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1. CARTESIAN COMPLEX NUMBERS

1.1 INTRODUCTION
2

Try to solve this quadratic equation : x + 2 x + 5 = 0 By using quadratic formula : the discriminant , = b 4ac = ( 2) 4(1)(5) = 16
2 2

the solution :

x=

(2) 16 2(1)

1 however if an operator j is defined as but it is not possible to evaluate 2 j = 1 then the solution may be expressed as :

x=

(2) 16 2 j4 = = 1 j 2 2(1) 2

1 + j 2 and 1 j 2 are known as COMPLEX NUMBERS .

Both solutions are of the form :

x
Complex number

1
Real part

j2
Imaginary part

jb

this form is known as the CARTESIAN COMPLEX NUMBERS ( ALGEBRAIC FORM )

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1.2

EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1 : Solve the quadratic equation ,

x2 + 4 = 0

x2 + 4 = 0 x 2 = 4 x = j2

EXAMPLE 2 : Solve the quadratic equation , 2 x 2 + 3 x + 5 = 0

3 32 4(2)(5) x= 2( 2) 3 9 40 4 3 36 4 3 j6 4

x=

x=

x=

3 3 x= j 4 2

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1.3

POWERS OF j

j0 j1 j2 j3 j4 j5

( 1) 0
1

j -1 -j 1 j

( 1)( 1)

j2j = (-1)j j2j2 = (-1)(-1) j4j = (1)j

In general we can bring the power to the nearest multiplication of 4 :

j 4p+0 = j 4p+1 = j 4p+2 = j 4p+3 =

1 j -1 -j
where p Z

1.4

DOMAIN

The domain of the complex number is C where R is an element of C R C R C

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1.5 THE ARGAND DIAGRAM A complex number may be represented graphically on rectangular or cartesian axes . The horizontal ( or x ) axis is used to represent the real axis and the vertical ( or y ) axis is used to represent the imaginary axis . Such a diagram is called an ARGAND DIAGRAM . EXAMPLES : Represent Argand points A = 3 + j2 , B = -2 + j4 , C = -3 j3 , D = 2 j2

Imaginary Axis B 4

-3

-2 -2

2 D

Real Axis

-3

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2. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION - ALGEBRAIC FORM

Two complex numbers are added / subtracted by adding / subtracting separately the two real parts and two imaginary parts . Given two complex number 2.1 IDENTITY If two complex numbers are equal , then their real parts are equal and their imaginary parts are equal . Hence , two complex numbers are identical , i.e Z = W if : a=c and b=d Z=a+jb and W=c+jd

EXAMPLE : Solve the complex equations ; (a)

2( x + jy ) = 6 j 3
2 x + j 2 y = 6 j3
[ Re ]

SOLUTION

Therefore

2x = 6 6 2 x=3 x=

[ Im ]

2 y = 3 y= 3 2

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(b)

(1 + j 2)( 2 j3) = a +

jb

SOLUTION

(1 + j 2)(2 j 3) = a + jb (2 + 6) + j (4 3) = a + jb 4 j 7 = a + jb
Therefore : [ Re ] : a = 4 and [ Im ] : b = - 7

2.2 ADDITION & SUBTRACTION The sum of two complex number , i.e Z+W

z + w = (a + jb) + (c + jd ) z + w = (a + c) + j (b + d )
EXAMPLE Given :

z = 2 + j3

and

w = 1 j 4

z + w = [ 2 + (1)] + j[3 + ( 4)] z + w = 1 j

The difference of two complex number , i.e Z-W

z w = (a + jb) (c + jd ) z w = (a c) + j (b d )
EXAMPLE Given :

z = 2 + j3
z w = 3 + j7

and

w = 1 j 4

z w = [2 (1)] + j[3 (4)]

