'

x^-

OUTLINES
OF

ETYMOLOGY
BY
S. S.

HALDEMAN,

LL.D,,

M.KA.S.

PEOFESSOK OF COMPABATIVE PHILOLOGY IK THE rNIVEKSITT OP PEmrSTLVASIA PKESIDEHT OF THE AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL AS30CIATI0K, 1876-7.

J.

li \i

\i

CALI

PHILADELPHIA
J.

B.
:

LIPPINCOTT
SOUTHAMPTON
ST.,

& CO.

LONDON

16

COVENT GARDEN.

1878
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Copyrigbt,

1877,

by

J.

B. Lippincott

&

Co.

y^(

LippiNcoTT's Press,

CONTENTS
PAGE

Preface

CHAPTER
Introduction

1.

Speech-words and Book-words; The Romans in Britain, 9; Angles and Saxons; Danes and Norwegians; Normans, 10^ Factitious Words, 11.

CHAPTER
Phonology

2.

12
16.

Vowels, 13; Consonants, 14; Etymologic Chart,

CHAPTER
Morphology

3.

17

Intermutation, 17; Permutation of Labials, 17; Dentals, SiGMALS, Gutturals, 18; Transmutation, 19; Formation OP t-sh, 19 of d-zh, 21 of sh, zh, 22 Imitatives, Reduplication, Alliteration, 23 ; Dimorphism, 24.
;
;
;

CHAPTER
Synthesis

4.

26

Compound Words, 26; Development of Meanings, 27; HiBRiDiTY, Eduction and Absorption ; Epenthesis, 29 Metathesis; Induction, Otosis, 30; Parasynesis; Analepsy, 31; Euphemism; Representation, 32; Parop'sis, 34.
;

CHAPTER
Paresis or Neglect

5.

35

; ;

CONTENTS.

CHAPTEK
Grammar

6.

PAGE

39

CHAPTER
Analysis

7.

42

CHAPTER
Affixes
Prefixes, 55
;

8.

50
Suffixes, 60.

CHAPTER
Derivation
'A' &c.
hloio, breathe, live,

9.

70
70;

AN b)'eathe, blow, live, 72; AL grow, 73; AL other, 73; ANG compress, 74; EC even, 74; PA, FA shine, speak, 75; BAR bear, carry, produce, 75; cLA, gLA shine, 76 LU (=loo) loosen, 11 LAG lay, 78 TA (= tab) stretch, 81 TAG cover, 83 TRAC, DRAG draw, 83; RAG reaeh,%b; CAP take, 86; CO, sCU (= scoo) cover,
;

86;

GA, Q As produce, 87; CAL

call,

89;

GOL

shine, 89.

CHAPTER
Synonymy
English
;

10.

Latin, 91 English French Latin, 92 English Latin Greek, 94; English French Latin
;

91

Greek, 94: Examples contrasted and defined, 97-102,

Appendix
Pronunciation of Latin, 103 Marks and Abbreviations, 104 Selections of "words contributed to English by Arabic, Australian, Basque, Brasilian, Chinese, Cornish, Dutch, French, German, 106; Greek, Hebrew (and Chaldee), Hindoo, Irish, Italian, Latin, 107; Malay, Mexican,
;

103

North American (Algonkin),

Norman, 108; Persian, Peruvian, Polynesian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Turkish, Welsh, 109; Words from the Names of Persons AND People, 109; of Places, 110; The word 'Normal,' 111
;

Examples of English,

113.

1.1

nu

IV

PEEFAOE.
IN the present volume an attempt is made to teach etymology as other sciences are taught, and, as each science has special names for special things, such names will be found where the subject demands them. The sounds of which English w^ords are made, are treated under the head of Phonology a term employed by Duponceau in 1818. The varying forms of words are

considered to have a slight analogy with the changes in

the organs of plants, and on this account the name Morphology has been adopted from botany; and other

terms appear as they are required

the whole
as

being

less

numerous and

less difficult

than those of rhetoric*

existed for ages before the art

The laws of etymology

of spelling was thought
of,

and they have

much
find

influ-

ence in the unwritten words of savages as they have in

the literary languages of Europe.f
pilers basing their attempts

Yet we

com-

upon

spelling, the variations

of which would give different etymologies at different

periods.

Observing that the Teutonic words begg-ar and

doll-ar (formerly begg-er, doll-er) are

this

now spelt with

is

" ar,"

mere

spelling of the proper suffix

it

referred to the

Latin -ar of globul-ar, but

* t

agrees with that of digg-er

Such as antonomasia, eatachresis, hypotyposis, polysyndeton, synecdoche. For example, the savages of Brasil call a certain river quadruped capibSra, a name which has as definite an etymology as hippopotamus. vSee Hald. Affixes,
p. 264.

