And Allah (God) sends down from the Qur‘an that which

is healing and mercy to those who believe, and it increases

the wrong-doers nothing but loss.
The Qur’an(17(: 82
The Qur’an in Practice
Dr. Zaid Kasim Mohammad Ghazzawi
Website: www.quran-miracle.com
Learning Diffusion
from The Qur’an
‫انتقال المادة في النظمة الحيوية‬
Mass Transport
 Diffusion
 Capillary
 Kidney
 Lung O2/CO2 Exchange
 Cell Membrane
 Active Transport
 Cell Membrane
 Gastrointestinal Tract (Ville)
 Osmosis
 Hydrostatic Pressure
Diffusion mass transfer phenomenon
Medium 1 Medium 2
Atoms comprising Atoms comprising
medium 1 medium 2

Diffusion of added
Added atoms atoms from 1 to 2
across a dividing
barrier
 Diffusion from fluid
surrounding cells to
flowing blood:
 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
 Water (H2O)
 Diffusion from blood
to the fluid surrounding
cells:
 Oxygen (O2)
 Sugar (C6H12O6)
 Diffusion in human lungs from
air to blood
 Oxygen (O2)
 Diffusion in human lungs from
blood to air
 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
 In The Name of Allah (God) The Most Compassionate The
Most Merciful
Whatever you may be doing, and whatever portion
you may be reciting from the Qur'ân, - and whatever
deed you may be doing, Allah (God) is a Witness
thereof, when you are doing it. And nothing is
hidden from your Lord the weight of an atom on
the earth or in the heaven. Not what is less than that
or what is greater than that but is in a Clear Record
The Noble Qur’an (10: 61)

It can be deduced from this Qur’anic verse that

the weight of an atom is the main parameter
which dictates and explains all the behavior of
matter and energy, thus it will be used to
explain mass transport
 Diffusion mass transfer in water
‫مثقال ذرة – فتثير سحابا‬
NaCl
(Sodium
Chloride) Membrane

Diffusion
flow

Medium 1 Medium 2
Diffusion phenomenon explained fully
from the Noble Qur’an
 The weight of the atom (‫(مثقال ذرة‬
 Atomic gravity weaved ropes
 Causes foreign atoms to link with the atoms comprising the
medium
 Pull of gravity weaved ropes of the atoms comprising the
barrier
 Brings the atoms of foreign material closer to the barrier and
within the spaces of the pores of the barrier
 The combined pull of the gravity field on the atom of the
medium linked with foreign atom causes them to drop to a
lower level
 Causing another atom to be displaced from its location (i.e.
causing turbulence in the medium) (diffusion fluid current)
Added atoms

