Project Summary

Objective- Performance of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine using Blends of Jatropha

and Karanja Biodiesel with Diesel & 100% Karanja Biodiesel and Jatropha Biodiesel.

Scope- 4S Single Cylinder Diesel Engine. Engine Specifications:

TypeBoreStrokeCapacityPowerMakeOutputAV1, Single Cylinder Water Cooled Diesel Engine 85mm 110mm 624.19cc 3.75kW Kirloskar Project outcomes can be interpreted with the diesel fuel for different blend can be

ratio with which blending % for which engine performance will be satisfactory

judged and these blending % can be recommended for the use under certain conditions. Also project may be use full for the comparison of different other fuel blends in future and or certain modifications to the engine can be suggested for obtaining better results with higher blend ratio.

Project Team
Student Name Roll No. Exam No. Student Name Roll No. Exam No. Student Name Roll No. Exam No. Sisode Ganesh U. 43 47933 Pawar Pradip S. 41 47903 Thakare Jayesh A. 55 47935

Project Resources Required

y y y y y y y Engine Air Box Calorimeter Fuel Blends Testing Foundation Measurement of calorific value for fuels Properties of fuels

Project GoalsAnalyzing the performance of Diesel & IC Engine using Blends of Karanja Biodiesel, Jatropha Biodiesel & 100% Karanja Biodiesel, Jatropha Biodiesel. Biodiesel is one such alternate fuel which is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from vegetable oils or recycled restaurant greases. Biodiesel is safe, biodegradable, and reduces serious air pollutants, such as, particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and air toxics. Blends of 20% biodiesel with 80% petroleum diesel (B-20) can be used in unmodified diesel engines, or biodiesel can be used in its pure form (B-100), but may require certain engine modifications to avoid maintenance and performance problems. Biodiesel has a high flashpoint and low volatility so it does not ignite as easily as conventional diesel, which increases the margin of safety in fuel handling. Biodiesel degrades four times faster than conventional diesel and is not particularly soluble in water. It is nontoxic, which makes it safe to handle, transport, and store. When blended with petrodiesel, the spills petrodiesel portion is still a problem, but less so than with 100% petrodiesel The aim of the project is to analyze the engine performance for different blends of Biodiesel (B20 to B100) and comparing the performance of engine with respect to pure diesel engine under the same loading considerations (load varies from 10 % to 80%) and comparing the performance with respect to Break Power, Mean Effective Pressure, Fuel Consumption, Break Thermal Efficiency, Volumetric Efficiency, Mechanical Efficiency, A/F ratio, Temperature of exhaust gas.

ABSTRACT
3.75 kW diesel engine AV1 Single Cylinder water cooled, Kirloskar Make was used to test blends of diesel with kerosene and Ethanol. Engine test setup was developed to carry the trials using these blends. This paper presents a study report on the performance of IC engine using blends of Jatropha & Karanja with diesel with various blending ratio. The engine performance studies were conducted with rope break dynamometer setup. Parameters like speed of engine, fuel consumption and torque were measured at different loads for pure diesel and various combination of dual fuel. Break Power, BSFC, BTE and heat balance were calculated. Paper represents the test results for blends B20, B40, B60, B80 & B100.

Keywords: IC Engine, Diesel, Blends, fuel properties, heat balance, engine performance

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview of Biodiesel
Review of World fuel data Present scenario of petroleum consumption is as shown in table given bellow

India Energy Data Petroleum

(Thousand Barrels per Day) Total Oil Production
(Production of crude oil including lease condensate, natural gas plant liquids, and other liquids, and refinery processing gain (loss). Negative value indicates refinery processing loss.)

1981

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

329.4 394.5 325 729 390 737

485 525 480 519

626 620 895

645.7 626.8 654.5 723.7 681.8 639.2 602.06 577.5 630 947 609 635 700 660 1168 615 1190 561.1 1275 534 1311

650.6 769.7 590 1413 703.5 1575

Crude Oil Production

(Includes lease condensate.)