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The addition and subtraction of complex numbers may be achieved graphically in the Argand diagram . Represent Example 1 and Example 2 in the Argand diagram . Addition
IMAGINARY AXIS

z + w = 1 j

-1

REAL AXIS

-4
IMAGINARY AXIS

Subtraction

z w = 3 + j7

7 z

z
REAL AXIS

-1

-4

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2.3 SCALAR MULTIPLICATION If Z=a+jb and k R , where k is a scalar ; then k Z ,

kz = k (a + jb) kz = ka + jkb
EXAMPLE 3 : Given Z1 = 2 + j4 and Z2 = 3 - j Determine :

(a)

4Z1 =

4( 2 + j 4) = 8 + j16

(b)

5 Z2 = 5(3 j ) = 15 j 5

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3. MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION - ALGEBRAIC FORM

3.1 MULTIPLICATION
Multiplication of complex numbers is achieved by assuming all quantities involved are real and using j 2 = -1 to simplify : Given two complex numbers : Z = a + jb and W = c + jd The product of two complex number , i.e Z . W

z w = (a + jb)(c + jd )
by using F O I L method

z w = ac + jad + jbc + jjbd z w = ac + jad + jbc + j 2bd z w = ac + jad + jbc bd z w = ( ac bd ) + j (ad + bc )

Z.W =

(ac bd ) + j (ad + bc)

EXAMPLE : multiply the following complex number (a) ( 3 + j2 )( 4 - j5 ) = (3)(4) + (3)( j 5) + ( j12)(4) + ( j 2)( j 5) = 22 j12 ( -2 + 5j )( -5 + 2j ) = ( 2)(5) + (2)( j 2) + ( j 5)( j 2) + ( j 5)( j 5) = j 29

(b)

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3.2 COMPLEX CONJUGATE The complex conjugate of a complex number is obtained by changing the sign of the imaginary part . Hence the complex conjugate of :

Z =a+jb W=c-jd

is is

Z= a - j b
W=c+jd

EXAMPLE : Let Z = 2 + j5 1. The complex conjugate of Z , is z = 2 j 5 2. Calculate Z . Z : CONCLUSION : The product of number. the complex number and its conjugate Z . Z is always a real

z z = 2 2 + 52 =

4 + 9 = 13

EXAMPLE : Let Q = 1 + j2 and R = 3 + j4 Calculate Q + R

1.

Solution

Q + R = (1 + j 2) + (3 + j 4) = 4 + j 6
Therefore

Q = 1 j2

Q + R = 4 j6

or

R = 3 j4 Q + R = 4 j6

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2.

Calculate QR

Solution
QR = (1 j 2)(3 j 4) QR = (3 8) + j (4 6) QR = 5 j10

or

QR = (1 + j 2)(3 + j 4) QR = (3 8) + j (4 + 6) QR = 5 + j10 QR = 5 j10

3.

Calculate Q 2

Solution

Q = (1 j 2) 2 Q = 1 j4 + j 4
2 2 2

Q 2 = (1 + j 2) 2

or

Q2 = 1 + j4 + j 2 4 Q 2 = 3 + j 4 Q 2 = 3 j 4

Q = 3 j 4

From the previous examples , we can conclude that the :

3.3 PROPERTIES OF the COMPLEX CONJUGATES

z+w= z+w zw = z w zn = z

()

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The geometric interpretation of the complex conjugate ( shown below ) Z is the reflection of Z in the real axis . Im

Z = a + jb
j Re O -j

Z = a jb
3.4 DIVISION Division of complex numbers is achieved by multiplying both numerator and denominator by the complex conjugate of the denominator . Given two complex numbers : Z = a + jb and W = c + jd

The quotient of two complex number , i.e ; Z / W

z (a + jb) = w (c + jd ) z (a + jb)(c jd ) = w (c + jd )(c jd ) z (ac + bd ) + j (bc ad ) = w c2 + d 2

z (ac + bd ) (bc ad ) = 2 + j 2 w c +d2 c +d2

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EXAMPLE : evaluate the following