Diffusion fluid
current
The rate of diffusion of matter between medium
1 and 2 will depend on the following parameters
 The difference in the concentration of the suspended
material in the two media
 The rate of diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient
2. The thickness of the barrier
 Case 1: The thickness of the barrier does not allow the atoms in
medium 2 to see (i.e. attract) the atoms in medium 1. In this case
diffusion won’t occur
 Case 2: The thickness is such that atoms comprising medium 2 see
the atoms of the suspended material in medium 1 which results in
the flow of matter across the barrier. As the thickness of the barrier
increases the rate of diffusion will decrease
 Thus the rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the
thickness of the dividing barrier between the two media
The rate of diffusion of matter between medium
1 and 2 will depend on the following parameters
 The area of the barrier perpendicular to the
direction of atom movement
 The weight of the atoms in medium 1 and 2
 Case 1: The weight of the atoms in medium 1 and 2 is
the same. For this case 2 sub cases would result, which
are:
 The two media have heavy atoms: In this case diffusion rate
would be high while taking into account the level of saturation
of the medium into which the external material is added.
 The two media have light atoms: The rate of diffusion would be
generally low. Also taking into account the level of saturation of
the two media.
The rate of diffusion of matter between medium
1 and 2 will depend on the following parameters
4. The weight of the atoms in medium 1 and 2
 Case 2: The weight of the atoms comprising the two
media is different. Two cases can occur in this case:
 The weight of the atoms in medium 2 is larger: In this case the
attraction of the atoms in medium 2 to the suspended material in
medium 1 will be high and thus this will increase the rate of
diffusion .
 The weight of the atoms in medium 1 is larger: The attraction of
the atoms comprising medium 1 would be high and in the same
time the attraction of the atoms of medium 2 would be small.
This will result in a reduced rate of diffusion.
5. Density of the barrier
The rate of diffusion of matter between medium
1 and 2 will depend on the following parameters
 Density of the two media
 Case 1: The density of medium 1 is larger than 2
which results in the binding of more atoms of the
external material with medium 1 and thus the
rate of diffusion decreases
 Case 2: The density of medium 2 is larger than 1
which results in an increased rate of diffusion
2. The state of the fluid in media 1 and 2
 Turbulent or laminar
 Derivation of the law that
governs diffusion phenomenon
from the Noble Qur’an
Diffusion rate (atoms/s) = weights × concentration gradient of input matter
A ρ ρ
Diffusion rate = × 2 × mat × D × (∇C )
t ρ1 ρ b
Where :
A Area of barrier perpendicular to mass transfer
t Thickness of barrier
ρ1 , ρ 2 Density of medium 1 and 2, respectively.
ρ b , ρ mat Density of the atoms comprising the barrier and external material, respectively.
∂C ∂C ∂C
∇C Concentration gradient in x, y, and z direction = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
D Experimental parameter describing the speed of the travel of added atoms
 Diffusion Mass Transfer
 Mass transfer is mass in transit as the result of a species
concentration difference in a mixture. (Incropera)
How to derive diffusion law?
1
Diffusion = f( ρ , D12 , ∆C , )
∆tbarrier
∆C Fick’s law of diffusion
J1 = ρ D12 A
∆xbarrier
Where :
kg
ρ = ρ1 + ρ 2 (Mixture mass density 3 )
m
m2
D12 (Mass diffusivity )
s
kmol
∆C (Concentration difference 3 )
m
∆xbarrier (Thickness of barrier m)
 Diffusion depends on the membrane
between the two media
 Types of membranes:
1. Not-permeable: Does not contain pores of
adequate size for any atoms to diffuse.
2. Semi-permeable: The size of the pores allow
some atoms to diffuse through.
3. Permeable: The size of the pores allows all atoms
to diffuse through.
Diffusion in the human
body
Capillary network
‫شبكة الوعية الدموية الشعيرية‬
 Blood capillary

http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/biology/abpi/skin/skin4.html
Typical characteristics of a blood capillary
 Inside Diameter = 10 µm
 Length = 0.1 cm
 Wall thickness = 0.5 µm
 Average blood velocity = 0.05 cm/sec
 Pore fraction = 0.001
 Wall pore diameter = 6-7 nm
 Inlet pressure = 30 mmHg
 Outlet pressure = 10 mmHg
 Mean pressure = 17.3 mmHg
 Colloid osmotic pressure = 28 mmHg
 Interstitial fluid pressure = -3 mmHg
 Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure = 8 mmHg
 Model for a
blood capillary
Model for a blood
capillary
 ‫ )وفي أنفسكم أفل تبصرون( صدق ال العظيم‬, (‫)لقد خلقنا النسان في أحسن تقويم‬
The optimal piping network for maximum diffusion can be found
from the optimal design of blood capillary

 The optimal length to diameter ratio = 100

 Maximizing diffusion surface area
 The optimal thickness to diameter ratio = 1/20
 Minimizing the thickness of the barrier
 Fluid velocity inside the capillary = 0.05 cm/sec = 0.5
mm/sec
 Allowing adequate time for diffusion to occur
 Pore diameter = 6-7 nm
 Does not allow blood to escape
 Selectively permeable membrane
 ‫ )وفي أنفسكم أفل تبصرون( صدق ال العظيم‬, (‫)لقد خلقنا النسان في أحسن تقويم‬
The optimal piping network for maximum diffusion can be found
from the optimal design of blood capillary

 Barrier is light (Collagen, elastin, endothelial cells)