1*

PREFACE.
deal-er.

and
*

Nor

are

we

told

how

it

happened that a

native suffix should have been ready for digg-er, while

beg

'

could not have a similar derivative noun until the

in.

supposed Latin -ar came

Little

would be thought of a treatise on arithmetic from which the pupil could not learn to analyse and solve
problems outside of
nations,
its

pages, yet, through false explaety-

and the absence of explanation, much of the

offered, is of
is

mology commonly
learner
will not enable

such a character that the

likely to leave school with a smattering

which
words

him

to investigate the history of

outside of his textbook, or to give a correct analysis of

many
tion

of

its

examples.

This

is

due

to the fact that atten-

is

not directed to those laws of speech which form

the groundwork of scientific (as distinguished from empiric)

etymology, and the neglect of which allows teachers

to

and pupils
*
*

commit many
'

errors.
'

They are
pacify..,'

told that

which has lost a c, as decay..' has lost the d of its seeming derivaThey are told that con- becomes cogtive de-cad-ence.' in 'cognate' although this is due to Latin co-gnatus,
paci-fic-at-ion
'

comes from the later

while 'connate'

is

from a

later
;

NATUS

(see

under CO-, CON-)

and shorter form conand if the compilers are

pressed to explain

why

con- should

become cog- before

n,

they have ready their linguistic hospital for incurables

called

Euphony, where such words are placed

science simplifies

as will not

yield to their surgery.

While
that

by

associating

allied
for

under a single head common

to all,

showing

words example

ignorant and unknowing are almost the same

on the contrary, he separates such forms, and places rotund and its derivative ro..unfl under two "roots;" and yolce, conjugal, syzygy under three, notwithstanding a form
word, the empiric does not generalise

PREFACE.
of yoke appears in
tion
all,

with the
If
it

common
is

idea of

juncand

and juxtaposition.

legitimate to go so far

astray,

we may

dispense with the study of etymology

regard each word as primitive and independent.

Most of the phases of words which appear in passing from language to language may be present in a single language, and much of this home material will be found in these Outlines. few examples have been taken from distant sources to show that these words are subject to the

general laws of etymology, and are not to be treated as

primitives
tigation.

when we have not

the material for their inves-

The

object of these pages

is

to present the material

it

necessary to develop the subject, and

has been deemed

sufficient for this purpose, to limit the chapter

on Deriva-

tion to

about twenty heads, selected to exhibit the range

of form, and extension of idea to which derivative words

There are, however, many additional stems and derivatives used in illustration, especially in the chapter on Analysis.
are subject.
TO THE TEACHER.

The pupil should be frequently examined

formation about words.

in the tables contained in

this volume, as they illustrate etymologic laws,

and contain useful

in-

They admit of several series of questions, in one of which the words of the first column are intended to suggest those of the second, and in the other, the latter must suggest the former. Thus
Q.

What

is

the second form of

'

'

later
'

?'

Ans.

'

latter.'

Q.

What

is

the shorter form of

balsam V Ans.

balm.'

In what do they

differ?

<fec.

is to be reversed by asking for the other or Sometimes questions may be taken at random from either column in the same lesson, or even from parts which have not been studied. In pairs like flow-ing-flu-ent,' the pupil must be

In subsequent lessons this

longer form of 'balm.'

'

able to distinguish the foreign suffix (-ent) from the indigenous one
(-ing) ; in triplets like ' ball-globe-sphere,' one word must suggest the remaining two, and the forms must be distinguished as English, or as

\a8ed on, or derived from, Latin and Greek

because most of the words

PREFACE.

from these languages do not appear under their original forms, but have been adapted to French and English models. Thus the Latin form of globe is globus, the Greek form of sphere sphaira {at in aisle).

The French forms

are 'globe'

false explanation

and 'sphere' (e in there). must never be allowed, even when

it is

more
this

easily

remembered than the true one.

As

-fy of beauti-fy (to give

-t,

beauty,

make

beautiful)

may

be preceded by several kinds of

-i

vowel must not be got rid of by feigning that the

in class-i-fy,

of classis (class)

and the connective -i in person-i-fy, are parts of a premeaning to make. Anglosaxon cannot properly be called either Old English, or Saxon. In a word like 'suspend,' do not call sua a "form of 8uh," or a pupil might (and should) ask if h can become . Speak of the primary meaning, not of the literal meaning of words. Do not define ambition as " literally, a going round to seek votes ;" or it will be the duty of the class to ask for the parts which literally represent seek and vote.
tended
suffix -ify,
' '

CHAPTER

1.

INTRODUCTION.

