DOPPLER EFFECT

Revise basic concepts The wavelength, , is the distance between any two successive identical points on a wave The frequency, f, is the number of crests or complete cycles that pass a given point per second. The unit of frequency is hertz (Hz) The period, T, equals 1/f and is the time elapsed between two successive crests passing by a fixed point. The relation between frequency (f) and period (T): f=1/T or T=1/f

The amplitude, A, is the maximum height of a crest, or depth of a trough, relative to the rest position.
The pitch of sound is determined by the frequency; the higher the frequency, the higher the pitch.

The wave velocity, v, is the velocity at which wave crests (or any other part of the waveform) move. Velocity = frequency x wavelength v= f x

Activity 1 Prior knowledge

WAVES TRAVELING IN WATER

Complete the following activity in groups and give feedback to the larger group. Scenario 1 A stationary bug is jiggling its legs and bobbing up and down in the middle of a quiet puddle (remaining in a fixed position). Discuss this scenario in terms of: the pattern, frequency and distance between wave crests (the wavelength) of successive waves. Complete the drawing below. Explain what is encountered by the observer in positions A and B?

Top view of water waves made by stationary bug jiggling in still water.

Scenario 2 Suppose the jiggling bug now moves across the water with a speed less than that of the wave speed. Discuss this scenario in terms of: pattern, frequency and distance between wave crests (the wavelength) of successive waves. Complete the drawing below. Explain what is encountered by the observer in positions A and B?

A top view of water waves made by bug swimming to the right in still water Dinaledi teacher training on grade 12 content: Module 2: DOPPLER EFFECT

Activity 2 Answer the questions in groups:

DOPPLER EFFECT FOR SOUND WAVES

1. What does the observer hear while the truck moves towards him, passes him and moves away from him? 2. Explain the above phenomenon in terms of changing pitch (low or high sound), the frequency (number of waves per second) and amplitude (loud or soft) of sound waves encountered by the observer. Present your explanations in a table. This apparent change frequency is due to the motion of the source (or receiver) and is called the Doppler Effect. 3. What is your understanding of: an apparent change in frequency? 4. Give examples of encountering the Doppler Effect in everyday life. The Doppler Effect can be explained in terms of a change in the frequency or pitch of sound when either the listener (L) or the source (S) is moving with respect to each other. When the source (S) is moving towards the listener (L) the frequency becomes higher than that of the source at rest, and when the source travels away from the listener, the frequency is lower.

Activity 3
fl =

THE DOPPLER EQUATION

v vl fs v v s fl = frequency heard by the listener fs = frequency emitted by the source v = speed of sound in air 340 ms-1 vs= velocity of the source vl = velocity of the listener. Note: The frequency is higher when the observer and source approach each other and lower when they move apart. Thus the upper signs in numerator and denominator apply if source and/or object move toward each other; the lower signs apply if they are moving apart.
Example 11: On a windless day a train approaches a level crossing at 30 ms-1 with its whistle blowing continuously. Japie stands at the crossing, watching the train approach and then pass by. 1.1 What change in the pitch of the sound does Japie notice as the train approaches him? 1.2 What is the name of this phenomenon? 1.3 If the frequency of the train whistle is 456 Hz and the speed of sound on that day is 340 ms-1, calculate the whistle frequency that Japie hears: 1.3.1 while the train is approaching 1.3.2 while the train is moving away from him. Solution: 1.1 Increased pitch 1.2 Doppler effect v vl fs 1.3.1 f l = v v s 340 + 0 456 = 340 30
1

Example with permission taken from: OBE for FET Physical Sciences Exam Study Guide

Dinaledi teacher training on grade 12 content: Module 2: DOPPLER EFFECT

340 456 310 = 500,13 Hz v vl fs 1.3.2 f l = v v s 340 + 0 456 = 340 + 30 340 456 = 370 = 419,03 Hz = Example 2 A 5 000 Hz sound wave is emitted by a stationary source. This sound wave reflects from an object moving 3,50 ms-1 toward the source. What is the frequency of the wave reflected by the moving object as detected by a detector at rest near the source? Solution: There are two Doppler shifts. (i) The moving object acts like an observer (listener) moving towards the source with speed vobs= 3,50 ms-1 (vL) to detect the sound wave of frequency, fL(detected). (ii) The reflection of the wave from the moving object is equal to the object reemitting the wave, acting as a moving source with speed vS = 3,50 ms-1 (i) fL(detected) is the frequency detected by the moving object

f det ectedl =
=

v vl fs v v s

340 + 3,50 5000 340 0 343 ,5 5000 = 340 = 5 051,47 Hz (ii) The moving object now emits (reflects) sound of frequency fL(emitted), The source is moving towards the detector. This is similar to the frequency detected by the moving object (source) and stationary observer.