(atoms of low weight)
 Minimum resistance to diffusing atoms (due to atomic gravity
weaved ropes)
 Blood capillaries are located near to cells, alveoli, etc.
(i.e. regions that need substances)
 Reduces the distance the atoms have to travel (i.e. faster
diffusion)
 Capillary form fold (like water waves)
 Maximum number can be packed in a given space
(Maximum diffusion rate)
 Diffusion in and out of the cell
 Substances need to enter the cell:
 Glucose (energy source)
 Oxygen
 Calcium (Ca)
 Sodium (Na)
 Substances need to leave the cell:
 Carbon dioxide
 Water
Mass diffusivity of various substances

Diffusivity of selected substances :

cm 2
−5 −9 m
2
Glucose ( D = 0.91×10 = 0.91×10 )
sec sec
Glucose molecular weight = 180 (1 mole of glucose weighs 180 g)
cm 2
−5 −9 m
2
Oxygen ( D = 2.11×10 = 2.11×10 )
sec sec
2
m
Vitamin B12 ( D = 0.5 ×10 −9 )
sec
Vitamin B12 molecular weight = 1300
Example on diffusion in
blood capillary
 Example
 Calculate the rate of diffusion of glucose,
knowing that its molecular radius = 0.36 nm.
The average concentration of glucose in
plasma = 5 µmole/ml and it is assumed that
all glucose transported to the extracapillary
space is consumed instantly by the cell.
 Assume that all of the plasma proteins are
retained by the capillary wall.
Diffusion rate (atoms/s) = weights × concentration gradient of input matter
A ρ ρ
Diffusion rate = × 2 × mat × D × (∇C )
t ρ1 ρ b
Where :
Diffusion area of capillary = πDL = π ×10 × 10 −6 × 0.1×10 − 2 = 3.14 ×10 −8 m 2
t = 0.5 ×10 −6 m
ρ2
=1
ρ1
ρ mat ρ glu cos e 1150
= = = 2.875
ρb ρ capillary 400
2
m
D = 0.91× 10 −9
s
∆C = 9 ×10 −7 kg / ml = 9 ×10 − 4 kg / m 3
3.14 × 10 -8 −9 −4 −13 kg
Glucose diffusion rate = −6
×1× 2.875 × 0.91×10 × 9 ×10 = 1.48 ×10
0.5 ×10 s
Diffusion resistance maps
 Medium 1 Medium 2
Atoms comprising Atoms comprising
medium 1 medium 2
Diffusion of added atoms from
Added atoms 1 to 2 across a dividing barrier

Resistance of Resistance of Resistance of

medium 1 medium 2
barrier
L1 Lb L2
D1 A1 Db Ab D2 A2
Depends on:
-Atomic weight of atoms comprising medium
1 and added material (D)
-Area of medium
- Thickness of medium
-Motion of the atom in the medium
 Diffusion in human lungs

Derive the diffusion map for the human lung

 Blood Oxygenator
A device to oxygenate blood in the case of
partial or full lung failure (or in the case of heart
surgery)
Designed fully based on the Noble Qur’an
 In The Name of Allah (God) The Most Compassionate The
Most Merciful
And in the earth there are signs for
those who have certainty in faith *
and in your own self will you not
then see
The Noble Qur’an (51: 20-
21)

The optimal design for mass and heat

exchanger can be learnt from the design
of human lungs, the human body is a
textbook in optimal engineering
Studying the Design of Human Lungs
 Reflection upon the Design of Allah
(God) Almighty in Human Lungs
1. Two fluids involved in the exchange
 Air (Oxygen + Nitrogen)
 Deoxygenated Blood
 How to make an engineering design?
 Pumping air and blood into the system
 Reflection upon the Design of Allah
(God) Almighty in Human Lungs
2. The two fluids involved in the exchange are in
a cross flow configuration:
 Maximizing mass transfer by not allowing
boundary layer to form
 How to make an engineering design?
 Pumping air and blood in a cross flow fashion
 Reflection upon the Design of Allah
(God) Almighty in Human Lungs
3. Blood flows in small branches (capillaries)
 Maximizing surface area
 Minimizing film thickness
 How to make an engineering design?
 Branching the blood taken from the body into
many small membrane tubes
 Reflection upon the Design of Allah
(God) Almighty in Human Lungs
4. There exist many back up units (alveloi)
 Mercy requirement in the case of damage to
some alveoli the others can compensate
 How to make an engineering design?
 Making additional tubes in the membrane design
(more than needed) in the case that some might
be blocked
 Reflection upon the Design of Allah
(God) Almighty in Human Lungs
5. All membranes in the human lung have pre-
tension and hardening spring behavior
 Mercy mechanism to protect the membrane from
rupture due to increased pressure
 How to make an engineering design?
 Using natural fibers for the membranes (like
cellulose) that has these phenomena
Composition of Membranes within the
Human Body
Elastin

