such as prefabricated walls and library shelving. The company has now also started to produce re-resistant storage cabinets, and has obtained a certicate with re technical classication NT FIRE 017 60 Paper (Avanguard series) for its document cabinets, in addition to two certicates for two different ranges of ling cabinets with re technical classication NT FIRE 017 - 60 Paper (FRC series and LFRC series).
GODREJ & Boyce Mfg. Co. Ltd. in India has previously featured in BrandPosten no. 34 in connection with re-testing of its document cabinet. The company has now continued by securing P-marking certication of its document cabinets with a certicate with re technical classication NT FIRE 017 - 90 Paper (SAFIRE series).
Photo: FireKing
Wayne Franklin, Rebecca Burns, Lloyd Jones from FireKing together with Fredrik Rosn from SP and Bryan Mills from FireKing.
Photo: MOEM
Photo: Godrej
Gerald Chan from MOEM and Fredrik Rosn from SP.
Mr. A.G. Naravane, (Sr. Consultant,) Mr. Prashant H.C., (GM-Design), Mr. Dara Byramji, (VP & Business Head), Mr. Atul Mistry, (Asso. ManagerDesign)
A list of all certicates that have been issued for re-resistant storage cabinets can be found at www.sp.se/cabinets. Fredrik Rosn Tel +46 10 516 56 86 fredrik.rosen@sp.se CTM in Tunisia is a large manufacturer of furniture. The company has now started to manufacture re-resistant storage cabinets, for which it has obtained three certicates for its document cabinets with re technical classications NT FIRE 017 - 60 Paper, NT FIRE 017 - 90 Paper and NT FIRE 017 - 120 Paper (IP series).
24
Academic installation for Haukur

Friday 25th May saw the installation of Haukur Ingason as Adjunct Professor at the Department of Public Technology at Mlardalen University. The Installation started with a procession and ceremony in Vsters Cathedral. The Institutes Chancellor, Ingegrd Palmr, and County Sheriff, Mats Svegfors, made speeches, describing the history of the University and its importance for higher education in the future. The cooperation between academia, research institutes and industry was illustrated by the fact that Haukur, together with another ve persons who were installed, came from research institutes or industry. We congratulate Haukur, and look forward to even closer links with universities and institutes of technology. Margaret Simonson Tel +46 10 516 52 19 margaret.simonson@sp.se
New Nordtest method for mattresses

A new Nordtest method has been developed, specically intended for full-scale re-testing of mattresses: NT FIRE 055, Mattresses: Burning Behaviour Full-scale Test. The method is very similar to NT FIRE 032, which covers upholstered furniture in general. It is suitable for determining the re characteristics of complete mattresses in terms of production of heat and smoke. It is the intention that NT FIRE 055 should be included in SS 876 00 10, Hospital beds with high performance requirement on ignitability, which is being revised. In the USA, the date is approaching (1st July) when all mattresses must meet the federal 16 CFR Part 1633 standard (see also BrandPosten no. 34). Further information is available from SP Fire Technology. Per Thureson Tel +46 10 516 50 83 per.thureson@sp.se
Haukur Ingason
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25
Experience a tunnel re - live