Etymology treats of the derivation, structure, and meaning of words. Words are signs of thought and emotion, composed of vocal sounds used in the speech of mankind. English words are separable into the two classes of speech-words and book-words. Speech-words are due to the natural laws of speech and hearing. Book-words are such as are judged by sight from their graphic substitutes (their written or printed representatives), and as the powers of the letters and combinations are in many cases unknown, their forms are subject to perversion in attempting to pronounce them. This often makes bookwords of speech-words, as in turning
gine.'
'

engine

'

into

'

en-

(See under Paropsis.)

Many
'

fife

'

from" pipe
'
'

words of a single syllable are derivatives, as ;' gild from gold ;' yelp from yell
;'
' '

'

'

'

smelt

from melt
'

;'

'

use

'

from ut of
'

'

ut-il-it-y.

Longer
cases,

words are built up of shorter parts, which, in most

can be recognised and defined, and when we
attempts to analyse them,

fail in

our

we have no

right to conclude

that they are primitives, but on the contrary,

we must
yield to

regard them as probable derivatives which

future analysis.
little-known tongues, such as
; * '

may

This view includes words borrowed from

' '

ocelot from the Aztec of Mexico ipecacuanha from Brasilian orang'ootan' from Malay ginseng from Chinese.
"

'

'

The Romans invaded Britannia about the year 55

B.C.

and held it for nearly 500 years, or until about a.d. 420. During this period, many Latin words were given to the native British language, now known to us as Welsh.

10

INTRODUCTION.

The Eoman troops having been withdrawn to defend own country, the next occupation was that of Low German tribes, chiefly Angles and Saxons, dating from about the year 450. The dialects of these tribes produced a Teutonic language of the Low German stock, the
their

" seng-lisc " (Anglish) or Anglosaxon, from which English

But the two languages are more unand Italian, or Swedish and Danish, and an Anglosaxon book is more of a mystery to the average Englishman than to a Hollander or a German. In fact, we have reason to believe that an Anglosaxon could not
is

in part derived.

like th-an Latin

even pronounce such characteristic English words as ship,

chip, English, judge.

number of ecclesiastics arrived under saint new impulse to a knoAvledge of Latin. The Danes and Norwegians commenced their incursions about the year 787, and were masters of England from
About
596, a

Austin, giving a

1013 to 1042. In the year 1066 the Normans invaded and conquered England, introducing Norman French, a language derived from Latin, and having

many

affinities

with

lit-

erary French.*

Modern English
Greek, but

is

due

to

a fusion of Anglosaxon

(Anglish) and Norman, influenced by French, Latin, and

many languages have contributed words to make up its vocabulary. In many cases when a word indicates a foreign object,
both belong to the same country, as the word and object 'tea' to China, and 'kangaroo' to Australia; but we

must be cautious
former
is

in applying this fact, or

we might

sup-

pose 'teapoy' and 'mandarin' to be Chinese, but the

Hindoo, the
French
is

latter

is

based on Portuguese, and

* Literary

a later form tlian

Norman, and dates from the fifteenth

century.


INTRODUCTION.
'pagoda' on Persian.
11

'Sassafras' and 'calumet' are French words indicating North American objects. In a single science, besides the native word reckon,' English has gone to Arabic for cipher/ to Latin for calculate,' compute or coun..t,' number or numerate,' and to Greek for arithmetic' Factitious words are such as vibgyor an acrostic formed to indicate the order of the prismatic colors
' ' '
'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

violet,

indigo,

blue,

green,

yellow.

Orange,

red.

Hebrew grammar has

several factitious

mnemonic words

formed out of letters which have certain qualities in common, and others are sometimes used in treatises on logic.

The names

of the notes in music (such as

sol, fa,

mi)

are the initial syllables of words in a Latin

hymn, and

singing with their aid

is

called solfrdug, or sol-mi-sation.

letters give us "Alpha and 0-meg'a" hecfinning and end, irom the first and last letter of the Greek alphabet; alphabet is formed of the first letter and the second, beta gamut includes the third letter gamma and the musical note ut delta and deltoid recal the Greek (a) triangular d; iota, the smallest letter (/) of the Greek alphabet, corresponds laiubdoidal, with Hebrew (^) yod,' whence jot shaped like (a) Greek I; laiubdacisni, improper use
'

The names of the Greek

;'

'

'

'

;'

'

of

I,

or

its

mispronunciation;
(f)

the Greek small

sigma, or

sigiuoid, Koman S.'

*

shaped like

A T-square
U -magnet
;

the

an I-rail has the top and bottom alike a ivyes (Y-shaped supports) of an engin;

eer's telescope.

The

A-level

was known

to the ancients.

