Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 43 (2005) pp.

10611067 c International Academic Publishers

Vol. 43, No. 6, June 15, 2005

Variable Separation Solutions of Generalized Broer Kaup System via a Projective Method
ZHENG Chun-Long
Department of Physics, Zhejiang Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China

(Received October 8, 2004)

Abstract Using an extended projective method, a new type of variable separation solution with two arbitrary functions
of the (2+1)-dimensional generalized Broer-Kaup system (GBK) is derived. Based on the derived variable separation solution, some special localized coherent soliton excitations with or without elastic behaviors such as dromions, peakons, and foldons etc. are revealed by selecting appropriate functions in this paper. PACS numbers: 05.45.Yv, 03.65.Ge

Key words: extended projective method, (2+1)-dimensional GBK system, exact solution, localized excitation

1 Introduction
In modern nonlinear science, the study of soliton and related issue of the construction of solution to a wide class of nonlinear equation has become one of the most exciting and extremely active areas of research investigation. Early in the study of soliton theory, the main interests of scientists were restricted to (1+1)-dimensional cases due to the diculty of searching for the physically signicant higher-dimensional solutions which are localized in all directions. Recently, because of the rapid development of computer algebra and its mature application, the study of soliton theory concerning the properties of localized coherent solition excitations in higherdimensional soliton systems has attracted much more attention both from physicists and mathematicians. For instance, the discovery of the Bcklund transformation by a Boiti et al.[1] of dromion-type coherent soliton solutions of the DaveryStewartson system provided considerable interest in higher-dimensional soliton systems. And subsequently, many powerful approaches were presented in the recent decades studies on higher-dimensional soliton system. One of the important approaches is the multilinear variable separation approach.[2] With the help of a PainlevBcklund transformation and the multilinear e a variable separation approach, one can nd that some signicant types of localized excitations like dromions, rings, compactons, peakons, and loop solutions can simultaneously exist in one (2+1)-dimensional soliton model.[25] The main reason is that there is a rather common formula, namely Px Qy U= , (a0 + a1 P + a2 Q + a3 P Q)2
The

(a2 a1 a3 a0 ) ,

(1)

with two arbitrary functions P P (x, t) and Q Q(y, t), ve arbitrary constants and ai (i = 0, 1, 2, 3) to describe certain physical quantities for some (2+1)-dimensional models, such as DaveryStewartson (DS) model, BroerKaup (BK) system, AblowitzKaup NewellSegur (AKNS) equation, dispersive long wave (DLW) equation, Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation, Burgers equation, NizhnikNovikovVeselov (NNV) equation, long wave-short wave interaction (LWSW) system, BoitiLeonPempinelli (BLP) system, Maccari system, sine-Gordon system, and so on.[25] In usual cases, the constant = 2 or = 1. Now an important and interesting question is whether all the localized excitations based on the multilinear approach can be re-derived by other approaches such as the projective method, also named the mapping approach,[6,7] which is usually used to search for travelling wave solutions since the rst step one may take is travelling reduction. In other words, one usually supposes that the considered nonlinear system possesses a solution of travelling wave form. Certainly, another signicant issue is whether there exist some similar localized excitations or new localized structures in other new nonlinear physical systems not reported before. In order to derive some new or similar localized coherent structures mentioned above, the crucial technique is how to obtain some solutions of the concerned physical model also with certain arbitrary functions. Along with this line, we present an extended mapping transformation method. The basic

project supported by the Foundation of New Century 151 Talent Engineering of Zhejiang Province of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 10172056, Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China under Grant No. Y604106, and Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Lishui University under Grant Nos. KZ03009 and KZ03005 E-mail: zjclzheng@yahoo.com.cn Mailing address

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idea of the algorithm is that: For a given nonlinear partial dierential equation (NPDE) with independent variables x (t, x1 , x2 , . . . , xm ), and dependent variable u: P (u, ut , uxi , uxi xj , . . .) = 0, where P is in general a polynomial function of its arguments, and the subscripts denote the partial derivatives, we assume that its solution in the form,[7,8]
n

