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TOPIC
Explain and illustrate the following research designs: 1. Simple Randomized Design 2. Latin Square Design 3. Simple Factorial Design

INDEX
Bibliography Summary Introduction Simple Randomized Design Latin Square Design Simple Factorial Design Conclusion 5-6 7-11 12-14 15-16 3 4

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Internet 2. Research Methodology, Bharathiar University

SUMMARY
Experimental design refers to the frame work or structure of an experiment and as such there are several experimental designs. Experimental designs are classified into two namely: 1. Informal Experimental Design 2. Formal Experimental Design Formal experimental design is again divided into four.They are 1. Completely Randomized Design (CR Design) 2. Randomized Block Design (RB Design) 3. Latin Square Design (LS Design) 4. Factorial Design

INTRODUCTION

SIMPLE RANDOMIZED DESIGN

Completely randomized design involves only two principles namely, the principle of replication and the principle of randomization of experimental designs. It is the simplest possible design and its procedure of analysis is also easier. The essential characteristic of this designs is that subjects are randomly assigned to experiment treatments. In simple randomized design, first of all the population is defined and then from the population a sample is selected randomly. Further requirement of this design is that items,after being selected randomly from the population,be randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups.Thus,this design yields two groups as representativesof the population.Since in the simple randomized design the element constituting the sample are randomly drawn from the same population and randomly assigned to the experimental and control group, it becomes possible to draw conclusions on the basis of samples applicable for the population.

This can be illustrated by taking an example. Suppose the researcher wants to compare two groups of students who have been randomly selected and randomly assigned. Two different treatments namely, the usual training and the specialized training are being given to the two groups. The researcher hypothesizes greater gains for the group receiving specialized training. To determine this, he tests each group before and after the training, and then compares the amount of gains for the two groups to accept or reject his hypothesis. Here individual differences among students are being randomized. But this does not control the differential effects of the extraneous independent variables.

LATIN SQUARE DESIGN

Latin square design is a special type of comparative design. There is a single factor of primary interest, typically called the treatment factor, and several nuisance factors. For Latin square designs there are two nuisance factors. The two nuisance factors are divided into a tabular grid with the property that each row and each column receive each treatment exactly once. The advantage of Latin square designs are they handle the case when we have several nuisance factors and we either cannot combine them into a single factor or we wish to keep them separate and also they allow experiments with a relatively small number of runs. Latin square design also has some disadvantages. The number of levels of each blocking variable must equal the number of levels of the treatment factor. The Latin square model assumes that there are no interactions between the blocking variables or between the treatment variable and the blocking variable.

Designs for Latin square with 3 and 4 level factors are given next. These designs show that the treatment combinations should for each run. When using any of these designs, be sure to randomize the treatment units and trial order, as much as the design allows .For example, one recommendation is that a Latin square design be randomly selected from those available ,then randomize the run order. 3-Level factor X1 Row blocking factor 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 X2 X3 Column blocking Treatment factor factor 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 3 3 1

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With K=3 factors (2 blocking factor and 1 primary factor) L1=3 levels of factor X1(block) L2=3 levels of factor X2(block) L3=3 levels of factor X3(primary) N=L1*L2=9 runs This can alternatively be represented as A C B B A C C B A

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4-Level factor X1 Row blocking factor 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 X2 X3 Column blocking Treatment factor factor 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 3 1 4 2 3 3 1 4 2 1 2 2 4 3 3 4 1 1 3 2 1 3 2 4 4

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With K=3 factors (2 blocking factors and 1 primary factor) L1=4 level of factor X1(block) L2=4 level of factor X2(block) L3=4 level of factor X3(primary) N=L1*L2=16 runs This can alternatively be represented as A D B C B C D A C A C B D B A D

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SIMPLE FACTORIAL DESIGN

Factorial experiments are experiments that investigate the effects of two or more factors or input parameters on the output response of a process. Simple factorial design is a systematic method of formulating the steps needed to successfully implement a factorial experiment. Estimating the effects of various factors on the output of a process with a minimal number of observations is crucial to being able to optimize the output of the process. In a simple factorial design, the effects of the varying levels of the various factors affecting the process output are investigated. Each complete trial or replication of the experiments takes into account all the possible combinations of the varying levels if these factors. Effective factorial design ensures that the least number of experiment runs are conducted to generate the maximum amount of information about how input variables affect the output of a process. T he amount of change produced in the process output for a change in the level of a given factor is referred to as the main effect of that factor. The following table shows an example of a simple factorial

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experiment involving two factors with two levels each. The two levels of each factor may be denoted as low and high , which are usually symbolized by - and + in the factorial designs, respectively. A(-) A(+) B(-) 20 40 B(+) 30 52 The main effect of a factor is basically the average change in the output response as that factors goes from - to + .Mathematically, this is the average of two numbers:1)the change in output when the factors goes from low to high level as the other factors stays low, and 2)the change in output when the factors goes from low to high as the other factor stays high. In the table the output of the process is just 20(lowest output) when both A and B are at their level, while the output is maximum at 52 when both A and B are at their + level. The main effect of A is the average of the change in output response when B stays - as A goes from - to + or (40-20)=20,and the change in output response when B stays + as A goes from to + ,or (52-30)=22.The main effect of A, therefore, is equal to 21.

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Similarly the main effect of B is the average change in output as it goes from - to + , i.e., the average of 10 and 12, or 11.Thus the main effect of B in this process us 11.Here, one can see that factor A exerts a greater influence on the output of process, having a main effect of 21 versus factor B s main effect only 11. It must be noted that aside from main effects , factors can likewise results in interaction effects . Interaction effects are changes in the process output caused by two or more factors that are interacting with each other. Large interactive effects can make the main effects insignificant, such that it becomes more important for the engineer to pay attention to the interaction of the involved factors than to investigate them individually.

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CONCLUSION
Simple randomized design of experiment is quite common in research studies concerning behavioural sciences. The merit of such a design is that it is simple and randomizes the differences among the sample items. But the limitation of it is that the individual differences among those conducting the treatments are not eliminated i.e., it does not control the extraneous variable and such the result of the experiment may not depict a correct picture. Latin square design is generally applied in a particular field. This design is applied in agricultural research where nature plays an important role. They handle the case when we have several nuisance factors and we either cannot combine them into a single factor or we wish to keep them separate. They allow the experiments with a relatively small number of runs. Simple factorial design is a systematic method of formulating the steps needed to implement a factorial experiment. The running of factorial combination and the mathematical interpretation of the output responses of the process to such combination is the essence of the factorial experiments. It allows an

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engineer to understand which factor affect his or her process so that improvements or corrective actions may be geared towards these.