Alchimists and early physicians invented

words, often to keep their discoveries secret.
is

factitious

Amalgam
Para-

an anagram of the Greek malagma (a

plaster).

celsus (born about 1493) called

mercury

azoth,

and con-

structed the

word opodel'doc.


12

CHAPTER
Phonology
speech.
is

2.

PHONOLOGY.
in all languages.
;

the science of vocal sounds as used in

The same sounds do not occur

is
'

German ^
{zh in

not present in French or English

is

French
is

') j wanting in French and German, where pronounced t

azure

absent from

German

English th

it is

commonly

English and Greek have

varied from Greek originals
guitar, acolyte, with

ih in

common,

as heard in

ether, ethics, panther, theme, theory

(which are slightly

;) and the fact that we pronounce Thomas, thyme, tunny, mint (the plant mentha),

tisic,

t,

indicates that

we

received
th.

these words from speakers unacquainted with the proper

But asthma (= astma), isthmus, Esther (= ester), t'other

(the other), are aspirates in the
for a like

due to the English dislike of two such same syllable (causing dissimilation), and reason, j[>1i has become p in diphthong
*

'

My

doleful!

dipthongs were

my lifes*

defpaires,

Drayton, 1605.

In amaranth, hypothenuse, prothonotary, zSn'ith, th stands for an earlier t, and Bosphorus is for Bosporus.' Even when the same sounds are common to several
' ' '

languages, they

may

occur in such positions in one of

them

as to render the combinations unpronounceable in

ct

another, as
difficult to

in act, pt in apt, ps in lapse,

English organs when

initial, as in

names

which become the Greek

Ctesias,

Ptolemy, Psyche.
mode
of writing
'life's'

* Observe that the later

with the mark indicating

an absent

letter,

was not in use

in the older English.

PHONOLOGY.

13

On

account of such

difficulties,

borrowed words are

difficult

adapted to the speech habits of the borrowing nation; unusual combinations are modified;
produce, or they cease to be used.*

sounds are

replaced by such as the vocal organs are accustomed to

which words are subject are sometimes due to definite laws of speech, and when one sound takes the place of another, the two are in many cases made "vvith nearly the same position of the organs, as d and t in bless-ed, bles-t t, c?,
to

The changes

accidental, but in most cases they are

th,

in gir-t, gir-d, gir-th

/, v,

in proof-prove
;

or the slight
;

variation of vowel sounds in tale-tell

seat-sit

cag-keg.

We learn from such facts that

An
acquaintance with the vocal sounds and with their
relations, constitutes the first step in the study of

mutual

etymology.
consonants,

The elements of speech are separable into voivels and and when these names are mentioned, vocal
letters.

sounds are meant, and not alphabetic

Vowels may be pronounced slowly or quickly, whence

they are styled long or short, as in the pairs

arm
(or

art

naught not
weight
The vowels
of

owe o-bey
;

rule full

weigh
;

(or wait)
*

marine
*

(or seen) deceit

way) there merry.

and ' ask ' are not used in some places. The short vowels heard in *it' and 'fat' are never long in good English. Long vowels are often indicated as in 'arm* and short ones in ' art.*
there

According
of the vowels

to the
is

that of

Greeks and Eomans, the most noble 'Arm Italian a made with
'

'

the

mouth well opened,

Closing the

as described

by the ancient gramthis

marians.
*

mouth from

Ah

towards the

of a Frenchman is not that of a German, a Chinese, In a book of " facts " (Cincinnati, 1874), the pretended broken English of a Cherokee ghost appears, in which the Narragansett words squaw and papoose are given without a balk, although sq (sk) do not occur thus together, nor does ^ or 6 exist in the language.

The broken English

or a Cherokee.


14
lips,

PHONOLOGY.

we

get the vowel O, then oo

in 'rlJle;'
*

closing

and of machine.' These constitute the five Latin vowels, and when spoken of as Latin (German, Spanish), these powers constitute their names, namely oo^ o, ah, eigh,
towards the throat, we get those of
* '

wEigh

ee,

as in the following table of the affinities of the five

restricted.

primary vowels, to which some languages are

A
O

E
I

U
00

^
'

ah

ay

ee.

This vowel scale should be run with the voice in both directions,
until it is thoroughly

known. The place of French *u' (German ii,' Anglosaxon and Danish 'y,' Greek v) is between U (oo) and I (ee), and and E (ay). German 'o' (French *eu') comes between

The English vowels are heard in pull, pool (French German u '), ode, odd, aived (between ode and arm), arm, up, ask, add, there, them, pity, field.
ou,'
'

When
and the

the vowels of pull and of field are closed upon,

the former becomes the labial liquid consonant of

latter the guttural liquid of

ye.

woo, They may be

closed so slightly as to be mistaken for vowels, as in owl,

out
they

boy, oil

aisle

buoy

(properly boo-y), where they

to vowels, with

are coalescents.