f emitted =
= =

v vl fs v vs

340 + 0 5051 ,47 340 3,50 340 5051 ,47 336 ,5

= 5 104,01 Hz Thus the frequency shifts by 5 104,01 5 051,47 = 52,54 Hz The above Doppler technique is used in a variety of medical applications, usually with ultrasonic waves in the megahertz frequency range e.g to measure the rate of blood flow or the heart of a fetus. Check your progress: A Doppler flow meter uses ultrasound waves to measure blood-flow speed. Suppose the device emits sound at 3,5 MHz, and the speed of sound in human tissue is taken to be 1540 ms-1 . What is the expected beat frequency if blood is flowing in large leg arteries at 2,0 ms-1 directly away from the sound source? APPLICATIONS OF THE DOPPLER EFFECT

Weather forecasting using radar. The time delay between emission of radar pulses and their reception after being reflected off raindrops gives the position of precipitation.

Dinaledi teacher training on grade 12 content: Module 2: DOPPLER EFFECT

Measuring the Doppler shift in frequency tells how fast the storm is moving and in which direction.

Sonar (sound navigation range). Ultra-sonic frequency (higher than 20 kHz) sound waves are used: to locate underwater objects, the depth of the sea, the location of reefs or sunken ships.

for medical imaging. Tumors and other abnormal growth can be distinguished; the action of heart valves and the development of a fetus can be examined. DOPPLER EFFECT FOR LIGHT

Activity 4 In groups read the following excerpt

The "Red Shift Early in this century, astronomers noticed that distant galaxies had peculiar light spectra. Specifically, the galaxies' light spectra were shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. In 1929 astronomer Edwin Hubble compared the galaxies' spectra with their distances, calculated using different methods, and showed that the amount of "red shift" was proportional to distance. Hubble and others realized that the most obvious explanation for the "red shift" was that the galaxies were receding from Earth and each other, and the farther the galaxy, the faster the recession. Red-shift examples This conclusion is based on a cosmological effect that is similar to the everyday "Doppler shift." Doppler shift is what makes a car sound lowerpitched as it moves away from you. It turns out that a special version of this everyday effect applies to light as well -- if an astronomical object is moving away from the Earth, its light will be shifted to longer (red) wavelengths. Receding Advancing http://www.arachnoid.com/sky/redshift.html These examples are greatly exaggerated.

Explain in your groups: 1. How the red shift in light waves can be linked to the Doppler Effect in sound waves? 2. Explain your understanding of the statements below taken from the text above. Statement 1: the amount of "red shift" was proportional to distance Statement 2: if an astronomical object is moving away from the Earth, its light will be shifted to longer (red) wavelengths.

Dinaledi teacher training on grade 12 content: Module 2: DOPPLER EFFECT

Check your progress 22: 1. A typical sound wave associated with human speech has a frequency of 500 Hz, while the frequency of yellow light is about 5 x 1014 Hz. Assuming that sound travels at 340 ms-1 in air and light at 3 x 108 ms-1, calculate: 1.1 the wavelength of the sound wave 1.2 the wavelength of yellow light. SHOCK WAVES AND THE SONIC BOOM Activity 5 Wave barriers, bow waves, shock waves and sonic boom Scenario 3 Suppose the jiggling bug now moves across the water with the same speed as wave speed. Answer the questions in groups: 1. Are the water waves produced by the swimming bug still ahead of the bug? 2. What is meant by the bug is encountering a wave barrier? 3. Complete a drawing below showing the wave pattern made by the bug swimming at wave speed.

A top view of water waves made by bug swimming to the right at wave speed Scenario 4: Once the bug is over the wave barrier, it finds the water ahead relatively smooth and undisturbed. When the bug swims faster than wave speed, it outruns the waves it produces. 4. Interpret the above statement and complete a drawing showing the wave pattern made by the bug swimming faster than wave speed. (The V-shaped pattern made by overlapping waves, dragging behind the bug, is called a bow wave.)

