ISSN 1479-3889 (print), 1479-3897 (online)

International Journal of Nonlinear Science

Vol.2 (2006) No.1, pp. 29-38
Application of the Adomian Decomposition Method
to Fully Nonlinear Sine-Gordon Equation
Yuchun Wang
1
, Lixia Wang, Wenbin Zhang
Nonlinear Scientic Research Center, Faculty of Science,
Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P.R.China
(Received 2 February 2006, accepted 8 May 2006)
Abstract: In this paper, a type of fully nonlinear Sine-Gordon equations and the approxi-
mate Sine-Gordon equation (under the condition: |u
p
|is very small) are studied.Through proper
transformation, some initial value problems of many equations with special nonlinear terms are
solved by the Adomian decomposition method and some exact solutions: kink solution ,com-
pacton solution, multi-compacton solution, and compacton-kink solution. Some new types of
solutions are also generated by combining different kinds of solutions.
Keywords: The fully nonlinear Sine-Gordon equation; the approximate S-G equation; the
modied Adomian decomposition method;Adomian polynomials, compacton solution
1 Introduction
As is well known, various physical phenomena in engineering and physics may be described by non-
linear differential equations. In order to get some information about the physical systems, the exact and
approximate solutions of these equations must be given, especially some solitary solutions with physical
context. Compactons are a new class of localized solutions to families of fully nonlinear dispersive par-
tial differential equations. They are proved to collide elastically and vanish identically outside a nite core
region. two important features of compactons structures are observed:
(1)Compactons are solitons characterized by the absence of exponential wings or innite tails.
(2)The width of compactons is independent of the amplitude.
Studying special solitons to nonlinear equations in mathematical physics has become more and more
attractive in solitary theory [1-8]. For example, in 1993, Rosenau and Hyman[1] introduced a class of
solitary waves with compact support in fully nonlinear KdV equation K(m,n):
u
t
+ (u
m
)
x
+ (u
n
)
3x
= 0, m > 0, 1 < n < 3
Yan Zhen-ya[4] studied nonlinear dispersive Boussinesq equation B(m,n) and obtained compacton so-
lutions and the solutions with solitary patterns having cups or innite slopes. Unlike classical solitons, the
compactons are nonanalytic solutions. Four main methods of handling the compactons structures are the
psendo-spectral method, the tri-Hamiltonian operators, the dispersion-velocity method and the Adomian
decomposition method. The Adomian decomposition method for solving differential and integral equations,
linear or nonlinear, has been well developed [9]. Recently, A.M.Wazwaz [10-11] developed an efcient
modication of this method that will facilitate the calculation.
1
Corresponding author. E-mail address: wychun113@163.com
Copyright c World Academic Press, World Academic Union
IJNS.2006.08.15/029
30 International Journal of Nonlinear Science, Vol.2(2006), No.1, pp.29-38
In this paper, we study the fully nonlinear Sine-Gordon equation and the approximate Sine-Gordon
equation:
(u
m
)
tt
(u
n
)
xx
+sin(u
p
) = 0 (1)
(u
m
)
tt
(u
n
)
xx
+(u
p
) (u
3p
)/3! = 0 (2)
which is introduced in[12] by the modied Adomian decomposition method.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In section 2,the proposed method is introduced briey.Two
kinds of solitary solutions to equation(1)are obtained in section 3.In section 4,compacton solutions to equa-
tion (2)are given and two special solitons are also discussed.In section 5,other exact solutions are obtained
by combining different kinds of solutions.Finally, section 6 is some discussions and conclusions.
2 The proposed method
For convenience, we will present a review of the standard Adomian decomposition method and the
modied decomposition method. We consider the differential equation:
Lu +Ru +Nu = g(x) (3)
where L is the highest order derivative which is assumed to be easily invertible , R the linear differential
operator of less order than L,Nu the nonlinear terms, and g(x) the source term. Applying the inverse
operator L
1
to both sides of (3),and using the given conditions, we obtain
u = f(x) L
1
(Ru) L
1
(Nu) (4)
where the function f(x) represents the terms arising from integrating the source term g(x),and from using
the given conditions, all of which are assumed to be prescribed. The nonlinear operator Nu = F(u) is
usually represented by an innite series of so-called Adomian polynomials
F(u) =