They are joined

syllables.

which
'

make

single

If they were themselves

cloy'

vowels they would add a syllable, as in going from

with one vowel, to
*

claw-y

'

with two vowels.

is

What

is

commonly

called a dipthong (or diphthong)

a coalescent preceded by an added (an epenthetic) vowel which is inserted to make it pronounceable, as in 'cow,'

which could not arise from Anglosaxon cu (pronounced coo ') by closing its oo vowel towards w, without inter* ' *

posing a vowel.


PHONOLOGY.
In general, although dipthongs
the verb 'live'

15

may

turn to vowels by
;

losing an element, vowels are older than dipthongs

is

hence,

older than the adjective 'live,' the

'

second o of
'

'

coronal

is

older than
is

ow
;

in

'

crown,'
'

and

genteel

'

in its

modern

spelling,

older than

gentile.'

Consonants are voiced (or sonant)

surd)
Voiced
Voiceless

and

voiceless (or

w, m,b, v; 1,11, d,dh ('then'); r,z;zh; y,ng, gay. wh, p,f;.. t, th ('thin ') ; s ; sh; k;
..

..

..

..

..

h.

The liquids w,

1,

r, y, are made with the mouth

organs about half closed.

The mutes have the mouth organs nearly or entirely They include the spirants or voiced aspirates V, dli, z, zli, (and i in soldier when not pronounced
closed.
'

'

and the aspirates or voiceless continuants wll, f, til, S, sh, li the being a laryngal.
'soldjer')
last

The
lowing

initial of
t

'hew' (yh-y-oo) belongs here, and also the sound

fol-

in 'courtier'

when

it is

not pronounced with

uli.

a nasal

The nasals or nasal mutes are in, ii, ng, m being b, n a nasal d, eng a nasal gay. The voiced abrupt mutes b, d, gay, can be sounded alone. The voiceless abrupt mutes p, t. It, cannot be

sounded alone, as those pretend who, for detached p, t, h, givep'h in 'haphazard,' tli in 'at hand,' and k'h in 'packhorse.'
Voice
is

side of a

due to the vocal ligaments, which are situated one on each narrow fissure. When at rest, as in breathing, or in making

voiceless consonants, these ligaments stand apart posteriorly, leaving a

somewhat triangular opening; but when voice is wanted, they are brought nearly together in a parallel position, when the passing breath causes them to sound, as the reed of a clarinet is sounded. The singing voice requires a narrower aperture than the speech voice. In a succession like titltatl, the ligaments must separate for every t and close for I and the vowels, and in rapid speech there may be sixteen motions
or changes in a second of time.

16 In duty-duteous
* '

PHONOLOGY.
there
is

no change of
*

'

to
'

'

e/ but

the reverse, the e (of they) in old English

du'te

(= dooand and

tay) having been preserved in spelling * duteous/ replaced with the later 'y' and * i ' in spelling * duty '

dutiful.'

There
the
*

is

no interchange of e
'

'

being a
^

mark

to

and i in bile-bilious/ show that the word is no longer

'
'

'

'bir but bile.' In * stable-stabir(ity),' there is no addition of i, because the accent on bil' caused it to retain the vowel which and tabulate preserves the u which sta'ble has lost has disappeared from tab..le.'
'
' ;

'

'

'

ETYMOLOGIC CHART.


17

CHAPTER
is

3.

MORPHOLOGY.

Morphology is the science of (Gr. morplie') form, and here applied to the forms of words as developed by the
we
proceed.

various kinds of mutation, and other causes to be ex-

plained as

Mutation
it

is

the replacement or

substitution of elements,

and when the change occurs

between vowels, we

may term

INTERMUTATION.

We

have examples of intermutation in the following

share shear

pairs of allied words

cat kitten

sane sanity
antique antiquity

clench clinch
literal letter

scam skim

mode mood
flow fluid

gleam glimmer
gold gild

they them

PERMUTATION.
Permutation
is

the mutation or interchange of conso-

nants of the same contact, including allied vowels, as in

those of the lip contact, which produces the

Labials

b, v, p,

f,

pli, in,

w, wliu, oo,
Jacobus Ja..mes
liberate de-liver

ab-sorb ab-sorption
brevity briefness

de-ceptive de-ceive
du-plie-ate dou-ble
febrile feverish

bursar purser

lieu leftenant*
lip labial

cheapen chaffer
clavicle clef

folk vulg-ar

[ous

half halve

mischief mischievcon-nubial nuptial

crab crawf-ish
cupidity covetousness
de-clivity cliff
'

imbibe beverage
in-cub-ate cov-ey
?o^;ey
of the
'

pauper poverty
^ip dive *^
t,

is

a brood of birds
in-cub-at-ion.

same

* In 'lieutenant

Formerly bi Euen,
'

become /before leue represented both believe and belief.

the old
'

u' as d would

as in 'leave-left.'

