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g(x y)m(y)dy
which relates velocity u to momentum density m by integration against kernel g(x) over the real line.Here
the kernel g is chosen to be the Greens function for the Helmholtz operator on the line, that is, g(x) =
1
2
e
|x|
. This means m = u u
xx
. The family of equations (1.1) is characterized by the kernel g and
the real dimensionless constant b, which is the ratio of stretching to convective transport. The parameter b
is also the number of covariant dimensions associated with the momentum density m. The function g(x)
will determine the traveling wave shape and length scale for Eq.(1.1), while the constant b will provide
a balance or bifurcation parameter for the nonlinear solution behavior. The quadratic term in Eq.(1.1)
represent the competition, or balance, in uid convection between nonlinear transport and amplication due
to b-dimensional stretching. On the other hand, in a recent study of soliton equations, it is found that Eq.(1.1)
for any b = 1 is included in the family of shallow water equations at quadratic order accuracy that are
asymptotically equivalent under Kodama transformations[22].
If b = 2, Eq.(1.1) becomes the Camassa-Holm(CH) equation of the form
u
t
u
txx
+ 3uu
x
= 2u
x
u
xx
+ uu
xxx
t > 0 , x R (1.2)
Eq.(1.2) has a bi-Hamiltionian structure[23] and is completely integrable([2][6]). In [11] Danping Ding,
Lixin Tian researched the solution of 1D Navier-Stokes-alpha model,or, viscosity Camassa-Holm equation
and got the existence of the global attractor of viscosity Camassa-Holm equation.
If b = 3, Eq.(1.1) becomes the Degasperis-Procesi(DP) equation of the form
k=1
p
k
(t) e
|xq
k
|
. For an arbitrary
constant b, p
k
and q
k
are not canonical variables but satisfy the dynamical system p
k
= (b 1)
G
N
q
k
, q
k
=
G
N
p
k
, where the generating function G
N
is given by G
N
=
1
2
N
j,k=1
P
k
p
j
e
|q
j
q
k
|
The goal of the present paper is to study the existence of the global attractor of the viscosity b-Family
of equations. The equation is as following:
_
u
t
u
xxt
(u u
xx
)
xx
+ k (u u
xx
)
x
+ (b + 1) uu
x
= bu
x
u
xx
+ uu
xxx
u(x, 0) = u
0
(x)
(1.5)
where t > 0, x , = [0, L]
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we introduce the main denitions.
Section 3 establishes the global solution to Eq.(1.5). The global attractor of Eq.(1.5) is studied in section 4.
2 Denitions
In this paper, we denote (, ) the L
2
inner product and by . the corresponding L
2
norm, u
H
m
()
=
D
m
u
L
2
()
where D is the rst-order operator. The inner product here is equivalent to the nature inner
product in H
m
() when mes () < +. In this paper, we denote u
L
2
()
|u| , Du
L
2
()
u ,
D
m
u
L
2
()
|D
m
u| . Denote B (u, v) = uv, where is the Hamilton operator. Here we only study
the one dimensional equation, and then u = u
x
. Denote b (u, v, w) = (B (u, v) , w) =
_
(uv)wdx.
Noticing that in the case of periodic boundary condition, we have
(B (u, v) , w) = (B (u, w) , v) (B (w, u) , v) ,
(B (v, u) , w) = (B (w, v) , u) (B (v, w) , u) ,
Then
(B (u, v) , u) = 2 (B (u, u) , v) , (B (u, v) , u) = 2 (B (v, u) , u)
(B (u, u) , v) = (B (v, u) , u) , (B (u, u) , u) = 0
Denote A = , is the Laplace operator, v = u + Au.
In the case of periodic boundary condition, Eq.(1.5) can be denoted as
dv
dt
+ Av + kv + B (u, v) + bB (v, u) = 0 (2.1)
u(x, 0) = u
0
(2.2)
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L. Tian, J. Fan, R. Tian: The Attractor on Viscosity Peakon b-Family of Equations 165
u(0, t) = u(L, t) , u
(0, t) = u
(L, t) , u
(0, t) = u
(L, t) (2.3)
where A is a self-adjoint positive operator with compact inverse. The characteristic value of A is
j
, 0 <
1
2
,
j
when j ,Aw
j
=
j
w
j
, w
j
is the corresponding characteristic vector of A.