Consumption

(Consumption of petroleum products and direct combustion of crude oil.)

773 824

988 1084 1150

Net Exports/Imports (-) (Net Exports = Total

Oil Production-Consumption. Negative numbers are Net Imports.)

-400

-343

-288 -299

-269 -302

-361 -429

-426

-487

-551

-673

-734

-763

-805

Total Oil Exports to U.S.

(Total crude oil and petroleum products. Data through 2007 is currently available.)

Refinery Capacity

(Crude oil distillation capacity as of January 1. Sources: U.S. data from EIA; Other countries from Oil & Gas Journal.)

557

557

753

779

705 867

991 1059

1051

1080 1122

1122

1047

1086

1086

Proved Reserves (Billion Barrels) (As of January 1. Sources: U.S. data from EIA; Other countries from Oil & Gas Journal.)

2.58

2.672 3.41

3.48

3.5

3.73

4.20 4.25 6.354 7.516 7.997 6.127

6.049 5.921 5.776

1996 750.86 651.02 1681 -930 4 1086 5.814

1997 779.62 674.62 1765 -986 5 1086 4.333

1998 761.31 661.42 1844 -1083 0 1086 4.34

1999 764.78 652.66 2031 -1266 1 1142 3.972

2000 770.05 646.34 2127 -1357 6 1858 4.838

2001 781.63 642.4 2184 -1402 14 2113 4.728

2002 812.67 664.75 2263 -1451 21 2135 4.84

2003 815.03 660.03 2346 -1531 20 2135 5.367

2004 851.34 683.11 2430 -1578 12 2135 5.371

2005 835.16 664.66 2512 -1677 28 2255 5.417

2006 854.19 688.61 2658 -1804 12 2255 5.848

2007 881.11 697.53 2800 -1919 29 2256 5.625

2008 883.51 693.71 2940 -2056 NA 2256 5.625

Reference - Sources: EIA, International Energy Annual, Short Term Energy Outlook, Table 3a, Table 3b

With reference to rate of consumption of petroleum fuels which has been increased from 329.4 (1981) to 883.51 (2008) (thousands barrel per day) which is now alarming situation to search for alternative fuels since proved reserve for the same are 5.625 Billion Barrels only.

Biodiesel is one such alternate fuel which is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from vegetable oils or recycled restaurant greases. Biodiesel is safe, biodegradable, and reduces serious air pollutants, such as, particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and air toxics. Blends of 20% biodiesel with 80% petroleum diesel (B-20) can be used in unmodified diesel engines, or biodiesel can be used in its pure form (B-100), but may require certain engine modifications to avoid maintenance and performance problems. Biodiesel has a high flashpoint and low volatility so it does not ignite as easily as conventional diesel, which increases the margin of safety in fuel handling. Biodiesel degrades four times faster than conventional diesel and is not particularly soluble in water. It is nontoxic, which makes it safe to handle, transport, and store. When blended with petrodiesel, the spill.s petrodiesel portion is still a problem, but less so than with 100% petrodiesel

1.2 Biodiesel
Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning alternative fuel, produced from domestic, renewable resources.Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. It can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with little or no modifications. Biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transeterification whereby the glycerin is separated from the fat or vegetable oil. Biodiesel generally refers to the mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids, and can be derived from a variety of vegetable oils and animal fats. Stated simply, it is the product of a chemical reaction between the basic feedstock (vegetable oil or animal fat) and alcohol (in commercial applications usually methanol) in the presence of a catalyst (usually sodium or potassium hydroxide) (Gerpen). The reaction results in a compound called fatty acid alkyl ester (the biodiesel product) and a byproduct called glycerol. In general, the energy yield of the biodiesel process is significantly greater than that of other bio-fuels (for example, ethanol). Current technology yields about 3.2 units of energy for every unit of energy consumed in the production process. In comparison, the return from ethanol production is less than 1.5 units of energy for each unit consumed in the manufacturing process. The general conversion of feedstock to biodiesel is: 100 lbs. of feedstock + 10 lbs. of methanol 100 lbs. of biodiesel + 10 lbs. of glycerol