k=o
A
k
where the polynomials A
k
are dened as follows:
A
k
=
1
k!
d
k
d
k
_
F
_

i=0

i
u
i
__
=0
, k = 0, 1, 2 (5)
The unknown function u(x, t) is assumed to decomposed by a series of components
u(x, t) =

k=o
u
k
(x, t)
where the components u
0
, u
1
, u
2
are usually determined recursively. We employ the recursive rela-
tion:
_
u
0
= f(x)
u
k+1
= L
1
(Ru
k
) L
1
(A
k
), k 0
(6)
All of the components can be calculated by inserting (5) into (6),and the series solution of u(x, t) follows
immediately. The series solution may provide the solution in a closed form if an exact solution exists.
The modied decomposition method. The modied form was established based on the assumption that
the function f(x) can be divided into two parts, namely f
0
(x) and f
1
(x). Under this assumption, we
set f (x) = f
1
(x) +f
0
(x). Consequently, the modied recursive relation
_
_
_
u
0
= f
0
(x)
u
1
= f
1
(x) L
1
(Ru
0
) L
1
(A
0
)
u
k+2
= L
1
(Ru
k+1
) L
1
(A
k+1
) , k 0
(7)
was developed.
IJNS email for contribution: editor@nonlinearscience.org.uk
Y Wang, L Wang, W Zhang: Application of the Adomian Decomposition Method to Fully ... 31
3 Solitary solutions of Eq.(1)
Here, we rewrite the equation (1):
(u
m
)
tt
(u
n
)
xx
+sin(u
p
) = 0 (8)
where m, n, p stand for nonlinear intensity, and is arbitrary constant.
When m = n = p, (1) becomes
(u
m
)
tt
(u
m
)
xx
+sin(u
m
) = 0 (9)
After the transform: v = u
m
, we get
(v)
tt
(v)
xx
+sin(v) = 0 (10)
Now, we consider the equation (10) with two conditions:
v (x, 0) = 4 arctan(e
x
) , v
t
(x, 0) =
4

+ 1e
x
1 +e
2x
According to the above-mentioned method, we collect L =

2
t
2
, Nv = sinv, and f
0
(x) = 4 arctan (e
x
)
, f
1
(x) =
4

+1e
x
1+e
2x
t, then we employ the recursive relation as follows:
_

_
v
0
(x, t) = 4 arctan e
x

v
1
(x, t) =
4

+1e
x
1+e
2x
t +L
1
[(v
0
)
xx
] L
1
(A
0
)
v
k+2
= L
1
[(v
k+1
)
xx
] L
1
(A
k+1
) , k 0
(11)
Adomian polynomials A
k
are obtained
A
0
= F (v
0
) = sin(4 arctan e
x
) = sin(4 arctan e
x
)
A
1
= v
1
F

(v
0
) = cos (4 arctan e
x
)

_
4

+ 1e
x
1 +e
2x
t + 2
_
2e
3x
(1 +)
(1 +e
2x
)
2
+
e
x
(1 +)
1 +e
2x
_
t
2
_
A
2
= v
2
F

(v
0
) +
1
2
v
2
1
F

(v
0
) = (12)

Substituting (12) into (11) gives
v
0
(x, t) = 4 arctan e
x
,
v
1
(x, t) =
4

+ 1e
x
1 +e
2x
t + 2
_
2e
3x
(1 +)
(1 +e
2x
)
2
+
e
x
(1 +)
1 +e
2x
_
t
2
,

Thus, this gives the solution to equation (10) in series form
v (x, t) = 4 arctan e
x

4

+ 1e
x
1 +e
2x
t + 2
_
2e
3x
(1 +)
(1 +e
2x
)
2
+
e
x
(1 +)
1 +e
2x
_
t
2
+ (13)
Using Taylor series into (13),we obtain the closed form solution
v (x, t) = 4 arctan e
(x