2 j5 3 + j4

z [(2)(3) + (5)(4)] + j[(5)(3) (2)(4)] = (3) 2 + (4) 2 w z (6 20) + j (15 8) = 9 + 16 w z 14 j 23 = 25 w 14 23 z = j 25 25 w

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4. THE TRIGONOMETRIC FORM AND THE POLAR FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Let a complex number Z = a + jb as shown in the Argand Diagram below. Let the distance OZ be r and the angle OZ makes with the positive real axis be . Imaginary axis Z r jb Real axis a A

O From the trigonometry of right angle triangle : a = r cos and b = r sin

Hence : Z = a + jb = r cos + jr sin =

4.2 TRIGONOMETRIC FORM AND POLAR FORM

r (cos + j sin )

Z = r ( cos + j sin ) known as the TRIGONOMETRIC FORM is usually abbreviated to Z = [ r , ] or Z = r which is known as the POLAR FORM of a complex number . 4.3 MODULUS / MAGNITUDE r is called the modulus or magnitude of Z and is written as mod Z or Z r is determined by using Pythagoras Theorem on triangle OAZ : mod Z = Z = r =

a 2 + b2

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4.4 ARGUMENT / AMPLITUDE

is called the argument or amplitude of Z and is written as arg Z . By trigonometry on triangle OAZ :
arg Z =

arctan

b a

algebraic form

j b

Z =

j r sin

r cos +

trigonometric form Z

r (cos + j sin )

polar form

[r , ]

or r

EXAMPLE 1 : Determine the modulus and argument of the complex number Z = 2 + j3 and express Z (i) in trigonometric form and (ii) in polar form Solution Find r and ,

r = 22 + 32 = 4 + 9 = 13
= arctan
(i) (ii)

3 = 56.3 2

trigonometric form

z = 13 (cos 56.3 + j sin 56.3)

Polar form

z = 1356.3

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EXAMPLE 2 Express the following complex numbers in (i) in trigonometric form in polar form Represent each complex numbers on the Argand diagram SOLUTION (i)
Im

and

(ii)

z = 3 + j4
z

j4

r = 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5

= tan 1

4 b = tan 1 = 53.1o 3 a

Re

Therefore;

z = 5(cos 53.1 + j sin 53.1)

Im

(ii)

z = 3 + j 4

r = (3) 2 + 4 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5

' = tan 1
Therefore;

4 = 53.1 3

j4

'
= 180 53.1 = 126.9
z = 5(cos126.9 + j sin 126.9)
-3

Re

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(iii)

z = 3 j 4

-3 -j4

Im

r = (3) 2 + (4) 2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5

' = tan

4 = 53.1 3

'

Re

Therefore the actual

= 180 + 53.1 = 233.1

z = 5(cos 233.1 + j sin 233.1)

(iv)

z = 3 j4
Im
2 2

r = (3) + (4) = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5

' = tan 1

4 = 53.1 3

Therefore ;

'
z = 5(cos(53.1) + j sin( 53.1))
z

Re

- j4

or

= 360 53.1 = 306.9

z = 5(cos(306.9) + j sin(306.9))

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EXAMPLE 3 : Convert the following complex numbers into a + jb form , correct to 4 significant figures . (a) Z = 4 30

z = 4(cos 30 + j sin 30) z = 3.464 + j 2.000

(b) Z = 7 -145

z = 7(cos 145 + j sin 145) z = 5.734 j 4.015

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5. MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION TRIGONOMETRIC / POLAR FORM

5.1 TRIGONOMETRIC FORM Given two complex numbers : Z = r ( cos + j sin ) and 5.1.1 CONJUGATE The conjugate of The conjugate of 5.1.2 Z is W is W = p ( cos + j sin )

Z = r ( cos - j sin ) W = p ( cos - j sin )

MULTIPLICATION

The product of two complex numbers , i.e Z.W Z.W = = = = =

r (cos + j sin ) p (cos + j sin ) rp (cos + j sin )(cos + j sin ) rp (cos cos + j sin cos + j sin cos + j 2 sin sin ) rp (cos cos sin sin + j sin cos + j sin cos ) rp[(cos cos sin sin ) + j (sin cos + sin cos )]