However, there is some variation depending on the specific feedstock used. The most common feedstock in the US is soybean oil, with other feedstocks being corn oil, canola oil, cottonseed oil, recycled restaurant oils (fry oil, etc), tallow and lard, grease recovered from restaurants, and float grease from waste water treatment plants. Most biodiesel in Europe is made from rapeseed oil. Alternative diesel fuel consisting of fatty acid esters produced by esterification of triglycerides which make up vegetable oils or animal fats. Bio diesel is the most efficient and valuable alternative sourceof diesel engine fuel. 10

It is eco-friendly and its performance is exactly similar to the petro-diesel. It can be produced from renewable biological sources like edibleand non-edible oils. Fuels derive from renewable biological resources for use in diesel engines are known as Biodiesel Fuels. Animal fats, virgin and recycled vegetable oils derived from crops such as soybeans, canola, corn, sunflower, and some 30 others can also be used in the production of biodieselfuel. Tall oil produced from wood pulp wastes is yet another possible feedstock source. Biodiesel is a pure 100% fuel conforming to ASTM Specifications D 6751. It is referred to as B100 or neat biodiesel. A biodiesel blend is pure biodiesel blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel blends are referred to as BXX. The XX indicates the amount of biodiesel in the blend. In India, Jetropha, Karanja and Mahua trees has great potential for production of biofuels like bio-ethanol and biodiesel. The annual estimated potential is about 20 million tones per annum. In India, out of cultivated area,about 175 million hectares are classified as waste and degraded land, We can cultivate these crops very easily on this land. Biomass can be converted directly into liquid fuels. I.e.transportation needs (cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, and trains).The two most common types of biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel. The petroleum products play on important role in our modern life. The costs of these products depend on international markets and petroleum reserves are limited to nearly 30 years. India is projected to become the third largest consumer of transportation fuel in 2020, after the USA and China, with consumption growing at an annual rate of 6.8% from 1999 to 2020. Indias economy has often been unsettled by its need to import about 70% of its petroleum demand from the highly unstable and volatile world oil market (India, 2004). The acid rain, global warming and health hazards are the results of ill effects of increased polluted gases like Sox, CO and particulate matter in atmosphere. Rising petroleum prices, increasing threat to the environment

11

from exhaust emissions and global warming have generated an intense international interest in developing alternative non-petroleum fuels for engines.

12

1.3 Production
Biodiesel is commonly produced by the transesterification of the vegetable oil or animal fat feedstock. There are several methods for carrying out this transesterification reaction including the common batch process, supercritical processes, ultrasonic methods, and even microwave methods.Chemically, transesterified biodiesel comprises a mix of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids. The most common form uses methanol (converted to sodium methoxide) to produce methyl esters as it is the cheapest alcohol available, though ethanol can be used to produce an ethyl ester biodiesel and higher alcohols such as isopropanol and butanol have also been used. Using alcohols of higher molecular weights improves the cold flow properties of the resulting ester, at the cost of a less efficient transesterification reaction.A lipid transesterification production process is used to convert the base oil to the desired esters. Any Free fatty acids (FFAs) in the base oil are either converted to soap and removed from the process, or they are esterified (yielding more biodiesel) using an acidic catalyst.After this processing, unlike straight vegetable oil, biodiesel has combustion properties very similar to those of petroleum diesel, and can replace it in most current uses.A by-product of the transesterification process is the production of glycerol. For every 1 tonne of biodiesel that is manufactured, 100 kg of glycerol are produced. Originally, there was a valuable market for the glycerol, which assisted the economics of the process as a whole. However, with the increase in global biodiesel production, the market price for this crude glycerol (containing 20% water and catalyst residues) has crashed. Research is being conducted globally to use this glycerol as a chemical building block. One initiative in the UK is The Glycerol Challenge.Usually this crude glycerol has to be purified, typically by performing vacuum distillation. This is rather energy intensive. The refined glycerol (98%+ purity) can then be utilised directly, or converted into other products. The following announcements were made in 2007: A joint venture of Ashland Inc. and Cargill announced plans to make propylene glycol in Europe from glycerol and Dow Chemical announced similar plans for North America. Dow also plans to build a plant in China to make epichlorhydrin from glycerol. Epichlorhydrin is a raw material for epoxy resins. 13