3 Global solution
Theorem 3.1 With u
0
H
l
(R) , l 2, Eq.(2.1)-(2.3) has a global solution.
In this section, we use the Galerkin procedure to prove the existence of global solution.
Let {
j
}
j=1
be an orthonormal basis of H consisting of eigenfunctions of the operator A. The Galerkin
procedure for Eq.(2.1)-(2.3) is the ordinary differential system,
dv
m
dt
+ Av
m
+ kv
m
+ p
m
B (u
m
, v
m
) + p
m
bB (v
m
, u
m
) = 0 (3.1)
u
m
(0) = p
m
u(0) (3.2)
where v
m
= u
m
+ Au
m
. Since the nonlinear term is quadratic in u
m
, then based on the classical theory of
ordinary differential equations, the system (3.1) has a unique solution for a short interval of time (0, T
m
).
Our purpose is to show that the solution of (3.1) remains nite for all positive times which implies that
T
m
= .
We take the inner product of (3.1) with u
m
in to obtain,
1
2
d
dt
_
|u
m
|
2
+u
m
2
_
+
_
u
m
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+ p
m
(b 2) (B (u
m
, u
m
) , Au
m
) = 0 (3.3)
We get inequalities from (3.3)
1
2
d
dt
_
|u
m
|
2
+u
m
2
_
+
_
u
m
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
(b2)
2
_
u
m
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+
k
2
2
(b2)
2
_
|u
m
|
2
+u
m
2
_
2
(3.4)
where k
1
, k
2
are constants.
Similar to [5], we know |u
m
|
2
+u
m
2
r
1
, where r
1
is a constant.
Integrating (3.4) over the interval [t, t + r]
_
t+r
t
_
u
m
(s)
2
+|Au
m
(s)|
2
_
ds
(b2)k
2
2
r
2
1
r + r
1
4 b
r
2
(3.5)
Now, take the inner product of (3.1) with Au
m
in to obtain,
1
2
d
dt
_
u
m
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+
_
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+ p
m
(B (u
m
, v
m
) , Au
m
) +
bp
m
(B (v
m
, u
m
) , Au
m
) + k (v
m
, Au
m
) = 0
Based on Y oung inequality, we have
1
2
d
dt
_
u
m
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+
_
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
1
_
u
m
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+ c
5
u
m
|Au
m
|
_
u
m
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
(3.6)
From Y oung inequality, Poincare inequality |Au
m
|
2
>
1
u
m
2
, |Au
m
|
2
>
1
|Au
m
|
2
and (3.6)
we get
d
dt
_
u
m
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
c
5
_
u
m
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
2
(3.7)
From Gronwall
s inequality we have
_
u
m
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
r
2
r
exp (r
2
c
5
) r
3
, t > t
0
+ r (3.8)
IJNS homepage:http://www.nonlinearscience.org.uk/
166 International Journal of Nonlinear Science,Vol.4(2007),No.3,pp. 163-170
where r, r
2
, c
5
are nonnegative constants. Integrating (3.5) over the interval [t, t + r], we have
_
t+r
t
_
|Au
m
(s)|
2
+|Au
m
(s)|
2
_
ds
_
1
r
3
+
c
5
r
2
3
2
_
r + r
3
r
4
(3.9)
Take the inner product of (3.1) with A
2
u
m
in to obtain
1
2
d
dt
_
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+
_
|Au
m
|
2
+
A
2
u
m
2
_
+ p
m
_
B (u
m
, v
m
) , A
2
u
m
_
+
bp
m
_
B (v
m
, u
m
) , A
2
u
m
_
+ k
_
v
m
, A
2
u
m
_
= 0
Through Y oung inequality, we have
1
2
d
dt
_
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+
_
|Au
m
|
2
+
A
2
u
m
2
_
1
_
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
+ c
6
u
m
|Au
m
|
_
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
(3.10)
According to Poincare inequality and Y oung inequality, we have
d
dt
_
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
c
6
u
m
|Au
m
|
_
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
c
6
2
_
u
m
2
+|Au
m
|
2
__
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
_
Through Gronwall
s inequality we have
|Au
m
|
2
+|Au
m
|
2
r
4
r
exp
c
6
r
2
2
r
5
, t > t
0
(3.11)
Integrating (3.10) over the interval [t, t + r], we get
_
t+r
t
_
|Au
m
(s)|
2
+
A
2
u
m
(s)
2
_
ds
_
1
r
5
+
c
6
r
3
r
5
2
_
r + r
5
r
6
(3.12)
Take the inner product of (3.1) with A
3
u
m
in to obtain,
|Au
m
|
2
+
A
2
u
m
2
r
7
(3.13)
Now we get: |u
m
| , u
m
, |Au
m
| , |Au
m
| and
A
2
u
m
du
m
dt
and
dv
m
dt
s compactness Theo-
rem, we conclude that there is a subsequence u
m
, so u
m
u, or equivalently v
m
v. Let us relabel u
m
and v
m
by u
m
and v
m
. Now we prove that u, v satisfy equation (2.1).