Imagine a three-dimensional virtual journey through a burning tunnel. This is now possible, as the result of a graduation project by two students from the media technology programme at Linkping Institute of Technology.
Fire experiments in (for example) tunnels create enormous quantities of measured data. Traditionally, this data has been presented in two-dimensional diagrams, plotting longitudinal position on the x-axis and temperature on the y-axis. However, this can easily become difcult to take in. It is better if the data can be presented in three dimensions, giving a greater feeling of reality, exactly as in computer games. As their graduation project, Anna-Karin Carlsson and Charlotta Wadman at the Linkping Institute of Technology developed a program to present the measured data from tunnel experiments in a more easily comprehended manner. The program provides a three-dimensional view of the tunnel, based on measurements of gas concentrations, optical density of smoke and temperature. In developing the program, they have employed programming methods that are used in programs for visualising measured data and games programs. The result is that users can make a three-dimensional virtual journey through the tunnel, experiencing the reduced visibility caused by the smoke in real time. Information can be displayed on the temperature where the viewer is, or on detailed conditions at any position and at any time in the tunnel. At present, the programme provides visualisation of tunnel res, but can be further developed to deal with res in other situations, such as in shopping centres, theatres or ordinary apartments.
A screen dump from the tunnel program.
temperature, optical visibility or gases in the tunnel, with the values of these parameters being displayed in small windows at the side of the screen.
Tunnel Fires, can be down loaded from SPs web site. Petra Andersson Tel +46 10 516 56 21 petra.andersson@sp.se
Part of L-Surf
The program has been developed as part of L-Surf, which is an EU project for the design of a joint European research centre for underground facilities. The report, Visualisation of Measurement Data from
Haukur Ingason Tel +46 10 516 51 97 haukur.ingason@sp.se
Like a computer game

The program has a similar feel to that of a computer game. The user can control movement through the tunnel and the direction of viewing. The program calculates the visibility distance from the measured data for any particular point, and updates the screen display accordingly. There is also a function for calculation of the quantity of toxic gases to which the viewer has been exposed, presenting the result in the form of a value between 0 and 1, with 1 indicating that anyone exposed to this concentration level would now be unconscious. It is also possible to display tunnel sections with details of
The 7th International Water Mist Conference

November 28 - 30, 2007, Paris, France For more information, see www.iwma.net
26
Cable testing course

SP Fire Technology has held a course on re-testing of cables in accordance with the new test standard that will provide a basis for CE-marking in accordance with the Construction Products Directive. The standard, issued by CENELEC, is now approaching the voting stage. At the same time, CENELEC is organising a round-robin calibration exercise, bringing together about 20 participating laboratories: see the article on page 29. SPs course was intended for participants from these laboratories. The standard, which includes several technical improvements over the present test method for cables, makes use of calorimetry in the same way as the SBI method. Fifteen participants from eight countries took part in the three-day course, and we are now looking forward to an excellent result from the CENELEC round-robin test. Further information on cables and CE-marking can be found in BrandPosten no. 35. Bjrn Sundstrm Tel +46 10 516 50 86 Bjorn.sundstrom@sp.se
Participants in the cable course in front of SP Fire Technologys premises.
Photo: Michael Frsth
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27
Guest contributor
The continuous Evolution of Water Mist Technology

The last 15 years have been distinguished by signicant advancement in the commercial application of water mist re suppression technology throughout the world. Frequently cited and widely known, the Montreal Protocol leveled the way for water mist technology rst as replacement for Halon. More than one decade of research and development on water mist systems has revealed a broad variety of applications where this technology can replace not only ozone depleting chemical agents, but it also represents a measure equivalent to standard sprinklers. The undisputed environmental advantages embodied by water mist systems combined with efcient re ghting characteristics will certainly contribute to its continued success in the future.
is organizing seminars on water mist technology in various countries in order to educate engineers, architects, potential users and others about the advantages and disadvantages of water mist. Seminars took place for example in Germany and the United States, and meetings in countries such as Spain, Italy and United Kingdom are under preparation. Moreover, the IWMA does also focus on own research activities. The board of Directors under the chairmanship of Ragnar Wighus has recently decided to carry out a research project in 2008 on libraries and archives. It is the purpose to help develop a test method that could nally be used to approve water mist systems for this test method. Insurers such as FM will be involved in this project. Finally, for potential users, the IWMA is also an independent body that can be addressed for questions related to the technology like e.g. the suitability of Water Mist for certain applications, the limits of such systems, minimum requirements, suitability of test protocols, contacts to insurance companies, understanding and interpretation of guidelines, suitability of test institutes and more.
The IWMA
One logical conclusion of the continuous development of water mist technology throughout the world was some years ago the creation of the IWMA - the International Water Mist Association. The main objective of the IWMA is to support research, development and the use of water mist technology world wide, and the IWMA understands itself as a forum of knowledge collection, knowledge creation and knowledge distribution. As a panel of experts, the Scientic Council plays here an essential role which focuses on these matters. The association is open to corporations, research establishments and individuals, concerned with issues related water mist technology. The current membership of 51 companies and 83 individuals is truly international and includes representatives from 20 different countries. The multi-national makeup of the IWMA membership
is a response to an ongoing globalization in all aspects of water mist technology.
Major Objectives
The ongoing success of water mist systems will strongly depend on reliable codes and standards. IMO has been the rst driving force which developed standards for the use of water mist on ships. NFPA, UL, FM and CEN have developed guidelines and test protocols for land-based applications over the last years, but there are still gaps to close. It is therefore one of the tasks of the IWMA to support the further development of codes and standards. The association is particularly active in the NFPA 750 Technical Committee with an IWMA representative and accompanies especially the work on the European CEN guideline for water mist systems. Second, the distribution of knowledge is an important ongoing activity. The IWMA
7th International Water Mist Conference