Eq. (3), then the GBK system can be changed into a set of coupled nonlinear partial dierential equations: (ht hxx + 2hhx )y + gxx + Agx + Bgy = 0 , gt + 2(gh)x + gxx + 4A(gx hxy ) + 4B(gy hyy ) + C(g 2hy ) = 0 . (7) (6)

u=
i=0

i (x) ((x)) ,

(2)

where i (x) and (x) are arbitrary functions to be determined, is a solution of Riccati equation: = + 2 , with being a constant, and the prime denotes dierentiation with respect to . n is determined by balancing the highest nonlinear terms and the highest-order partial terms in the given NPDE. In our present paper, as a concrete example, we consider the following (2+1)-dimensional generalized Broer Kaup (GBK) system,[9] ht hxx + 2hhx + ux + Au + Bg = 0 , gt + 2(gh)x + gxx + 4A(gx hxy ) + 4B(gy hyy ) + C(g 2hy ) = 0 , uy gx = 0 , (4) (5) (3)

To search for solitary wave solutions to a given nonlinear partial dierential model, as is known, one may use different approaches, such as multilinear variable separation approach,[2] Painlev truncated expansion method,[9] and e mapping approach,[22] etc. One of the useful and powerful method is the so-called extended homogeneous balance approach (EHBA).[23] In terms of the EHBA principle, which can be also obtained via the standard truncated Painlev expansion,[2,3] let us begin with a special e PainlevBcklund transformation for h and g in Eqs. (6) e a and (7) h = (ln f )x + h0 , g = 2(ln f )xy + g0 , (8)

where f = f (x, y, t) is a function of variables {x, y, t} to be determined and {h0 , g0 } is a seed solution of Eqs. (6) and (7). It is evident that equations (6) and (7) possess a trivial seed solution h0 = h0 (x, t), g0 = 0 (9)

where A, B, and C are arbitrary constants. The GBK system is recently derived from a typical (1+1)-dimensional BroerKaup (BK) system,[1012] by means of the Painlev e analysis.[9] Obviously, when A = B = C = 0, the GBK system will be degenerated to the celebrated (2+1)-dimensional BroerKaup system,[13] which can be derived from inner parameter dependent symmetry constraint of Kadomtsev Petviashvili model.[14] Using some suitable dependent and independent variable transformations, Chen and Li[15] have proved that the (2+1)-dimensional BK system can be transformed to the (2+1)-dimensional dispersive long wave equation[16] and (2+1)-dimensional AblowitzKaup NewellSegur system.[17] Actually, the (2+1)-dimensional BroerKaup system has been widely investigated by many researchers.[1821] However, to the best of our knowledge, the studies on the localized excitations of the (2+1)dimensional GBK system, especially its variable separation excitations obtained by a mapping approach were not reported in the preceding literature though Huang et al.[22] derived some special soliton-like solutions to a simplied GBK system (when B = 0) by a variable-coecient projective Riccati equation method.

with h0 (x, t) being an arbitrary function of the indicated arguments. Moreover, according to the Painlev e Bcklund transformation (8) and the seed solution (9), a we can introduce a simple transformation g = 2hy . By means of the transformation g = 2hy , equations (6) and (7) can be reduced further to an identical equation: y (ht + hxx + 2hhx + 2Ahx + 2Bhy ) = 0 . (10)

Now we apply the extended mapping approach to Eq. (10). By the balancing procedure, ansatz (2) becomes h = a(x, y, t) + b(x, y, t)((x, y, t)) , (11)

2 Exact Solutions of (2+1)-Dimensional GBK System

In this section, we will give an exact solution to the GBK system. For simplicity, we rst dierentiate Eq. (3) with respect to variable y once and substitute Eq. (5) into

where a, b, and are functions of {x, y, t} to be determined. Substituting the ansatz (11) and the Riccati equation into Eq. (10), and collecting coecients of polynomials of , then setting each coecient to zero, yield a set of partial dierential equations. Through careful calculations with the aid of Maple, we can obtain exact solutions of Eq. (10). Finally, substituting all the derived results into above PainlevBcklund transformation (8) e a and their relation g = 2hy yields a family of exact solutions. Case 1 For < 0, we can derive the following solitary wave solutions for the GBK system (6) and (7) xx + t + 2Ax h1 = 2x + x tanh( ( + )) , (12) g1 = 2x y + 2x y tanh2 ( ( + )) , (13)

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h2 =

xx + t + 2Ax 2x + x coth( ( + )) , g2 = 2x y + 2x y coth2 ( ( + )) ,

(14) (15)

xx + t + 2Ax + x cot( ( + )) , 2x g4 = 2x y 2x y cot2 ( ( + )) , h4 =

(18) (19)

where (x, t) and (y 2Bt) are two arbitrary functions of the indicated variables. Case 2 For > 0, we can obtain the following periodic wave solutions for the GBK system (6) and (7) xx + t + 2Ax x tan( ( + )) , (16) h3 = 2x g3 = 2x y 2x y tan2 ( ( + )) , (17)

also with two arbitrary functions (x, t) and (y 2Bt). Case 3 For = 0, we can derive the following variable separation solutions for the GBK system (6) and (7) xx + t + 2Ax x + , 2x + 2x y , g5 = ( + )2 h5 = with two arbitrary functions (x, t) and (y 2Bt). (20) (21)

