Unit 1 Notes Chapters 1 & 2 Some of the notes require you to fill in some blanks.

. The better your notes are the easier your online test will be for you.

Chapter 1
Capital resource or group of resources that can be used to create more wealth ($) Types: A. Natural Capital perpetual, renewable, nonrenewable Ex. Air/water/soil/wildlife/recycling B. Human Capital education & experience C. Manufactured Capital materials that continue to serve a purpose Ex. Tools/machinery/equipment D. Social Capital trust, morale, community Accounting for flow of Capital GNP market value in current dollars of all goods/services produced within and outside a country during a year plus net income earned abroad by a countrys citizens GDP market value in current dollars of all good/services produced within a country in current dollars Which do we rely on more for accuracy and why, GNP or GDP? GDP, its consistent with economic indicators like employment, it refers to production taking place in the US Environmental Issues: Population growth, Poverty, Unsustainable resource use, Management/Simplification of nature without sufficient knowledge (pollution, climate, change, and biodiversity depletion), Not including environmental costs in the market place Components/Interactions: Earths Life Support System: Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, Biosphere : Human Culture sphere: population, economics, politics, technology Players: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Preservationists protects undisturbed nature Restorationists restore human-degraded nature Conservationists Use nature sustainably for future generations Ecologists Study living and nonliving things with their environment Conservation Biologists study biodiversity, human impacts, and preserve/ develop plans to preserve 6. Environmental Scientist study Earth, human interactions, resulting problems/solutions 7. Environmentalists study the quality of the environment degraded by human impacts based on beliefs, politics, ethics, science

Ecological Footprint land needed to produce resources for average person Tragedy of the Commons Resources held in common tend to be overused and destroyed if left to the cumulative decisions of individuals - Over use of free-access resources (land, water, air, space, wildlife). - If I dont use this resource, someone else will. - Three solutions regulate or limit to sustainable yields (difficult to calculate), make private (global impossibility), or community rules (easiest).

- If you do not understand the concept of Tragedy of the Commons, read or watch Dr. Seusss the Lorax (overusing resources can have a huge impact on the environment, example trees cutting down trees can cause deforestation and animals who use the trees to die off) Pollution: 1. Anthropogenic man made (point source- smokestack, pipes / non point source runoff) 2. Natural volcanic, weather Prevention refuse, replace, reduce, reuse, recycle (cheaper to prevent then cleanup or put a band aid on the problem) Clean Up temporary, only converted, too expensive Govt. Help Incentives (subsidies, tax write offs), Regulations, or Taxes Globalization broad process of global social/economic/environmental change that leads to an increasingly similar and integrated world Economic Development - ADVANTAGES- wealthier population and more businesses increase cash flow in community, so demand for better schools/better housing is met competition usually increases business. DISADVANTAGES- taxes increases more often to meet growing demands of the economy. Increased population places too many demands on roads/schools/public transportation Developed Country - country in which there is widespread industry and in which the average standard of living is high compared with world standards, progressive countries, modern countries Developing Country - a country that is poor and whose citizens are mostly

agricultural workers but that wants to become more advanced socially and economically
Doubling Time: 70 divided by the growth rate Ex. 2004 growth rate 1.28% Double in 54.7 years 70 / 1.28 = 54.7

Chapter 2
Cultural Changes: Be able to describe each change and their positives/negatives 1. Hunter-gathers people moved as needed to find enough food for survival. (POS.) people discovered which plants and animals could be eaten/used as medicine, they found out where to find water, how game animals migrated, how plant availability changed through the year (NEG.) people had life spans of 30-40 yrs. Population grew slowly, hunters caused extinction of large animals, they altered distribution of plants 2. Agricultural Revolution began 10,000-12,000 yrs. Ago, gradual move from nomadic hunting/gathering groups to settled agricultural communities 3. Industrial Revolution began 275 yr. ago 4. Information/Globalization began 50 yrs. ago People in History: Describe their contributions to environmental history. 1. Henry David Thoreau 2. George Perkins Marsh 3. John Muir 4. Theodore Roosevelt 5. Gifford Pinchot 6. Alice Hamilton 7. Franklin Roosevelt 8. Rachel Carson 9. Paul Ehrlich 10. Garrett Hardin 11. Ronal Reagan 12. Jimmy Carter 13. Aldo Leopald Events or Laws: Describe the event on law below pertaining to environmental history. 1. Forest Reserve Act 2. U.S. Forest Service

3. Antiquities Act 4. National Park Service Act 5. Wilderness Act 6. Earth Day 7. OPEC (ask your parents if you are having difficulties) 8. Sage Brush Rebellion 9. Wise-Use Movement 10. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 11. Tennessee Valley Authority 12. Comprehensive Environment Response Compensation & Liability Act of 1980