+1t)

IJNS homepage:http://www.nonlinearscience.org.uk/
32 International Journal of Nonlinear Science, Vol.2(2006), No.1, pp.29-38
Then, we get a kink solitary wave solution to equation (9)
u(x, t) =
_
4 arctan e
(x

+1t)

_ 1
m
which is shown in Fig.1(a) with = 3, m = 1, and in Fig.1(b) when t = 0.
Figure 1: (a)kink solution with = 3, m = 1; (b)plane graph
In addition, we can develop another exact solution for equation (9). Now, in view of the solution above,
we consider another initial value problem of equation(10):
v (x, 0) = 2 arctan
_
cosh
_
_
/3 (1
2
)x
__
,
v
t
(x, 0) = 2

_
/3 (1
2
) sinh
_
_
/3 (1
2
)x
_
1 + cosh
2
_
_
/3 (1
2
)x
_
Using the manner discussed above, we have the components of the series
v
0
(x, t) = 2 arctan
_
cosh
_
x
_
/1
2

3
__
,
v
1
(x, t) =
2
_

_
/1
2
sinh
_
x

/1
2

3
__

3
_
1 + cosh
2
_
x

/1
2

3
__ t
v
2
(x, t) =
_
_
_
_
_

2
cosh
_
x

/1
2

3
_
3 (1
2
)
_
cosh
2
_
x

/1
2

3
__
2
2
cosh
_
x

/1
2

3
_
sinh
2
_
x

/1
2

3
_
3 (1
2
)
_
cosh
2
_
x

/1
2

3
__
2
_
_
_
_
_
t
2

Thus, this gives the solution to equation (10) in series form
v (x, t) = 2 arctan
_
cosh
_
x
_
/1
2

3
__
+
2
_

_
/1
2
sinh
_
x

/1
2

3
__

3
_
1 + cosh
2
_
x

/1
2

3
__ t
IJNS email for contribution: editor@nonlinearscience.org.uk
Y Wang, L Wang, W Zhang: Application of the Adomian Decomposition Method to Fully ... 33
+
_
_
_
_
_

2
cosh
_
x

/1
2

3
_
3 (1
2
)
_
cosh
2
_
x

/1
2

3
__
2
2
cosh
_
x

/1
2

3
_
sinh
2
_
x

/1
2

3
_
3 (1
2
)
_
cosh
2
_
x

/1
2

3
__
2
_
_
_
_
_
t
2
+
(14)
Using Taylor series into (14),we obtain the closed form solution
v (x, t) = 2 arctan
_
cosh
__

3 (1
2
)
(x t)
__
Then, we get a new solitary solution
u(x, t) =
_
2 arctan
_
cosh
__

3 (1
2
)
(x t)
___ 1
m
which is shown in Fig.2(a) with = 3, = 1/2, m = 1, and also in Fig.2(b)when t = 0.
Figure 2: (a)solitary solution with = 3, = 1/2, m = 1; (b)plane graph
4 Compacton solutions of Eq.(2)
(1)when m = p, n = 3p, equation (2) becomes
(u
p
)
tt

_
u
3p
_
xx
+u
p

3!
u
3p
= 0
After the transform: v = u
m
, we get
(v)
tt

_
v
3
_
xx
+v

3!
v
3
= 0 (15)
Now, we consider the equation (15) under two conditions :
v (x, 0) =
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__

54
x
_
, v
t
(x, 0) = D
_
54 D
2
6
sin
__

54
x
_
We collect f
0
(x) =
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__

54
x
_
, f
1
(x) = Dt
_
54D
2
6
sin
__

54
x
_
, and Adomian polynomi-
als A
k
and B
k
are obtained
A
0
=
_
v
3
0
_
xx
= (
_
9
D
2
6
)
3
(cos
3
__