3 Some Special Localized Excitations in (2+1)-Ddimensional GBK System

Since some arbitrariness of the functions (x, t) and (y 2Bt) included in the above cases, the physical quantities h and g may possess rich structures. For example, when (x, t) = f (kx + ct) , where k and c are arbitrary constants, f is an arbitrary function of the indicated argument, then all the solutions of the above cases may construct abundant solutions with propagating property. Obviously, one of the simplest travelling wave solutions can be easily obtained when (x, t) = kx+ct and (y 2Bt) = l(y 2Bt), where k, l, and c are arbitrary constants. Moreover, if the functions (x, t) or (y 2Bt) are considered to be periodic functions such as W eierstrass functions or the solutions of a chaotic system like Lorenz chaotic system,[24] then the discussed solutions may possess periodic properties or chaotic behaviors. For simplication in the following discussion, we merely analyze some special localized excitations of solution g1 (13) and rewrite in a simple form (as = 1), namely g g1 = 2x y sech2 ( + ) . 3.1 Single-Valued Localized Excitations It is well known that in (2+1)-dimensional cases, one of the signicant localized excitations is the dromion-type coherent soliton, which is localized exponentially in all directions. For example, when the selections of the functions and are considered to be = 0.1 tanh(x + t) + 0.15 tanh(x t) , = 0.1 tanh(y 2Bt) , (23) (22)

and B = 0.5, then we can obtain a travelling two-dromion excitation for the eld g expressed by Eq. (22). The corresponding evolutional plot is presented in Fig. 1.

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Fig. 1 An evolutional prole of two travelling dromions for the solution g expressed by Eq. (22) with condition (23) at times (a) t = 3, (b) t = 1, (c) t = 0, (d) t = 1, and (e) t = 3. (f) The corresponding sectional view at {t = 6, y = 6} (dotted line before collision), {t = 0, y = 0} (dashed line in collision) and {t = 3, y = 3} (solid line after collision), respectively.

Fig. 2 An evolutional prole of two propagating peakons for the solution g expressed by Eq. (22) with conditions (24) (27) at times (a) t = 5, (b) t = 3, (c) t = 0, (d) t = 3, and (e) t = 5. (f) The corresponding sectional view at {t = 6, y = 6} (dotted line before collision), {t = 0, y = 0} (dashed line in collision) and {t = 3, y = 3} (solid line after collision), respectively.

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Similarly, still based on the solution g (22), we can obtain some important weak localized excitations such as peakons and compactons.[25,26] For example, when selecting and to be some piecewise smooth functions, then we can derive some multipeakon excitations, say
M

=1+
i=1 N

Xi (x + ci t),

x + ci t 0, x + ci t > 0 ,

Xi (x ci t) + 2Xi (0), Yi (y 2Bt),

(24)

=1+
i=1

y 2Bt 0 , y 2Bt > 0 ,

Yi (y + 2Bt) + 2Yi (0),

(25)

where the functions Xi (x) and Yi (y) are dierentiable functions of the indicated arguments and possess the boundary conditions Xi () = Ci , (i = 1, 2, . . . , M ), and Yi () = Di , (i = 1, 2, . . . , N ), with Ci and Di being constants and/or even innity. For instance, when choosing X1 = 0.1 exp(x + t), Y1 = 0.1 exp(y 2Bt), X2 = 0.2 exp(x t) , M = 2, (26)

N = 2B = 1 , (27)

attention to some simple and stable multiple-valued solitary waves such as semifolded localized structures. For example, some semifolded localized structures such as ocean waves may fold in one direction, say x, and localize in a usually single-valued way in another direction, say y. Here we would list these intricate localized coherent structures for the eld g, which may exist in certain situations: when the function is chosen to be a suitable single-valued function of (y 2Bt) while is selected via the relations[2,3]
M