A top view of a bow wave made by bug swimming to the right faster than wave speed 5. Sound travels at 343 m/s in air. What is meant by the following? An aircraft cracking the sound barrier? A sonic boom? A supersonic aircraft? An object moving at Mach 3?

Example with permission taken from: OBE for FET Physical Sciences Exam Study Guide

Dinaledi teacher training on grade 12 content: Module 2: DOPPLER EFFECT

Doppler Effect Exercises3 Unless otherwise stated take the speed of sound in air to be 340 m/s. 1. An opera singer in a convertible sings a note at 600 Hz while cruising down the highway at 90 km/hr. What is the frequency heard by, a) a person standing beside the road in front of the car? b) a person on the ground behind the car? 2. A mother hawk screeches as she dives at you. You recall from biology that female hawks screech at 800Hz, but you hear the screech at 900 Hz. How fast is the hawk approaching? 3. A whistle you use to call your hunting dog has a frequency of 21 kHz, but your dog is ignoring it. You suspect the whistle may not be working, but you cant hear sounds above 20 kHz. To test it, you ask a friend to blow the whistle, and then you hop on your bicycle. In which direction should you ride (toward or away from your friend) and at what minimum speed to know if the whistle is working? 4. A friend of yours is loudly singing a single note at 400 Hz while racing toward you at 25.0 m/s. a) What frequency do you hear? b) What frequency does your friend hear if you suddenly start singing at 400 Hz? 5. When a car is at rest, its horn emits a frequency of 600 Hz. A person standing in the middle of the street hears the horn with a frequency of 580 Hz. Should the person jump out of the way? Account for your answer. 6. The security alarm on a parked car goes off and produces a frequency of 960 Hz. As you drive toward this parked car, pass it, and drive away, you observe the frequency to change by 95 Hz. At what speed are you driving? 7. Suppose you are stopped for a traffic light, and an ambulance approaches you from behind with a speed of 18 m/s. The siren on the ambulance produces sound with a frequency of 955 Hz. What is the wavelength of the sound reaching your ears? 8. A speeder looks in his rear-view mirror. He notices that a police car has pulled up behind him and is matching his speed of 38 m/s. The siren on the police car has a frequency of 860 Hz when the police car and the listener are stationary. What frequency does the speeder hear when the siren is turned on in the moving police car? 9. Two train whistles, A and B, each have a frequency of 444 Hz. A is stationary and B is moving toward the right (away from A) at a speed of 35.0 m/s. A listener is between the two whistles and is moving toward the right with a speed of 15.0 m/s.

a) What is the frequency from A as heard by the listener? b) What is the frequency from B as heard by the listener? 10. The siren of a fire engine that is driving northward at 30.0 m/s emits a sound of frequency 2000 Hz. A truck in front of this fire engine is moving northward at 20.0 m/s. a) What is the frequency of the sirens sound that the fire engines driver hears reflected from the back of the truck?

http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/staffwebsites/wheaton/Teaching/teaching_index.htm