One of the major events to be organized by the IWMA is the annual International Water Mist Conference. It will be held this year the 7th time and is going to take place November 28 30 in Paris, France. The conference is open to anybody and will offer an opportunity for those responsible for selecting re protection as well as researchers/scientists to be updated on the current state of water mist technology. The conference will be held in cooperation with independent member institutions which will provide full technical support for the conference. All necessary information about the conference can be found on the web page www. iwma.net. Matthias Ecke Secretary of IWMA
Photo: IWMA
The annual International Water Mist Conferences attracts a large audience. The photo is from last years conference in Budapest.
28
European joint calibration for re testing of cables

During the summer, several European re-testing laboratories and cable manufacturers will carry out a joint calibration of re-testing procedures of cables in accordance with EN 50399. In connection with this, SP has replaced its previous test chamber with a new one which complies completely with the specication in the latest version of EN 50399.
For many years, SP has carried out re tests on cables in accordance with the preliminary version of EN 50399, which measures the heat release rate and smoke reduction rate, together with various other parameters. The standard will shortly be changed from a preliminary version to a formally approved version, forming the basis for the new re requirements for cables in the EU, as described on Page 30 of BrandPosten no. 35. In connection with this upgrading of the standard, CENELEC will therefore be carrying out a joint calibration of testing in accordance with the new standard during the summer. Several improvements will be incorporated in connection with upgrading to a formal standard, mainly in connection with the supply air duct to the chamber. The preliminary version of the standard did not specify any standardised design of this duct, which has meant that different test chambers have had different ow patterns. SP has been involved, and designed an improved arrangement, which is now implemented in the standard. The new test chamber is the rst one designed and built exactly in accordance with the new rules. In addition to the new requirements of EN 50399, several other improvements over the previous test chamber have been
incorporated. Examples include improved windows for inspection and lming/photography, a more extensive safety system for the propane burner and pneumatic closing of the test chamber door. Michael Frsth Tel +46 10 516 52 33 michael.forsth@sp.se
The new test chamber for re testing cables.
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29
Egolf meets in Bors