in Eqs. (24) and (25), then we can derive a propagating two-peakon excitation for the eld g expressed by Eq. (22). The corresponding two-peakon excitation prole is depicted in Fig. 2. It is interesting to mention that based on the evolutional Figs. 1 and 2 and by theoretical analysis, we have reveried the preceding results:[2,3] for the dromion-dromion collision it is completely elastic while for the peakonpeakon interaction it is nonelastic, since the former preserves their amplitudes, wave shapes, and velocities while the latter changes their amplitudes though they preserves their velocities and wave shapes after collision. However, there are also some novel evolutional properties for the peakon-peakon interaction, which had not been revealed in the preceding results.[2,3] It has been reported that the amplitudes of interacting peakons will exchange completely after collision.[2] But for the interaction between peakon-peakon presented in Fig. 2, their amplitudes are apparently not limited to exchanging each other though their wave shapes and velocities are still preserved after collision. 3.2 Multiple-Valued Localized Excitations Now let us discuss some multiple-valued localized excitations for the eld g (22). In various real situations, it is impossible to describe the natural world only by single valued functions. For instance, there are many complicated phenomena such as folded protein, folded brain, folded skin surfaces, and many other kinds of folded biologic systems in the real world. To study these complicated folded natural phenomena is very dicult. Actually, at the present stage, it is even impossible to give a relatively complete view on these complicated folded natural phenomena. However in the current paper, we may pay our

x =
j=1

j ( + dj t) ,
M

x=+
j=1

j ( + dj t) ,

x x d ,

(28)

where dj , {j = 1, 2, . . . , M } are arbitrary constants and j , j are localized excitations with properties j () = 0, j () = consts. For example, when x = sech2 () + 0.5sech2 ( 0.5t) + 0.8sech2 ( + 0.5t) , x = 1.5 tanh() 1.5 tanh( 0.5t) 1.5 tanh( + 0.5t) , = 1 + tanh(y 2Bt), B = 0.5 , (29) (30)

for the eld g (22), then we can derive a three-semifolded localized excitation without phase shift. The corresponding evolution prole of the semifolded localized coherent structure is presented in Fig. 3. From Fig. 3, one can nd that the semifolded localized coherent structures possess novel properties, which fold in the x direction and localize in a single valued way in the y direction like bells, so we usually call them bell-like loop solitons. Moreover, according to Fig. 3 and by theoretical analysis, one can nd the interaction between the three-loop solitons is elastic due to their amplitudes, velocities, and wave shapes completely preserved after their collision. Meanwhile, we do not nd any phase shift for the three-loop solitons interaction, which is apparently dierent with some foldons interaction with phase shift reported in Ref. [2].

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Fig. 3 The evolution of interaction between three bell-like loop solitons for the eld g expressed by Eq. (22) with conditions (29) and (30) at times (a) t = 10, (b) t = 0, (c) t = 10, (d) t = 16. (e) A sectional view related to (a) at y = 20. (f) A sectional view related to (c) at y = 20.

4 Summary and Discussion

In summary, by means of an extended projective method, the (2+1)-dimensional GBK system is successfully solved. Based on the derived new type of variable separation solution with two arbitrary functions, we have found abundant localized excitations such as dromions, peakons, and foldons by selecting the arbitrary functions appropriately. Now an interesting thing one may ask is: why the eld g expressed by Eq. (22) yields rich solutions of the formula (1). The main reason is that, comparing the formula (1) with the solution g (22), one can nd that they are essentially equivalent when choosing some parameters appropriately. For instance, when taking variable transformations P = exp(2), Q = exp(2) for P and Q in Eq. (1), then we can obtain (a2 a1 a3 a0 )y x U= , [ a0 a3 cosh( + + C1 ) + a1 a2 cosh( + C2 )]2 (31)

where (x, t) and (y 2Bt) are two arbitrary functions of the indicated variables and C1 = (1/2) ln(a3 /a0 ), C2 = (1/2) ln(a1 /a2 ). As setting a0 = a3 and a1 = a2 = 0, equation (31) reads U = x y sech2 ( + ) . (32) Comparing Eq. (32) with Eq. (22), one can easily derive their simple algebraic relation: g = (2/)U . In a similar way, by choosing some appropriate parameters, one can further verify that the solution g5 (22) and the formula (1) are essentially equivalent, too. Therefore, even according to the solution g5 (21), we can also obtain abundant propagating

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solitons similar to the soliton solutions of the formula (1). In other words, all the localized excitations based on the formula (1) can be re-derived from the solution g5 (21) and the solution g (22). Anyway, our present paper is only a beginning work. We expect that the mapping approach (projective method) applied in our present work may be further extended to other nonlinear physical systems.

Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Profs. J.F. Zhang, L.Q. Chen, J.P. Fang, and Drs. Z.Y. Ma and W.H. Huang for the fruitful discussions and helpful suggestions.

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