Differents methodologies used for production of Biodiesel are: 1.Direct use/Blending, 2.Micro-emulsion, 3.Pyrolysis, 4.Transesterfication. Transesterfication was carried out in a system,as shown in Figure 1.Reactor consisted of spherical flask, which was put inside the heat jacket. Oil was used as medium of heat transfer from heat jacket to the reactor. Thermostat was a part of heat jacket, which maintained the temperature of oil and in turn the temperature of the reactants at a desired value. The reaction was carried out at around 65- 70(c). Spherical flask consisted of four

openings. The center one was used for putting stirrer in the reactor. The motor propelled the stirrer. Thermometer was put inside the second opening to continuously monitor the temperature of the reaction. Alcohol being volatile vaporized during the reaction so the condenser was put in the third opening to reflux the vapors back to the reactor to prevent any reactant loss.Fourth opening was used for filling reactants to the reactor.

Figure 1

14

Although the species concerned are well known, there is a need to domesticate them for cultivation under different production systems on degraded lands & community wastelands. Determining the specific agro-climatic requirement,identifying superior seeds, proper space management,critical moisture regime for flower induction,enhancing the seeds yield & calculation of cost benefit analysis are essential before the farmers accept them as a production option. The Indian Railways has taken the initiative to promote jatropha cultivation along the railways tracks and use biodiesel as engine fuel.They have successfully tested the biodiesel by running a Jana Shatabdi Express from Delhi to Chandigarh. Mahindra & Mahindra have trials for operting tractors on biodiesel. Daimaler Chrysler is sponsoring Jatropha production with a communication to run their cars on biodiesel.Use of biodiesel at the village level for operating oil engines that pump water,run small machinery & generate electricity is another possibility. Jatropha oil was collected from a private firm Rural Community Action Centre, Erode and filtered for solid impurities. The curcas oil was transesterified using methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide in the pilot biodiesel plant. Free Fatty Acid of jatropha oil used in the pilot biodiesel plant was less than 5 per cent. The molar ratio and sodium hydroxide amount used for biodiesel production were 1:6 and 0.8 (w/w), respectively. The fuel properties of Jatropha biodiesel and its blends and diesel fuel are shown in Table 3.

15

1.4 Manufacturing in India

State-wise area for biodiesel plantation
Sr.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. State Andhra Pradesh Chhatisgarh Gujarat Haryana Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharastra Mizoram Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Bihar Area(ha) 44 190 240 140 80 260 150 20 275 60 50 200 10