The Egolf organisation held a three-day meeting in Bors in April. Egolf is an organisation intended primarily for European re-testing laboratories. At present, it has 52 member organisations from 25 countries.
Egolf was founded in 1988 as the result of an initiative from the EU Commission and other parties. Initially, only nationally recognised and active re test laboratories from EU countries were admitted, but the organisation is nowadays open to inspection bodies and certication bodies as well. Between them, Egolfs members have very extensive experience of the application of test methods, whether in accordance with national standards or with new European standards. The developments of new standards, and the provision of feedback on their application, are therefore very important parts of its work. In some cases, standards are unclear, leaving scope for different interpretations. In such cases, Egolf members can agree on a common interpretation. An example of this is how test specimens should be mounted. Egolf runs an extensive range of courses for training test technicians. An important objective of the work is that all members
Egolf members in front of SP Fire Technologys premises.
must employ at least one technician with Egolf training in all of the European test methods offered by the laboratory. SP has trained instructors for all the European reaction-to-re tests, and provides complete training packages for industry and other laboratories. An overall objective of Egolf is to raise the technical standard of its members in
order to facilitate the interchange and acceptance of test results. In this way, the organisation hopes to eliminate technical barriers to trade between different countries, thus saving money and resources for the industry. Egolf has three technical committees; for reaction-to-re, re resistance and accreditation, inspection and certication. Each of these committees is concerned with various technical matters. All important decisions are taken at plenary meetings. The committees meet twice a year. Administrative matters are dealt with by the executive committee and the SecretaryGeneral, Ruth Boughey. More information about Egolf can be found on the website www.egolf.org.uk. Ulf Wickstrm Tel +46 10 516 51 94 Ulf.wickstrom@sp.se
Egolfs executive committee with Kjell Schmidt-Pedersen, Andrzej Borowy, Niall Rowan, Ulf Wickstrm and Ruth Boughey (General Secretary).
30
SP reports from SP Fire Technology

Magnus Arvidson Pool re tests to establish re performance criteria in large machinery spaces. SP Report no. 2006:52 The long-term objective of this project has been to investigate whether water spray or water mist sprinkler systems can be used instead of carbon dioxide reghting systems in large engine rooms. The efcacy of various water spray systems, and also how such efcacy might be quantitatively measured, have been investigated in a number of pool re trials. The results showed that the systems are very effective, particularly if foam liquid is mixed with the water. The trials measured the heat release rate, and the results of the work showed that measuring the gas temperature above the surface of the fuel in a pool re provided the best correlation with the measured heat release rate. This methodology could therefore be used when testing systems. The work of the project also included the preparation of installation instructions for water-based reghting systems in ship engine rooms. The project was nanced by the Swedish Fire Research Board, VINNOVA and the Swedish Mercantile Marine Foundation. See the article on Page 12. The report is available from SPs web site in .pdf format. Haukur Ingason Model-scale tunnel re test - sprinklers. Swedish Fire Research Board project no. 406-021. SP Report no. 2006:56 This report describes a review of the literature on sprinkler trials in tunnels, together with a description of a series of model-scale sprinkler trials carried out by SP Fire Technology, in which parameters such as air velocity, size of the re and water ow rate were varied. The project was nanced by the Swedish Fire Research Board. See the article on Page 16. The report is available from SPs web site in .pdf format. Magnus Bobert and Henry Persson Brandfarlig vara p frsljningsstllen (=Flammable materials in retail outlets) Swedish Fire Research Board project no. 634-051. SP Report no. 2007:24 The objective of this project has been to provide further material for a special
investigation as mentioned in the Explosives Inspectorates regulations no. SIFS 1996:2. concerning the storage of ammable materials in retail premises. The work has involved four series of trials on various scales, with the progress of the re being recorded both visually and by such means as measurement of the convective heat release rate. The results show that the progress of the re can vary considerably, depending on the type of product (the ammable material), its consistency and the type of packaging. On the other hand, the ash point of the product has less effect on the progress of the re. The trials also showed that there was a very marked difference between sprinkled and unsprinkled conditions. The conclusion is that any special investigation into the handling of ammable goods in retail premises should base its requirements in respect of handling/storage on the overall behaviour of the products in a re, rather than only on their ash point. See the article in Brandposten no. 35. The report is available from SPs web site in .pdf format. (Only in Swedish.)
All the reports described above can be downloaded from SPs web site.
The 11th International Conference on Fire Science and Engineering, Interam, will be held 3-5th September, 2007, at the University of London, Royal Holloway College, UK. Held every 3 years, Interam is one of the highlights in the re community calendar with the opportunity to discuss new and important developments in products and the re sciences. In addition to technical papers on detection, extinction and suppression, applied re science, ame retardants, modelling, disasters and much more, fundamental issues of concern to the construction industry will be debated. There are also a number of satellite events such as poster exhibitions, computer modelling, student workshop, commercial exhibitions, demonstrations and an electrical res course. The conference is organised by Interscience in association with the premier re organisations internationally, including SP Fire Technology. SP will present several papers and posters at the conference. More information can be found on the conference web site: www.intercomm. dial.pipex.com/html/events/interam07p1. htm Patrick van Hees Tel +46 10 516 50 93 patrick.van.hees@sp.se
Video and DVD from SP Fire Technology