Collagen
Pre-Tension
Phenomena
 Elastin

Blood flow

Collagen
Hardening Spring Behavior in Membrane
F

 Linear spring Slope = k (Stiffness)

= Constant
x
 Non-linear spring F
Slope = k
 Softening spring (Stiffness) =
decreasing

x
 Non-linear spring F
Slope = k
 Hardening spring (Stiffness) =
increasing

x
Sample Calculation for Membrane Section
 (100 mmol) of Oxygen needs to be added to
the blood in 1 hour, calculate the area to
thickness ratio of a single membrane to be
used in the membrane section?
Design Calculations
∆C
N = DA
t
2 Can use multiple tubes
−9 m
D = 2.11× 10
sec to achieve the required
N=
100 × 10 −3 mol
= 2.8 × 10 −5 mol / sec
mass transfer rate
60 × 60 sec
100 × 10 −3 mol
CO = = 20 × 10 −3 mol / L
2
5L
2.8 × 10 −5 −9 A
= 2 . 11 × 10 ×
20 × 10 −3 t
A
= 0.2 × 107 = 2 × 10 6
t
πDL π × 300 × 10 −6 × 30 × 10 −2
= 2 × 10 =6

t t
1
t= × 10 −11 m = 0.1× 10 −11 m
14.14
Design of blood oxygenator as derived
from the Noble Qur’an
6. Capillaries are not straight they are folded
(packing maximum material in a given space
– maximizes surface area)
 The tubes of the oxgenator need to be folded,
however, this is not possible due to damage to red
blood cells
 Blood in

Gas out Gas in

Blood out
Design of blood oxygenator as derived
from the Noble Qur’an
 Air in the human lungs is in a turbulent state
(no formation of diffusion boundary layer)
 Need to cause diffusion to the gas flowing on the
tubes (fan, pressure gradients, etc.)
 In the lungs gas flows in a pulsating fashion
(like the flow of water waves)
 Need to have a pulsating pump in the blood
oxygenator
 Operational characteristics of lung and
blood pump oxygenator

Characteristic Lung Blood Oxygenator

Blood flow rate 5 L/min 5 L/min

Pressure head 12 mmHg 0-200 mmHg

Blood volume 1 Liter 1-4 Liters
Blood film thickness 5-10 microns 100-300 microns
Length of blood flow channel 100 microns 2-30 cm
Blood contact time 0.7 sec 3-30 sec
Surface area for mass transfer 70 m2 2-10 m2
Gas flow rate 7 L/min 2-10 L/min
pO2 and pCO2 blood in 40 and 45 mmHg 40 and 45 mmHg
pO2 and pCO2 blood out 95 and 40 mmHg 100-300 and 30-40 mmHg
pO2 and pCO2 Gas in 149 and 0.3 mmHg 250-713 and 0-20 mmHg
pO2 and pCO2 Gas out 120 and 27 mmHg 150-675 and 10-30 mmHg
 Different types of blood
oxygenator
 Bubble oxygenator
 Damage to blood cells
 Low efficiency
 Flat bed oxygenator (film oxygenator)
 Damage to blood cells
 Low efficiency
 Membrane oxygenator (best available choice)
 Reduced damage to blood cells
 Moderate efficiency
 Dr. Zaid Kasim Ghazzawi
For detailed information please visit my
Website at:

www.quran-
miracle.com
E-mail:
zaidquran@yahoo.co
m