Apply the trigonometry-sum identities

z w = rp[cos( + ) + j sin( + )]
EXAMPLE Given Z = 2 ( cos 30 + j sin 30 ) and W = 5 ( cos [-45] + j sin [-45] ) Evaluate in trigonometric form Z .W Solution Therefore

z w = (2)(5)[cos{30 + (45)} + j sin{30 + (45)}] z w = 10[cos(15) + j sin(15)]

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5.1.3

DIVISION

The quotient of two complex numbers , i.e

Z W

Z W

r (cos + j sin ) p(cos + j sin )

We have to multiply the numerator and the denominator with the conjugate of the denominator

Z W

= = = =

r (cos + j sin ) (cos j sin ) p(cos + j sin ) (cos j sin ) r (cos cos j sin cos + j sin cos j 2 sin sin ) p(cos 2 + sin 2 ) r[cos cos + j ( sin cos + sin cos ) (1)(sin sin )] p (1) r[(cos cos + sin sin ) + j (sin cos sin cos )] p

z r = [cos( ) + j sin( )] w p
Apply the trigonometry-sum identities

z r = [cos( ) + j sin( )] w p
EXAMPLE Given Z = 2 ( cos 30 + j sin 30 ) and W = 5 ( cos [-45] + j sin [-45] ) Z Evaluate in trigonometric form W Solution

z 2 = [cos(30 (45)) + j sin(30 (45))] w 5 z 2 = [cos 75 + j sin 75] w 5

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5.2 POLAR FORM Given two complex numbers : Z = r and W = p 5.2.1 MULTIPLICATION

The product of two complex numbers , i.e Z.W Z.W = r x p or

z w = [rp, + ] = rp +

EXAMPLE : Determine in polar form (1) 8 25 4 60

= (8)( 4)25 + 60 = 3285

(2) 3 16 5 -44 4 60
= (3)(5)(4)16 44 + 60 = 6032

5.2.2

DIVISION

The quotient of two complex numbers , i.e

Z W

[r , ] [ p, ]

Z W

or

z r = [ , ( )] w p

EXAMPLE : Evaluate in polar form (1)

16 75o = 16 (75 15) = 860 2 215o

10

12

(2)

2 = 10 12 + = 20 13 12 6 4 2 3

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6. THE EXPONENTIAL FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

6.1 EXPONENTIAL FORM The exponential form of complex number : where :

z = re

Where is in radian

= c o s + j s in

Given two complex numbers :

Z = re j

and

W = pe j

6.1.1

CONJUGATE The conjugate of

The conjugate of

Z = re j
W = pe j

is
is

Z = re j
W = pe j

6.1.2

MULTIPLICATION

The product of two complex number , ie Z.W Z.W =

( re j )( pe j )

z w = rpe j + j = rpe j ( + )
Example Given two complex numbers : Therefore

z = 10e
j(

and

w = 5e
j 5 6

z w = (10 )( 5) e

= 50 e

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6.1.3

DIVISION

The quotient of two complex numbers , ie Z / W

Z/W =

re j pe j

z r j j r j ( ) = e = e p w p
Example Given two complex numbers : Therefore
j z 10 j ( 2 3 ) = e = 2e 6 w 5

z = 10e

and

w = 5e

6.1.4

EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1 : Change ( 3 - j4 ) into (a) polar form (b) exponential form Solution Find r and ;

r = 32 + (4) 2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5

4 = 53.1 3 Actual = 180 53.1 = 126.9

= arctan

(a) Polar form : (b) Exponential form:

5126.9

5e j 2.21 (Convert 126.1 into 2.21 radian)