54
x
_
)
xx
, A
1
=
_
3v
1
v
2
0
_
xx
= ,

and
B
0
=
v
3
0
3!
=

6
__
9
D
2
6
_
3
cos
3
__

54
x
_
,
IJNS homepage:http://www.nonlinearscience.org.uk/
34 International Journal of Nonlinear Science, Vol.2(2006), No.1, pp.29-38
B
1
= v
1
_
v
3
0
3!
_

+
1
2
v
2
1
_
v
3
0
3!
_

= ,
Thus, this gives the solution to equation (15) in series form
v (x, t) =
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__

54
x
_
+Dt
_
54 D
2
6
sin
__

54
x
_
+
1
108
_
D
2

_
9
D
2
6
cos
__

54
x
_
_
t
2
+ (16)
Using Taylor series into (16),we obtain the closed form solution
v (x, t) =
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__

54
(x Dt)
_
Then, we get a compacton solution
u(x, t) =
_

_
_
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__

54
(x Dt)
_
_1
p
,

54
(x Dt)

2
0 , others
(17)
which is shown in Fig.3(a) with D = 3, = 6, p = 1, and in Fig.3(b)when t = 0.
Figure 3: (a)compacton solution with D = 3, = 6, p = 1; (b)plane graph
It is interesting to nd that if we dene (17) as below
u(x, t) =
_

_
_
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__

54
(x Dt)
_
_1
p
,
4n - 1
2

_

54
(x Dt)
4n + 1
2

0 , others
(18)
where n = 0, 1, 2, ,we known (18) is a mult-compacton solution. For example,
(a)when n = 0,(18) is the same to (17) with one peak.
(b)when n = 0, 1, (18) is a mult-compacton solution with two peaks.
(c)when n = 1, 0, 1, 2, (18) is a mult-compacton solution with four peaks ,which is shown in Fig.4(a)
with D =

6, = 6, p = 1, it is also shown in Fig.4(b) when t = 0.

In addition, we consider another initial value problem of equation (15):
v (x, 0) =
_
9
D
2
6
sin
__

54
x
_
, v
t
(x, 0) = D
_
54 D
2
6
cos
__

54
x
_
Using the method discussed above, we get another compacton solution:
IJNS email for contribution: editor@nonlinearscience.org.uk
Y Wang, L Wang, W Zhang: Application of the Adomian Decomposition Method to Fully ... 35
Figure 4: (a)mult-compacton solution with four peaks with D =

6, = 6, p = 1;(b)plane graph
u(x, t) =
_

_
_
_
9
D
2
6
sin
__

54
(x Dt)
_
_1
p
,

54
(x Dt)

0 , others
(19)
(2) when m = 3p, n = p, equation (2) becomes
_
u
3p
_
tt
(u
p
)
xx
+u
p

3!
u
3p
= 0 (20)
After the transform: v = u
m
, we get
_
v
3
_
tt
v
xx
+v

3!
v
3
= 0 (21)
Here, we collect L =

2
x
2
, and consider the initial value problem of equation (21):
v (0, t) =
_
9
1
6D
2
cos
_
_

54
t
_
, v
x
(0, t) =
_
54D
2
324D
2
sin
_
_

54
t
_
Using the method discussed above, we get a compacton solution
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
__
9
1
6D
2
cos
__

54D
2
(x Dt)
__
1
p
,

_

54D
2
(x Dt)

2
0 , others
(22)
which is shown in Fig.5(a) with D = 3, = 6, p = 3, and in Fig.5(b)when t = 0.
Figure 5: (a)compacton solution with D = 3, = 6, p = 3; (b)plane graph
In addition, we consider another initial value problem of equation (21):
v (0, t) =
_
9
1
6D
2
sin
_
_

54
t
_
,v
x
(0, t) =
_
54D
2
324D
2
cos
_
_

54
t
_
Using the manner as discussed above, we get another compacton solution:
IJNS homepage:http://www.nonlinearscience.org.uk/
36 International Journal of Nonlinear Science, Vol.2(2006), No.1, pp.29-38
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
__
9
1
6D
2
sin
__