Let w D(A). |w| is nite from the above discussion, and through ordinary differential equations (3.1)
we get,
(v
m
(t) , w) +
_
t
t
0
(v
m
(s) , p
m
Aw)ds + b
_
t
t
0
(B (v
m
(s) , u
m
(s)) , p
m
w)ds+
_
t
t
0
(B (u
m
(s) , v
m
(s)) , p
m
w)ds + k
_
t
t
0
(v
m
(s) , p
m
w)ds = (v
m
(t
0
) , w)
(v
m
(t) , w) (v (t) , w) ,
_
t
t
0
(v
m
(s) , p
m
Aw)ds
_
t
t
0
(v (s) , Aw)ds m
On the other hand
_
t
t
0
(v
m
(s) , p
m
w) ds
_
t
t
0
(v (s) , w) ds
_
t
t
0
(v
m
(s) , p
m
w w) ds
_
t
t
0
(v
m
(s) v (s) , w) ds
v
m
|p
m
w w| +v
m
v |w| 0
_
t
t
0
(B (v
m
(s) , u
m
(s)) , p
m
w) ds
_
t
t
0
(B (v (s) , u(s)) , w) ds
I
1
m
+ I
2
m
+ I
3
m
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L. Tian, J. Fan, R. Tian: The Attractor on Viscosity Peakon b-Family of Equations 167
From the above discussion we get
lim
m
_
t
t
0
(B (v
m
(s) , u
m
(s)) , p
m
w) ds =
_
t
t
0
(B (v (s) , u(s)) , w) ds
Similarity,
lim
m
_
t
t
0
(B (u
m
(s) , v
m
(s)) , p
m
w) ds =
_
t
t
0
(B (u(s) , v (s)) , w) ds, w D(A) ,
we have:
(v (t) , w) +
_
t
t
0
(v (s) , Aw)ds + b
_
t
t
0
(B (v (s) , u(s)) , w) ds+
_
t
t
0
(B (u(s) , v (s)) , w) ds + k
_
t
t
0
(v (s) , w) ds = (v (t
0
) , w)
Above all, we can conclude that the global solution to Eq.(2.1)-(2.3) exist.
4 Global Attractor
Lemma 4.1 With u
0
H
l
(R) , l 2, let S (t) denote the semi-group of the solution operator to Eq.(2.1)-
(2.3), i.e. S (t) : H
2
() H
2
() , u(t) = S (t) u
0
. Then S (t) has absorbing set.
Proof. We take the inner product of (3.1) with u in to obtain,
_
dv
dt
, u
_
+ (Av, u) + (B (u, v) , u) + b (B (v, u) , u) + k (v, u) = 0
We get,
1
2
d
dt
_
|u|
2
+u
2
_
+
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
+ (b 2) (B (u, u) , Au) = 0 (4.1)
Similarly, we have
|u|
2
+u
2
r
8
, (4.2)
where r
8
is a constant.
From (4.2) we can see that |u(x, t)| and u(x, t) are uniformly bounded. In other words, the semi-
group of the solution operator S (t) are uniformly bounded in L
2
() and H
1
().
We get inequalities from(4.1)
1
2
d
dt
_
|u|
2
+u
2
_
+
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
(b 2)
2
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
+
(b 2) k
2
4
2
_
|u|
2
+u
2
_
2
(4.3)
where k
3
, k
4
are constants.
Integrating (4.3) over the interval[t, t + r], we get
_
t+r
t
_
u(x, s)
2
+|Au(x, s)|
2
_
ds (4.4)
Let B (0, ) be an open ball in L
2
() and H
1
(), with radius . By simple computing we know
S (t) u
0
B (0, ) for all t > t
0
.
