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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 21, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2006

Power Engineering Letters

Prony Analysis Technique for Estimation of the Mean Curve of Lightning Impulses
E. A. Feilat, Senior Member, IEEE
AbstractThis paper presents a novel technique for the determination of the parameters of the lightning impulse. Prony analysis is applied to analytical lightning impulse waveforms with oscillations and/or overshoots to decompose the waveform into its modal components. The mean curve of the lightning impulse is then reconstructed using a double exponential model after removing all high-frequency and damped components from the simulated impulse. Three cases of lightning impulse waveforms were investigated, including standard lightning impulse, lightning impulse with front and peak oscillations, and lightning impulse with overshoot. The simulation results show that the technique is applicable and easy to implement. Index TermsDigital signal processing, high-voltage testing, lightning impulse, mean curve, Prony analysis, simulation.

Next, a mean curve of the lightning impulse is reconstructed as a sum of only the highest two exponential modes after removing the other high-frequency and exponential modes of the tting signal. II. PRONY ANALYSIS DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUE Prony analysis has been shown to be a viable technique to model a linear sum of complex exponential to signals that are uniformly sampled [4]. It gives an optimal t to the measured signal in the sense of the least-squared error (LSE) technique. samples of the input signal are recorded as Assuming , then is approximated as a linear combination of distinct modes

I. INTRODUCTION OWER transmission and distribution systems are subjected to overvoltages caused by lightning surges yielding to unequal voltage stress distribution along the insulation and may lead to breakdown of the insulation system. It has therefore become necessary to evaluate the insulation behavior under lightning impulse voltages. The lightning impulse is generally characterized in terms of its peak value, front time , and timeto-half-value . A standard lightning impulse is a full lightning s and s with impulse having % for % for , and % for the peak tolerances of [1]. These parameters can be calculated easily for an value analog or digital recorded smooth lightning impulse. However, when the impulse is superimposed by oscillations or overshoot caused by the inductance of the tested load, then it becomes difcult to estimate these parameters. International standards require that the parameters are to be determined manually from a mean curve that can be obtained graphically by the high-voltage testing operator, or determined mathematically using signal processing techniques applied to digitally recorded data [1]. Several signal processing techniques have been proposed to estimate the mean curve of lightning impulses with oscillations and/or overshoot including wavelets, Kalman ltering, and nonlinear regression-based techniques [2], [3]. In this paper, the Prony analysis decomposition technique has been used for the exact tting of typical analytical lightning impulses by estimating all modal contents of the light impulse.

(1) where is the amplitude, is the damping factor, is the is the sampling time, and is the initial angular frequency, phase angle and . The distinct eigenvalues s and amplitudes s can be estimated using the LSE minimization technique of the squared error over samples of the (2) Equation (2) can be solved following the three steps of Prony analysis method. Step 1) Construct a linear prediction model (LPM) (3) Repeating (3) times to form the LPM . The least-square estimate of A can be obtained using the pseudoinverse of matrix . Step 2) Find the roots (eigenvalues) of the characteristic polynomial associated with the LPM of Step 1) (4) where .

Manuscript received October 25, 2005. Paper no. PESL-00090-2005. The author is with the Electrical Power Engineering Department, Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid 211-63, Jordan (e-mail: eafeilat@yu.edu.jo). Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPWRD.2006.881984

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Fig. 1. Mean curve estimation of the standard lightning impulse.

Fig. 2. Mean curve estimation of lightning impulse with overshoot.

TABLE I ESTIMATES OF THE MODAL PARAMETERS OF THE MEAN CURVE

Step 3) Estimate the amplitude and phase angle of each mode . Likeobtained in Step 2) by solving (2) or wise, the least-square estimate of B can be obtained using the pseudoinverse of matrix . Accordingly, the estimated signal may be expressed as (5) For accurate estimation of the Prony LPM (5) to the simulated , the number of samples (measured) lightning impulse and the number of modes are varied until perfect tness is obtained. As all of the modal components of the lightning impulse are obtained, the mean curve of the lightning impulse is reconstructed only from the highest double exponential modes after removing all other exponential and frequency components of the estimated lightning impulse (6) III. SIMULATION RESULTS A. Case 1: Standard Lightning Impulse Three hundred fty samples of a discrete signal representing a standard lightning impulse were generated using the following equation: (7) , and s( MHz). Fig. 1 shows the Prony t, the mean curve and residue of the standard lightning impulse. Estimates of the parameters of the are listed in Table I. It can be seen that mean curve with the mean curve perfectly ts the generated impulse. , and The parameters of the standard lightning impulse ( ) were calculated as prescribed in [3] using the mean curve where

Fig. 3. Mean curve estimation of a lightning impulse with front oscillations.

. The results are s, and

s, s.

B. Case 2: Lightning Impulse With Overshoot The mean curve of a lightning impulse with overshoot is analyzed in this case. The distorted impulse was generated using the expression

(8) and . The number of modes where is adjusted to . Exact Prony tness was obtained as shown in Fig. 2. The mean curve is constructed from two exponential modes with parameters estimated exactly as in Table I. C. Case 3 Lightning Impulse With Front Oscillations Fig. 3 shows the estimated mean curve and residue of a lightning impulse with front and peak oscillations. The distorted impulse was generated using the expression

(9) and s. The where and number of samples and modes are adjusted to . An exact Prony t was obtained. The mean curve was also reconstructed from the two estimated exponential modes with parameters that are exactly as those of Table I.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 21, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2006

IV. CONCLUSION A new technique for estimating the mean curve of a lightning impulse with oscillation and/or overshoot based on the Prony analysis has been presented. The mean curve is constructed from a double exponential model after removing all high-frequency components from analytical distorted lightning impulses. The simulation results indicate that the technique is applicable. The application of the proposed method on digitally recorded data and data superimposed with noise is under investigation.

REFERENCES [1] IEEE Standard Technique for High-Voltage Testing, IEEE Std. 4, 1995. [2] L. Satish and B. I. Gururaj, Wavelet analysis for estimation of meancurve of impulse waveforms superimposed by noise, oscillations and overshoot, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 116121, Jan. 2001. [3] Y. M. Li, J. Kuffel, and W. Janischewskyj, Exponential tting algorithms for digitally recorded high voltage impulse parameters evaluation, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 17271735, Oct. 1993. [4] Z. Leonowicz, T. Lobos, and J. Rezmer, Advanced spectrum estimation method for signal analysis in power electronics, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 16, Jul. 2003.