'

neuly,

neuer,
never,

feuer,
fever,

relieu'd,

yuel,
evil,

were

read even,

newly,

relieved,

and eu of 'euphony' became has 'unrelieved' in the line

ev in 'evangelist.'

Drayton
fhe
will.

(edition of 1613)

And

V n re

1 i

eu'd

may wander where

2*


18
phantom fantasy
pick bicker

MORPHOLOGY.
revolve revolution
staff stave

sapid savory
separate sever
serve serf

sup-erior sove-ran
triple treble

pipe

fife

rabid rave

verbena vervain

rap -in e rav-age

recipient receiver

slobber slav'er
soluble solvable
stipe stub

rob rove be-ref-t

wine vinous winnow fan whiz f iz

cannab-ine can..v-as hem*p

drip dribble drivel

scurf scurvy scorbutic

scribe scrivener script

plate blade flat

tripod trivet three-foot

probe prove proof

web weave woof

Dentals1, d,
baluster banister

t,

dh,

tli,

n.
mind mental
node
Z-not

faith fidelity

blessed bles..t

father paternal
float flood

burden burthen
ed'ible eatable

tenuity thinness

gird girth girt

three trey

Sigmals
chair chaise

r^

fS,

z, as in query quiz question

Etrurian Etruscan hurra huzza
Sign resign
this these

advice advise

Gutturals y, gay, gli. It, cay,

legal loyal

eh (

d^

and

k),

ng.

aquil-ine eagle

crypt grotto
dig dike
trac-tion drag

acrid eager
sec-tion seg-ment

chol-er gall yell-ow (p. 90) lake lag-oon loc^

ocul-ar og..le eye

click clang

pig-ment pic-ture gar-den yard

reg-nant roy-al rec-tor

peg peck pique peak pick pike

In proof-prove, and similar forms, a voiceless (surd) consonant indicates a noun or adjective, and a voiced
(sonant) one a verb, as in
abuse
n.

abuse

v.

descent descend
diffuse diS"use

grip grab half halve

advice advise
belief believe

excuse excuse
fros-t freeze
gilt gild

house house
life live

brass braze

breath breathe
choice choose
close close

loath a. loathe
loss lose

glass glaze

grass graze

mouth mouthe
peace ap-pease

cloth clothe

grease grease

"
MORPHOLOGY.
portent portend

19
tenth ti..the
thief thieve

reproof reprove
safe save

pur'pose propose'

refuse refuse'
relief relieve

sheaf sheave
shelf shelve

troth betrothe

use use

rent n. rend

teeth teethe

wreath wreathe

TRANSMUTATION
is

the passing of consonants from one contact to another.

in

The end and middle of the tongue being employed making the dentals, sigmals, and palatals,
t'Sll

1,11

a
d-zli

Zll

these lingual elements are readily interchanged, as in

alkanet arkanet
peregrine pil..grim
gross great
rose rhodium
capital chapter

has hath
sloop shallop

wit wisdom

Shetland Zetland
pulse pu..sh

zealous jealous

benzoin benjamin
zircon jargon

Nipon Japan

cartouch (sh) cartridge

Formation of t-sli.

The base of the tongue is less flexible and has less room than the outer portion, and being particularly crowded by the narrow throat aperture required by the
vowels of
there
is

thee, thin, e^g, veil

or vale (however written),

middle mouth.

when

it

a tendency to force the gutturals toward the This action turned 'cool' into 'chill' took the narrow vowel; old English *yerk'
;'
' '
'

became 'jerk Augl. cinn (= kin) became chin old French 'gay' (a bird) became English 'jay' which has the narrow vowel of they ; and the spelling of " gaol could not prevent it from becoming jail.
;'


20<

MORPHOLOGY.