Table No. 1

16

1.5 Importance Advantage of Biodiesel

1. National security- Since biodiesel is made domestically; biodiesel reduces our dependence on foreign oil. That's good. 2. National economy- Using biodiesel keeps our fuel buying dollars at home instead of sending it to foreign countries. This reduces our trade deficit and creates jobs. 3. It's sustainable & non-toxic.- Face it, were going to run out of oil eventually. Biodiesel is 100% renewable... we'll never run out of biodiesel. And if biodiesel gets into your water supply, there's no problem - it's just modified veggie oil! Heck, you can drink biodiesel if you so desire, but it tastes nasty. 4. Emissions- Biodiesel is nearly carbon-neutral, meaning it contributes almost zero emissions to global warming! Biodiesel also dramatically reduces other emissions fairly dramatically. 5. Engine life- Studies have shown biodiesel reduces engine wear by as much as one half, primarily because biodiesel provides excellent lubricity. Even a 2% biodiesel/98% diesel blend will help. 6. Drivability- We have yet to meet anyone who doesn't notice an immediate smoothing of the engine with biodiesel. Biodiesel just runs quieter, and produces less smoke. y Biodiesel produces approximately 80% less carbon dioxide, almost 100% less Sulphurdioxide. y Combustion of biodiesel alone produces over a 90% reduction in total unburned hydrocarbons, and a 75-90% reduction in aromatic hydrocarbons. y Neat biodiesel fuel is non-toxic and biodegradable. y Lubricity is improved over that of conventional diesel fuel. y Bio-diesel is safe to handle and transport. 17

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

D. Ramesh et.al. Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India, had reported a studies on, Investigations on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine with Jatropha Biodiesel and Its Blends A 5.2 kW diesel engine with alternator was used to test jatropha biodiesel and its blends. A pilot plant was developed for biodiesel production from different vegetable oils and used for this study. In the case of jatropha biodiesel alone, the fuel consumption in the diesel engine was about 14 per cent higher than that of diesel. The percent increase in specific fuel consumption ranged from 3 to 14 for B20 to B100 fuels. The brake thermal efficiency for biodiesel and its blends was found to be slightly higher than that of diesel fuel at tested load conditions and there was no difference between the biodiesel and its blended fuels efficiencies. For jatropha biodiesel and its blended fuels, the exhaust gas temperature increased with increase in load and amount of biodiesel. The highest exhaust gas temperature was observed as 463C for biodiesel among the three load conditions. The diesel mode exhaust gas temperature was observed as 375C. The CO2 emission from the biodieselfuelled engine was slightly higher than diesel fuel as compared with diesel. The carbon monoxide reduction by biodiesel was 16, 14 and 14 per cent at 2, 2.5 and 3.5 kW load conditions. The NOx emissions from biodiesel was increased by 15, 18 and 19 per cent higher than that of the diesel at 2, 2.5 and 3.5 kW load conditions respectively. India is home to over a billion people, about one-sixth of the worlds population. The population continues to grow at 1.93% per annum, which is well above the global average (India, 2001). The population of India has nearly tripled in the last 50 years, from 361 million in 1951 to 1.027 billion in 2001. The countrys economy has also been growing rapidly in the last decade, with real GDP growth rates remaining consistently over 5% (India, 2004). The petroleum products play on important role in our modern life. The costs of these products 18

depend on international markets and petroleum reserves are limited to nearly 30 years. India is projected to become the third largest consumer of transportation fuel in 2020, after the USA and China, with consumption growing at an annual rate of 6.8% from 1999 to 2020. Indias economy has often been unsettled by its need to import about 70% of its petroleum demand from the highly unstable and volatile world oil market (India, 2004). The acid rain, global warming and health hazards are the results of ill effects of increased polluted gases like SOx, CO and particulate matter in atmosphere. Rising petroleum prices, increasing threat to the environment from exhaust emissions and global warming have generated an intense international interest in developing alternative non-petroleum fuels for engines (Ajav and Akingbehin, 2002). In recent years, research has been directed to explore plant-based fuels and plant oils and fats as fuels (Martini and Shell, 1998). Biodiesel is described as a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. It is oxygenated, essentially sulfur-free and biodegradable (Yuan et al., 2004). The use of non-edible oils compared to edible oils is very significant because of the increase in demand for edible oils as food and they are too expensive as compared with diesel fuel. Among the various non-edible oil sources, Jatropha curcas oil has added advantages like pleasant smell, odorless and can easily mix with diesel fuel. Jatropha oil cannot be used for food or feed because of its strong purgative effect (Corner and Watanabe, 1979). The Jatropha plant having advantages namely; effectively yielding oilseeds from the 3rd year onwards, rapid growth, easy propagation, life span of 40 years and suitable for tropical and subtropical countries like India (Patil et al., 1991). Henning and Kone (no date) reported activities involving the use of physic nut oil in engines in Segou, Mali during World War II. Research on this oil was first initiated during World War II to study the use of curcas oil as a liquid, renewable fuel source to substitute for diesel oil (Jones and Miller, 1992). The use of physic nut seed oil in diesel engines is reported in the literature (Mensier and Loury 1950; Cabral 1964; Takeda 1982; Ishil and Takeuchi 1987; Forson et al. 2004; Pramanik 2003; Senthil Kumar et al. 2003). Mori (1983) using refined curcas oil blends in precombustion chamber engine, and reported fair results for thermal efficiency and emission compared with 19