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j 1.5

EXAMPLE 2 : Convert 7.2 e Solution Find a and b

into algebraic form

a = r cos = 7.2 cos 85.94 = 0.51 b = r sin = 7.2 sin 85.94 = 7.18
Therefore algebraic form : 0.51+j7.18

EXAMPLE 3 : Express Z = 2e Solution

1 + j /3

in algebraic form

z = 2e e

= 2e e j 60

a = r cos = 2e cos 60 = 2.72 b = r sin = 2e sin 60 = 4.71

Algebraic form: z = 2.72 + j 4.71

EXAMPLE 4 : Change 6 e Solution

2 - j3

into the algebraic form

z = 6e 2 e

j3

a = r cos = 6e 2 cos 3 = 43.89 b = r sin = 6e 2 sin 3 = 6.26

Algebraic form: z = 43.89 + j 6.26

( mode radian )

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6.2 DE MOIVRES THEOREM By repeating the multiplication of the same complex number , we get : TRIGONOMETRIC FORM Z = r ( cos + j sin ) Z2 = r2 ( cos 2 + j sin 2 ) Z3 = r3 ( cos 3 + j sin 3 ) EXPONENTIAL FORM Z=re
j j 2 j 3

POLAR FORM Z=r Z2 = r2 2 Z3 = r3 3

Z2 = r2 e Z3 = r3 e

In general we can write the above results , named after the French mathematician ,Abraham De Moivre , as De Moivres Theorem Z = r ( cos n + j sin n )
n n n n j n

Z =r e

Z = r n

The theorem is true for all positive , negative or fractional values of n . The theorem is used to determine powers and roots of complex numbers . 6.2.1 POWERS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1: Determine the following complex numbers in polar form . i. Solution Solve for [ 235 ]5

[2,35]5 = [25 , (5)(35)] = [32,175]

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ii. Solution

( -2 + j3 ) 6

Convert the algebraic form into trigonometric form Find r and

r = (2) 2 + (3) 2 r = 4+9 r = 13

Therefore:

= arctan( ) = 56

3 2

[ 13 (cos124 + j sin 124)]6 = [{ 13 )6 (cos(6 124) + j sin(6 124)] = 2197(cos 744 + j sin 744)
EXAMPLE 2: Determine the value of ( 2 + j3 )3 , expressing the result in both polar and algebraic form . Solution Convert 2 + j 3 into polar form

r = 13

= arctan
Therefore

3 = 56.31 2
3 2

[ 13 ,56.31] = [13 ,3 56.31]

3

= [13 ,168.93]
Algebraic form

3 2

(2 + j 3)3 = 46 + j 9

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4

EXAMPLE 3 : Determine the value of ( -7 + j5 ) , expressing the result in algebraic form . Solution Convert the algebraic form into trigonometric form Find r and

r = (7) 2 + (5) 2 r = 49 + 25 r = 74
Therefore:

= arctan( ) = 35.54

5 7

[ 74 (cos 35.54 + j sin 35.54)] 6 = [{ 74 ) 6 (cos(6 35.54) + j sin(6 35.54)] = 405224(cos 213.24 + j sin 213.24)
Polar form: [5476,577.85] Algebraic form: 4324 j 3360

6.2.2

ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

The square root of a complex number is determined by letting n = in De Moivres Theorem , i.e

1 [r ] = [r ]1/ 2 = r 1/ 2 = r 2 2
There are two square roots of a real number , equal in size but opposite in sign . EXAMPLE : Solution

[ 4 60o ] = 60 = 230 2

[460] = 4

or [460 = 2180 + 30 = 2210

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7.
1.

EXERCISES
Solve the following quadratic equation and write down : a : the real part (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) and b : the imaginary part a : ______ a : ______ a : ______ a : ______ a : ______ b : ______ b : ______ b : ______ b : ______ b : ______

CARTESIAN COMPLEX NUMBERS

2x2 + 5x + 7 = 0 2x ( x + 2 ) = - 9 9x2 - 2x + 28 = 3 - 2x 2x2 - 4x + 5 = 0 x2 + 2x + 2 = 0

2.