Anglosaxon
remains in

'c' (^cay)

was h before
cancer canker
cing king

all
*

the vowels.
cetel
'

many English

words, such as

kettle

It

baecere baker

macian make
sicel sickle

cind kind, {sort)

Anglosaxon cay became Norman tshay in some English

words, as in
calc chalk

cidan chide
cild child

cist chest

ceaf chaff

^no finch
is

The mutation of
French, and
is

cay to an s-sound

due chiefly to

present in

many

book-words, as in the

second of the pairs

critic criticise

practic practice

nocuous nocent
deduct deduce

crocus croceous

rank rancid

Cay may remain pure

it

in

words derived from Latin, or

may

be partially displaced by

Norman

tshay

and

as

result,

English has been enriched with double forms like

captain chieftain
car-t chariot

arc arch

canal' chan'nel

calyx chalice

portico porch

Formerly (owing
bank bench
cool chill

to

Norman

influence) this mutation

arose in English words, as in

deck thatch
flake flitch

hook hitch market merchant

synonyms, but in time the forms acquire different that the older form does not retain the older idea, as it does in 'bank-bench' banks as of earth being older than benches made of wood. In 'book-beech,' although books are so named because they were made of thin flakes of beech, the newer idea of a book became associated with the older vocable, while the newer word became the representative of the tree. In Anglosaxon, boc was
start as
it

Such pairs

meanings, when

may happen

'

'

both beech and book, but, as a

tree, there

was a second form (bece)

which resulted

in the

modern

'

beech.'

This mutation

may

indicate a change of verbs to nouns,

but some of both forms

bake batch blank blanch

may be used in both

break breach
take touch

senses, as in

speak speech

wake watch


MORPHOLOGY.
Latin
es^
as
*c' {cay)
*

21

became French eh' with the power of

heard in

chaise,

charade,

charlatan,

chateau,

but the A;-sound in machine (derived from Greek) machinate points it out as a book-word. We may have three such forms, according to their
*
'

source.

The
* '

first

preserves the Latin cay, the second has

Norman

fe/tay (in chip),

French ch
k

(es^) in

machine.'

and the third and latest has (See Norman and French
k
capital
cast-le

examples in the Appendix.)

tsh

Caroline Charles

ah Charlotte

ish

ah

chaplet chapeau
Chest-er cha..t-eau

camp
candle

champion champaign
chandler
chandelier

cavalier chivalry chevalier

Formation of d-zli.

As tshay stands to and may arise from any

first
*

cay,

dzhay stands to gay,

eel, but these must

of the guttural consonants, inill,

*

cluding the allied vowels of ale,

pass through

yay

(English

y,'

Latin and German

'

J,' yota, yod,)

which accounts

for the letter

J being an
'

English representative of dzhay.

extraneous strange
gaff javelin

hyacinth* jacinth

ex-coriate s-courge

hang hinge
drag dredge
arises

mayor major
target targe

gibber-ish jabber

In the following, d-zh from a ^a^-sound

bark barge duke doge

from a ^-sound, and

t-sh

bulk bulge crook cringe

Pergamus parchment rank range

Some
by the

nations find the concurrence of three vowels in-

convenient, and
loss

when such sounds

are brought together

of an intermediate consonant, if the middle

*i'

vowel of the three happens to be

or

*e,'

it

passes

* Here, if hy- had been pronounced high, as in the modern word, the change to jas'inth could not have occurred.


22"

MORPHOLOGY.
Thus
in

througli the guttural semivowel yay to dzhaj.

dropping v from abbreviate we get (abbreviate, abreyThe loss of v from cliluvi(al) gave ate,) abridge.
delu..ge

p dropped from sapi-ent (wise) left sa..ge Iv from salvia (the plant) left a different sa..ge the loss of up from old French pipion turned it into pigeon and GOBi-o (genitive case gobion-is,) the Latin name of a
; ;

fish,

has given both

arise

Dzh may

goby and gudgeon.' from di through dy, as in

' ' *

diurnal journal

vindicate venge-ance

Cambodia gamboge

Formation of esli and zliay.

English esh
of s.
is

mostly due to

s-k,

the k being palatalised

(brought up to the arch of the palate) by the influence

That

is,

as esh

is

lying between the points where

chart], instead of taking
falls

formed with a part of the tongue s and k are made [see the

them

in succession, the tongue

between them, as in
disc dish
fresco fresh
scatter shatter
scale shale )
scuffle shuffle
skiflF

skull shell

ship

scoop shov-el

skipper shipper

The esh soimd is also due to yay (mostly from i, e, and the y of u or yoo) drawn to the palatal position by a ^ or an s-sound, as in notion, pension, vicious (=vish-us), ocean (=osh-an) where the esA-sound is due to the *e' of oceanic (= o-se-an-ic). The y ofyoo becomes the esh heard in pressure (= presh-ur) and the zh in
*
'

'

'

casual

'

(= cazh-oo-al).*
t

The

neglect of the

in *ostiar' (of ostiar-y) leaves

s

oS..iar, in

which departing

draws forward and trans'

It is improper to say that 'c,' 't,' s,' before '1' or 'e,' vowel, have the power of sh," for being themselves the representatives of the sh,'i' and e do not represent vowels at the same time.