54D
2
(x Dt)
__
1
p
,

_

54D
2
(x Dt)

0 , others
(23)
It is interesting to nd that if we dene (23) as below:
u(x, t) =
_

_
9
1
6D
2
,
_

54D
2
(x Dt) <

2
__
9
1
6D
2
sin
__

54D
2
(x Dt)
__
1
p
,

2

_

54D
2
(x Dt)

2
_
9
1
6D
2
,
_

54D
2
(x Dt) >

2
(24)
we known (24) is a compacton-kink solution, which is shown in Fig.6(a) with D = 3, = 6, p = 1, it is
also shown in Fig.6(b) when t = 0.
Figure 6: (a)compacton-kink solution with D = 3, = 6, p = 1; (b)plane graph
5 Other exact solutions
(1) When m = p, n = 3p
In section 4, two exact compacton solutions were given in the form
u(x, t) =
_

_
_
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__

54
(x Dt)
_
_1
p
,

54
(x Dt)

2
0 , others
(25)
and
u(x, t) =
_

_
_
_
9
D
2
6
sin
__

54
(x Dt)
_
_1
p
,

54
(x Dt)

0 , others
(26)
By combining the two results, we will nd that
u(x, t) =
_

_
_
a
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__

54
(x Dt)
_
+b
_
9
D
2
6
sin
__

54
(x Dt)
_
_1
p
,

54
(x Dt)

2
0 ,others
satises the equation(15),where a and b are constants if a
2
+b
2
= 1.
In addition, adding a constant to the argument in (25) and (26) will exhibit more exact solutions. In
other words, we have the exact solution
u(x, t) =
_

_
_
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__

54
(x Dt) +k
_
_1
p
,

2
k
_

54
(x Dt)

2
k
0 ,others
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Y Wang, L Wang, W Zhang: Application of the Adomian Decomposition Method to Fully ... 37
and
u(x, t) =
_

_
_
_
9
D
2
6
sin
__

54
(x Dt) +k
_
_1
p
, k
_

54
(x Dt) k
0 ,others
where r is arbitrary real.
(2) When m = 3p, n = p
As discussed before, two exact compacton solutions were given in the form
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
__
9
1
6D
2
cos
__

54D
2
(x Dt)
__
1
p
,

_

54D
2
(x Dt)

2
0 , others
(27)
and
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
__
9
1
6D
2
sin
__

54D
2
(x Dt)
__
1
p
,

_

54D
2
(x Dt)

0 , others
(28)
We can obtain a new exact solution by combining the two results (27) and (28) ,and we nd that
u(x, t) =
_

_
_
a
_
9
1
6D
2
cos
__

54D
2
(x Dt)
_
+b
_
9
1
6D
2
sin
__

54D
2
(x Dt)
__
1
p
,

_

54D
2
(x Dt)

2
0 , others
satises the equation (20),where a and b are constants if a
2
+b
2
= 1.
Moreover, adding a constant to the argument in (27) and (28) will exhibit more exact solutions. In other
words, we have the exact solution
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
__
9
1
6D
2
cos
__

54D
2
(x Dt) +k
__
1
p
,

2
k
_

54D
2
(x Dt)

2
k
0 ,others
and
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
__
9
1
6D
2
sin
__

54D
2
(x Dt) +k
__
1
p
, k
_

54D
2
(x Dt) k
0 ,others
where r is arbitrary real.
6 Conclusion
In this paper, the modied Adomian decomposition method was used to the fully nonlinear sine-gordon
equation and the approximate sine-gordon equation under initial conditions, and some exact solutions were
obtained. Meanwhile we developed new exact solutions by combining the two different results. It is worth-
while to point out that some new exact solutions may be obtained by collecting other appropriate initial
conditions.
Acknowledgements
Research was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(NO.10071033)and Nature
Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(NO.BK2002003).
IJNS homepage:http://www.nonlinearscience.org.uk/
38 International Journal of Nonlinear Science, Vol.2(2006), No.1, pp.29-38
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