Show on the Argand Diagram the following complex number (a) (c) Z=7 R = -3 -j4 (b) (d) W = -4 + j Q = -j4 (e) V = 5 + j12

3.

Evaluate : (a) (d) j

86

j 24

(b) (e)

j 45 -4 / j 23

(c)

j 105

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION ALGEBRAIC FORM 4. (a) (c) (e) (g) (i) (k) Calculate the following complex number : ( 7 + j5 ) + ( -18 + j9 ) ( 5 + j ) + ( 5 - j9 ) ( 7 - j6 ) + ( -6 -j5 ) ( 10 - j5 ) - ( 2 + j5 ) ( 8 + j5 ) - ( 9 ) ( 8 + j2 ) + ( -9 - j ) (b) (d) (f) (h) (j) (l) (n)
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( -6 - j9 ) + ( 5 + j3 ) ( 12 + j4 ) + ( j3 ) ( j16 ) - ( 6 - j5 ) ( 6 + j8 ) - ( 7 - j4 ) ( 25 + j8 ) + ( 6 - j5 ) - ( 5 + j ) ( 1 - j ) - ( 2 + j2 ) + ( 3 + j7 ) ( 4 + j 3 ) - ( 8 + j4 )

(m) ( 3 + j7 ) + ( 2 - j )

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5.

Given Z = 5 + j6 (a) (c) (e) (g) (i) (k) (m) 10Z 2Z + 3W Z-W -Z + W 9Z + 9W 1/3W - 1/4Z 4Z W

and W = 6 + j (b) (d) (f) (h) (j) (l) (n)

, calculate : 15W 4W + Z Z-W 5Z - 2W Z+W W+Z 2Z + 4W

(o) 5W + 3Z 6. Let Z = ( 4 + j7 ) and W = ( 3 j2 )

(a) Represent Z and W as two vectors on in the Argand Diagram ( on the same diagram ) (b) Represent Z + W on the Argand Diagram ( geometrically ) without calculating 7. Let V = ( 4 + j6 ) and G = ( 2 j5 )

(a) Represent V and G as two vectors on in the Argand Diagram ( on the same diagram ) (b) Represent V - G on the Argand Diagram ( geometrically ) without calculating MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION ALGEBRAIC FORM 8. Find the following product and express the answer in the algebraic form . (a) ( 8 - j7 )( 8 + j7 ) (c) ( 2 - j8 )( - j5 ) (e) ( 3 - j5 )( 9 + j5 ) (g) ( 8 - j3 )( 5 + j8 ) (i) ( 3 + j8 )( 5 + j9 ) (b) ( -6 - j8 )( -6 + j8 ) (d) ( 5 + j7 )2 (f) ( 2 + j6 )( 6 - j ) (h) ( 6 - j8 )( - j4 ) (j) ( 3 - j )( 6 + j2 )
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9.

Find the following quotient and express the answer in the algebraic form .

(a)

( 4 + j 9 ) (3 j 6)

(b)

(3 j5) j4

(c)

7 j9

(d)

(3 + j 2) ( 6 + j5)

(e)

( 1 j ) (2 j 3)

10. The total impedance of an ac circuit containing two impedance Z1 and Z2 in parallel is given by ZZ ZT = 1 2 Z1 + Z2 (a) (b) Find ZT when Z1 = 1 + j k and Z2 = 1 - j2 k Find ZT when Z1 = 3 + j5 k and Z2 = 5 - j4 k

11. Find the conjugate of Z and the multiplication of Z . Z (a) Z = 4 + j5 (d) Z = 6 - j3 12. Find Z + W and Z .W (a) (c) (e) Z = 5 + j6 Z = 6 - j5 Z=7-j W = 3 - j2 W = -2 - j6 W = -j3 (b) (d) Z = 4 + j6 Z = -6 + j7 W = -4 + j4 W = 6 - j5 (b) Z = -3 - j6 (e) Z = 8 + j4 (c) Z = 4 - j8