The room re VHS or DVD. Price: EURO 85,- (2003, 27 minutes). 600Cbuilding materials and the early stages of a re VHS. Price SEK 400,- (2001, 36 minutes). Foamspex VHS. Price SEK 750,- (2001, 11 minutes, engelsk speaker). Large-scale Fire Tests in the Runehamar Tunnel 2003 DVD. Price EURO 50,-
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11th International Conference on Fire Science and Engineering
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3-5th September 2007
Royal Holloway College
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More information about the lms can be found on www.sp.se
31
Photo: Sven-Ove Vendel
More information!
If you would like further information on anything described here, please ll in the details below and send the coupon to SP Fire Technology, P O Box 857, SE-501 15 BORS, Sweden, fax +46 33 41 77 59, e-mail: inger.hansson@sp.se or erika.hjelm@sp.se . Please contact me with further information on.............................................................................................................................
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News from Fire Technology at SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden

Number 36, 2007

Sprinklers in road tunnels

SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden

Cover picture: SP in Bors. Photo: Ulf Wickstrm

Water spray in ships

Sprinkler in road tunnels

New ISO method for measuring the toxicity of re smoke

The technical arguments against sprinklers in road tunnels do not stand up

Assistant editor Magnus Arvidson

Advertisements Fredrik Rosn

Editor in chief Ulf Wickstrm

6 000 copies 1 500 copies

Does EN ISO 9239-1 give the right results?

Small-scale and full-scale trials

Several parameters are decisive

Patrik Johansson Tel +46 10 516 50 92 patrik.johansson@sp.se

Tommy Hertzberg Tel +46 10 516 50 46 tommy.hertzberg@sp.se

Passing the test

Deck test. Detail showing insulating material.

Tommy Hertzberg. SP, Co-ordinator of the LASSproject.

Deck test; exposed side.

Deck test: inside furnace before test.

Photo: Rolf Hilling

Photo: Henrik Johansson, Kockums

Quell Cold Storage Fire Sprinkler Systems

New ISO method for measuring the toxicity of re smoke

Replication of conditions in a real re

accepted by ISO as a technical specication under the reference ISO/TS 19700.

Inter-laboratory comparison expected to lead to standard method

Figure: Per Blomqvist

Schematically picture of the test apparatus used for ISO/TS 19700.

CE-marking of chimneys a matter of safety

Patrick van Hees appointed professor in Lund

Susanne Hansson Tel +46 10 516 51 52 susanne.hansson@sp.se

Patrick Van Hees

Efcacy of water spray re-ghting systems in ships can be measured

Recommendations for installation formulated

Efcacy can be measured

Photo: Magnus Arvidson

Fire dampers can soon be CE-marked

Testing re gas dampers installed in SPs vertical furnace.

Photo: Rolf Hilling

Kerafix S Board Kerafix Coolmax Kerafix Coolux

Alfred-Nobel-Str. 47-51 Kerpen (Germany)

Phone: +49 (0) 22 37 / 9 73 28-0 Fax: +49 (0) 22 37 / 9 73 28-555

The P-mark SPs mark of quality

Why P-mark products?

The road to P-marking

SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden

Fire extinguishing foam

Cabinets for ammable liquids

Fire hydrants and re engine hoses

Ask for the P-mark when you want to buy quality!

SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden

SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden P O Box 857, SE-501 15 Bors, Sweden

European re requirements for trains due shortly

Photo: Jesper Axelsson

News from the Swedish Fire Research Board

The technical arguments against sprinklers in road tunnels do not stand up

Historical experiments in Switzerland

New experiments new knowledge