diesel No.2 diesel. He also pointed out the problems of filter blockage, carbon deposits and oil incompatibility with fuel line materials. Pramanik (2003) found the jatropha oil blending up to 40 to 50 per cent with diesel fuel could be used in engine without modifications. In general, it has been reported by most researchers that if raw vegetable oils are used as diesel engine fuel, engine performance decreases, CO and HC emissions increase and Nox emissions also decrease accordingly (Sinha and Misra, 1997; Goering, et al., 1992; Altn, 1998 and Shay 1993). However, Acrolein is high toxic substance released from the engine due to thermal decomposition of glycerol present in the oils (Schwab et al., 1987). The problems encountered in raw oils are solved by forming biodiesel, which is non toxic, ecofriendly fuel, and have similar properties of diesel fuel (Krawczyk, 1996). Biodiesel consists of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs) of seed oils and fats and have already been found suitable for use as fuel in diesel engine (Harrington, 1986). CO2 emission by use of biodiesel in diesel engines will be recycled by the crop plant resulting in no new addition in to atmosphere (Peterson and Hustrulid, 1998). It is estimated that petrodiesel demand in India by the end of 10th Plan (in 2006-07) shall be 52.33 million MT. In order to achieve 5% replacement of petrodiesel by bio-diesel by the year 2006-07, there is need to bring minimum 2.29 million ha area under Jatropha curcas plantation (India, 2004). A study was taken for performance evaluation and and assesses the emissions from jatropha biodiesel fuelled engine.

Surendra R. Kalbande et.al. College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Marathwada Agriculture University, Parbhani (M.S.), India, had reported studies on, Jatropha and Karanja Biofuel: An Alternate fuel for Diesel Engine. The bio-diesel was produced from non-edible oils by using bio-diesel processor and the diesel engine performance for water lifting was tested on bio-diesel and bio-diesel blended with diesel. The newly developed bio-diesel processor was capable of preparing the oil esters sufficient in quantity for running the commonly used farm engines. The fuel properties of bio-diesel such as kinematic viscosity and specific gravity were found within limited of BIS 20