Dinaledi teacher training on grade 12 content: Module 2: DOPPLER EFFECT

Additional resources: Ultra-Sound Ultrasound is sound with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing, approximately 20 kilohertz. Some animals, such as dogs, dolphins, and bats, have an upper limit that is greater than that of the human ear and can hear ultrasound. Ultrasound has industrial and medical applications. Medical ultrasonography can visualise muscle and soft tissue, making them useful for scanning the organs, and obstetric ultrasonography is commonly used during pregnancy. Typical diagnostic ultrasound scanners operate in the frequency range of 2 to 13 megahertz. More powerful ultrasound sources may be used to generate local heating in biological tissue, with applications in physical therapy and cancer treatment. Focused ultrasound sources may be used to break up kidney stones. Ultrasonic cleaners, sometimes called supersonic cleaners, are used at frequencies from 20-40 kHz for jewelry, lenses and other optical parts, watches, dental instruments, surgical instruments and industrial parts. These cleaners consist of containers with a fluid in which the object to be cleaned is placed. Ultrasonic waves are then sent into the fluid. The main mechanism for cleaning action in an ultrasonic cleaner is actually the energy released from the collapse of millions of microscopic cavitations events occurring in the liquid of the cleaner. Interesting Fact: Ultrasound generator/speaker systems are sold with claims that they frighten away rodents and insects, but there is no scientific evidence that the devices work; controlled tests have shown that rodents quickly learn that the speakers are harmless. Medical Ultrasonography Medical ultrasonography makes uses the fact that waves are partially reflected when the medium in which they are moving changes density. If the density increases then the reflected waves undergoes a phase shift exactly like the case where the waves in a string were reflected from a fixed end. If the density decreases then the reflected waves has the same phase exactly like the case where the waves in a string were reflected from a free end. Combining these properties of waves with modern computing technology has allowed medical professionals to develop an imaging technology to help with many aspects of diagnosis. Typical ultrasound units have a hand-held probe (often called a scan head) that is placed directly on and moved over the patient: a water-based gel ensures good contact between the patient and scan head. Ultrasonic waves are emitted from the scan head and sent into the body of the patient. The scan head also acts a receiver for reflected waves. From detailed knowledge of interference and refection an image of the internal organs can be constructed on a screen by a computer programmed to process the reflected signals. Interesting Fact: Medical ultrasonography was invented in 1953 at Lund University by cardiologist Inge Edler and Carl Hellmuth Hertz, the son of Gustav Ludwig Hertz, who was a graduate student at the department for nuclear physics. Uses Ultrasonography is widely utilized in medicine, primarily in gastroenterology, cardiology, gynecology and obstetrics, urology and endocrinology. It is possible to perform diagnosis or therapeutic procedures with the guidance of ultrasonography (for instance biopsies or drainage of fluid collections). Strengths of ultrasound imaging It images muscle and soft tissue very well and is particularly useful for finding the interfaces between solid and fluid-filled spaces. It renders "live" images, where the operator can dynamically select the most useful section for diagnosing and documenting changes, often enabling rapid diagnoses. It shows the structure as well as some aspects of the function of organs. It has no known long-term side effects and rarely causes any discomfort to the patient.
Dinaledi teacher training on grade 12 content: Module 2: DOPPLER EFFECT

Equipment is widely available and comparatively exible; examinations can be performed at the bedside. Small, easily carried scanners are available. Much cheaper than many other medical imaging technology.

Weaknesses of ultrasound imaging Ultrasound has trouble penetrating bone and performs very poorly when there is air between the scan head and the organ of interest. For example, overlying gas in the gastrointestinal tract often makes ultrasound scanning of the pancreas difficult. Even in the absence of bone or air, the depth penetration of ultrasound is limited, making it difficult to image structures that are far removed from the body surface, especially in obese patients. The method is operator-dependent. A high level of skill and experience is needed to acquire good-quality images and make accurate diagnoses. Doppler ultrasonography Ultrasonography can be enhanced with Doppler measurements, which employ the Doppler effect to assess whether structures (usually blood) are moving towards or away from the probe. By calculating the frequency shift of a particular sample volume, e.g. within a jet of blood flow over a heart valve, its speed and direction can be determined and visualised. This is particularly useful in cardiovascular studies (ultrasonography of the vasculature and heart) and essential in many areas such as determining reverse blood flow in the liver vasculature in portal hypertension. The Doppler information is displayed graphically using spectral Doppler, or as an image using colour Doppler or power Doppler. It is often presented audibly using stereo speakers: this produces a very distinctive, despite synthetic, sound. BIBLIOGRAPHY Giancoli, DC. 1980. Physics. New Yersey: Prentice Hall Gibbon, D, Patrick, M, Brookes, d & Bowie, M. 2008. OBE for FET Grade 12 Exam Study Guide Physical Sciences. Cape Town: Nasou Via Afrika Hewitt, P.G.; Succhoki, J. & Hewitt, L.A. 1994. Conceptual Physical Science. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers. The Free High School Science Texts: A Textbook for High School Students Studying Physics FHSST Authors. See http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/fhsst Verleger, H. 1960. Fisika. Pretoria: Aurora Drukpers. http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/class/light/u12l2d.html http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/staffwebsites/wheaton/Teaching/teaching_index.htm

Dinaledi teacher training on grade 12 content: Module 2: DOPPLER EFFECT