We will obtain the uniform estimate of Eq.(2.1)-(2.3) in H
2
() as follows.
We take the inner product of (3.1) with Au in to obtain,
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168 International Journal of Nonlinear Science,Vol.4(2007),No.3,pp. 163-170
_
dv
dt
, Au
_
+ (Av, Au) + (B (u, v) , Au) + b (B (v, u) , Au) + k (v, Au) = 0 (4.5)
Denote G(u, Au) = (B (u, v) , Au) + b (B (v, u) , Au) .We have
1
2
d
dt
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
+
_
|Au|
2
+|Au|
2
_
+ G(u, Au) = 0 (4.6)
By Y oung inequality ,Poincare inequality |Au|
2
>
1
u
2
, |Au|
2
>
1
|Au|
2
and (4.6) we get
d
dt
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
c
11
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
2
Letting y = u(s)
2
+|Au(s)|
2
, g = c
11
_
u(s)
2
+|Au(s)|
2
_
2
, we have
_
t+r
t
g (s)ds c
11
c
11
1
,
_
t+r
t
y (s)ds
1
By Gronwall
s inequality we have
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
1
r
exp (c
11
1
) , t > t
0
+ r
where r, c
11
,
1
are nonnegative constants. Let
1
=
1
r
exp (c
11
1
), and then |Au|
2
1
is the attracting
set of S (t) in H
2
(). This completes the proof of Lemma 4.1.
Now we only need to prove that S (t) is an impact operator, thus we can prove the existence of the global
attractor.
Taking the inner product of (3.1) with t
2
Au in to obtain
_
dv
dt
, t
2
Au
_
+
_
Av, t
2
Au
_
+
_
B (u, v) , t
2
Au
_
+b
_
B (v, u) , t
2
Au
_
+k
_
v, t
2
Au
_
= 0 (4.7)
By Agmon inequality and Poincare inequality, we get
_
B (u, v) , t
2
Au
_
+ b
_
B (v, u) , t
2
Au
_
2b + 1
2
_
t
2
u
x
u
2
xxx
dx +
5(b + 1)
2
_
t
2
u
x
u
2
xx
dx
5(b + 1)
2
c
12
u
1
2
|Au|
1
2
_
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2
_
,
|tAu|
2
>
1
|tAu|
2
, |tAu|
2
> |tAu|
2
From the above inequality and (4.7), we get
d
dt
_
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2
_
+ 2
1
_
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2
_
(5b + 5) c
12
u
1
2
|Au|
1
2
_
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2
_
+ 4
_
t |Au|
2
+ t |Au|
2
_
2
1
_
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2
_
+ c
13
u |Au|
_
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2
_
+ c
14
_
|Au|
2
+|Au|
2
_
(4.8)
where c
13
=
(5b+5)
2
c
2
12
2
1
, c
14
=
16
1
We have
1
2
d
dt
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
+
_
|Au|
2
+|Au|
2
_
1
2
1
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
+
c
11
2
_
u
2
+|Au|
2
_
2
Integrating the above inequality over the interval [t, t + r], we have
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L. Tian, J. Fan, R. Tian: The Attractor on Viscosity Peakon b-Family of Equations 169
_
t+r
t
_
|Au(x, s)|
2
+|Au(x, s)|
2
_
ds
_
1
2
1
+
c
11
2
2
1
_
r +
1
(4.9)
We denote (4.8) as follows
d
dt
_
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2
_
c
13
u |Au|
_
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2
_
+ c
14
_
|Au|
2
+|Au|
2
_
(4.10)
Let
_
1
2
1
+
c
11
2
2
1
_
r +
1
=
2
(
1
,
1
, ), we get
_
t+r
t
c
13
(u(x, s) |Au(x, s)|)ds c
15
_
t+r
t
_
u(x, s)
2
+|Au(x, s)|
2
_
ds c
15
Let c
15
0
=
3
(, )
_
t+r
t
_
|sAu(x, s)|
2
+|sAu(x, s)|
2
_
ds (t + r)
2
2
=
4
By Gronwall
s inequality we have
|tAu|
2
+|tAu|
2
4
r
+ c
14
2
_
exp (
3
)
Let
_
4
r
+ c
14
2
_
exp (
3
) = E
2
(
1
, , , t). From the above discussion, we nally get |Au| <
E(
1
,,,t)
t
.
We can say that S (t) is equality continuous. From Ascoli Arzela