13. Represent these complex numbers and their conjugate in the Argand Diagram (a) (d) Z = 2 + j5 Y = -6 -j8 (b) (e) W = 4 - j7 Q = j8 (c) V = -5 + j4

14. If Z1 = 1 - j3 , Z2 = -2 + j5 , Z3 = -3 - j4 ; determine in a + jb form : (a) Z1Z2 (b)

Z1 Z3

(c)

Z1Z2 Z1 + Z2

(d)

Z1Z2Z3

E2 - 30 MATHEMATICS UNIT

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COMPLEX NUMBER E2

TRIGONOMETRIC AND POLAR FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER 15 . Given : Z = 7 + j5 a. Draw the projection of the complex number on the Argand Diagram b. Find the modulus c. Find the argument d. Write down the trigonometric form of Z e. Write down the polar form of Z 16. Given : Z = -3 - j4 a. Draw the projection of the complex number on the Argand Diagram b. Find the modulus c. Find the argument d. Write down the trigonometric form of Z e. Write down the polar form of Z 17. Complete the following table
ALGEBRAIC FORM MODULUS Z ARGUMENT TRIGONOMETRIC FORM POLAR FORM

Z = -5 + j2 Z = 5 - j5 Z = [ 5 , 35 ] Z = 4 + j3 Z = [ 4 , 55 ] Z = 5(cos 120+jsin120 ) Z = [ 3 , 110 ] Z=32(cos 310 + jsin 310) Z = 5 - j53 Z = -2 + 0j

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COMPLEX NUMBER E2

ADDITION / SUBTRACTION / MULTIPLICATION / DIVISION TRIGONOMETRIC FORM , POLAR FORM 18. Evaluate in polar form 230 + 5-45 - 4120 NOTE : complex Addition and subtraction in polar form is not possible directly . Each number has to be converted into cartesian form first

19. Express the given cartesian complex numbers in polar form , leaving answers in surd form . (a) (d) 2 + j3 -j3 (b) (e) -4 (-2 + j )3 (c) (f) -6 + j j3 ( 1 - j )

20. Convert the given polar complex numbers into algebraic form giving answers correct to 4 significant figures . (a) (d) 530 6125 (b) (e) 360 4 (c) (f) 745 3.5-120

21. Evaluate in polar form . (a) (c) (e) 320 1545 6.427 2-15 (b) (d) (f) 2.465 4.4-21 530 480 10-40 2120 + 5.258 - 1.6-40

+ 3

22. Find the product , Z .W and then the quotient , (a) (b) (c) Z = 23(cos 260 + j sin 260) and Z = 3(cos 120 + j sin 120) and

Z ( in trigonometric form ) W

W = 43(cos 320 + j sin 320) W = 23(cos 310 + j sin 310)

Z = 3 ( cos 110 + j sin 110 ) and W = ( cos 28 + j sin 28 )

(d) Z = 5 ( cos 20 + j sin 20 ) and W = 4 ( cos 55 + j sin 55 )

E2 - 32 MATHEMATICS UNIT

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COMPLEX NUMBER E2

23. Determine the two square roots of the complex number ( 5 + j12 ) in polar and Cartesian forms and show the roots on an Argand Diagram 24. Find the roots of ( 5 + j3 )1/2 in algebraic form , correct to 4 significant figures EXPONENTIAL FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER 25. Change the following complex number to exponential form (a) (b) (c) z=1+j w=-1 Q =- - j

26. Change the following complex number to the algebraic form (a) (b) (c) z = e I z = 2 e i/6 z = e 1 + i/3

27. Use De Moivres Theorem to find the indicated powers . Express the results in a + jb (a) (b) (c) (d) z=(1+j) z=(-1+j) z =2(cos 15 + jsin15) z =2(cos 50 + jsin50) , , , , z20 z10 z5 z4

E2 - 33 MATHEMATICS UNIT