standard. Operational efficiency of diesel pump set for various blends of bio-diesel were found nearer to the expected efficiency of 20 percent. Bio-diesel can be used as an alternate and non-conventional fuel to run all type of C.I. engine. Fast depletion of the fossil fuels and some times shortage during crisis period directs us to search for some alternative fuel which can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. The agriculture sector of the country is completely dependant on diesel for its motive power and to some extent for stationary power application. Increased farm mechanization in agriculture thus, further increase requirement of this depleting fuel source. Many alternative fuels like biogas, methanol, ethanol and vegetable oils have been evaluated as a partial or complete substitute to diesel fuel. The vegetable oil directly can be used in diesel engine as a fuel, because their calorific value is almost 90-95 percent of the diesel. The technology of production, the collection, extraction of vegetable oil from oil seed crop and oil seed bearing trees is well known and very simple. The development in this respect also provides much ecological balance. Due to pressure on edible oils like groundnut, rapeseed, musterd and soyabean etc. non-edible oil of Jatropha curcas and Karanja (Pongamia Pinnata) are evaluated as diesel fuel extender (Racheman et al., 2003). The oil is extracted from the seeds and converted into methyl esters by the transesterification process. The methyl ester obtained from this process is known as bio diesel. Bio diesel is renewable source of energy which can be produced locally by our farmers by growing oil seed producing plants on their waste lands, barren land which is eco friendly also. In order to propagate and promote the use of bio-diesel as an alternate source of energy in rural sector, the bio-diesel was produced from non-edible oils by using bio-diesel processor and the diesel engine performance for water lifting was tested on bio-diesel and bio-diesel blended with diesel. They Conclude that, y The fuel properties of bio-diesel such as kinematic viscosity and specific gravity were found within limited of BIS standard. y Operational efficiency of diesel pump set for various blends of bio-diesel were found nearer to the expected efficiency of 20 percent. 21

Bio-diesel can be used as an alternate and non-conventional fuel to run all types of C.I. engines.

N. Stalin et. al. Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India, Had reported studies on Performance test of IC Engine using Karanja Biodiesel Blending with Diesel Biodiesel production is a modern and technological area for researchers due to constant increase in the prices of petroleum diesel and environmental advantages. This paper presents a review of the alternative technological methods that could be used to produce this fuel. Biodiesel from Karanja oil was produced by alkali catalyzed Transesterification process. Performance of IC engine using Karanja biodiesel blending with diesel and with various blending ratios has been evaluated. The engine performance studies were conducted with a Prony brake-diesel engine set up. Parameters like speed of engine, fuel consumption and torque were measured at different loads for pure diesel and various combinations of dual fuel. Brake power, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were calculated. The test results indicate that the dual fuel combination of B40 can be used in the diesel engines without making any engine modifications. Also the cost of dual fuel (B40) can be considerably reduced than pure diesel. Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning alternative fuel, produced from domestic, renewable resources. Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. It can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with little or no modifications. Biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transeterification whereby the glycerin is separated from the fat or vegetable oil. The process leaves behind two productsmethyl esters (the chemical name for biodiesel) and glycerin (a valuable byproduct usually sold to be used in soaps and other products. 22

Biodiesel is better for the environment because it is made from renewable resources and has lower emission compared to petroleum diesel. The transesterification is achieved with monohydric alcohols like methanol and ethanol in the presence of an alkali catalyst. Biodiesel and its blends with petroleum-based diesel fuel can be used in diesel engines without any significant modifications to the engines. The advantages of biodiesel are that it displaces petroleum thereby reducing global warming gas emissions, tail pipe particulate matter, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and other air toxics. Biodiesel improves lubricity and reduces premature wearing of fuel pumps. They Conclude that y For all the fuel samples tested, torque, brake power and brake thermal efficiency reach maximum values at 70% load. y The dual fuel combination of B40 can be recommended for use in the diesel engines without making any engine modifications. Also the cost of dual fuel (B40) can be considerably reduced than pure diesel. y The cost of dual fuel (B40) can be considerably reduced than pure diesel.

23

CHAPTER 3 ENGINE SETUP DESIGN AND DETAIL

3.1 ENGINE SPECIFICATIONDescription
1. Name of the Engine 2. Type of engine 3. No. of cylinders 4. IS rating at 1500 rpm 5. Cubic capacity 6. Compression ratio 7. Injection pump & type

Unit
---KW ----

Type
Kirloskar oil engine AV1 Vertical,4S, High speed, CI engine 1 3.7 0.533 16.5 : 1 Single cylinder, Flange mounted without Camshaft Mechanical centrifugal type HD type 3 as per IS :496-1982 2.5 Cooling water

8. Governor type 9. Lubricating oil specification 10. Maximum permissible back Pressure 11. Method of cooling

--KPa --

Table No.2

24