* In all these cases,

"and another

'

'


MORPHOLOGY.
mutes the vowel
a, so
i

23

into esh, leaving its place vacant before

' '

that a

new form usher

results, in this

manner

OST-IAKy OS 1AR
..

As the 1 of Latin rat-i-o reason (genitive case ratiox-is)

is

form e^^ in rational (= rash-onal), and the t of the same word is drawn bach to the s-position in reason,' it is evident that there is no mutation here of
drsiwii

forward

to

'

'

8 in

'

reason

'

and

esh in

'

rational.'
t)

Their relation to the

Latin stem ration- (with true

may

be shown thus

RA
r

T
..

ION
sh..
..

.. ..

r ea

..

n n

al

to

where T falls back and becomes s, while 1 become esh, Imitatives.

exact copies, but allied forms adapted
as 'buzz,' in

falls

forward

In general, imitative sounds are not intended to be

to

human

speech,

which

which
Scotch)

is

imitated.

and a vowel are added AV"e have examples in

b
hiss

to the z

click clack clock

gag giggle

hush

hum

boom hubbub bubble mumble mutter myow

humble-bee (bumble-bee is (Ger. miau) peewee

puff rattle rush tattoo tinkle whipperwill whisper whiz whistle toucan

Reduplication.
Reduplicate words are formed of repetitions of sound,
as in

murmur,

singsong, chitchat, hurdigurdy, teetotal.

Alliteration
is

the repetition of an element, as r in

'

'

trowsers ' fi-om

its

old English
tition.

trouses,' the r

of which suggested

repe-


24

MORPHOLOGY.

Dimorphism.
In the course of time a word may appear under two forms, a result which is on this account named di-morphism, but the term
is

not necessary, because such forms

may

be more than two, as metal-mettle-medal, and

many

of them occur under other heads, such as Mutation (as

in sip-sup-sop-soup, peak-beak,)

and

Par'esis (as in his-

tory-story).

We have examples
etiquette ticket
feeble foible
flee fly

of dimorphism in
plan plain
pistil pestle

adamant diamond
admittible admissible

assay essay
ballad ballet

portico porch

font fount
freight fraught

potion poison

base basis

probable provable

beckon beacon
born borne
calyx chalice

genteel gentle

prune plum

granite garnet
gullet gully

pungent poignant
rap'ine
seizure ; violence.

ravine
a gorge formed by violence.

canker cancer
card chart

hale heal

carmine crimson
cave cove
chicory succory
clot clod

hedge haw holyday holiday

ratio ration

ration reason

huge high

rectangle rightangle
regal royal

hu'man humane'
incessant unceasing
infract infringe
later latter

remit remiss

contagious contiguous

rod rood
resin rosin

complement compliment convey convoy

corsair courser

legal loyal

sane sound
scallion shallot

levator lifter
lev'y lev'ee

covered covert
crate grate

statue statute
suit suite

liquor liqueur
a fabulous
being.

crocodile cockatrice
a large
reptile.

mayor major memory memoir

minute minuet

taste test

sequent second
then than
ti..ed ti^r^t

cud quid

custom costume
devote devout
dilate delay

mode mood
obeisant obedient
ofiF

urban urbane
wake-ful watch-ful
[ble

of

disk dish

oration orison

drag'on dragoon'

patron pattern
perceptible

dungeon donjon
ed'ible eatable

perceiva-

walk waltz ward guard warden guardian

zealous jealous

person parson


MORPHOLOGY.
Accent makes the difference between
antic antique
critic critique
relic relique

25

con'jure conjure'
des'ert desert'
diifer defer'

di'vers diverse'

Latin lateen'

min'ute minute'

The same word has

bark barque

different spellings inflour" flower

plane plain

champagne champaign
draught draft
* Immortal

mantle mantel
metre meter

rough

ruflf

sailor sailer

In Paradife,

Amarant, a Flour which once faft by the Tree of Life

3,

Began

to

bloom, Milton, Par. Loft ed. 1678, bk

353.


26

CHAPTER
The
words,
is

4.

SYNTHESIS.
^^

synthesis (Greek thesis a placing, syn together,

of

a placing together and arrangement of the parts

are such as are

which compose them.

Compound words
more integral* or
portion
fines.
is

made

of two or

entire words, but they are not always

separable from other derivatives.

In most cases the

final

the principal word which the earlier part departs of

The

many compounds

are easily recog-

nised, as in
almshouse

handloomweaver, welfare, farewell

SYNTHESLS.

27

liawtliOMl a liedge-thorn, Angl. 'haga' hedge, haw. lodestar (Augl. 'Idd' a ivay, a voyage; 'ladman' a
leader, a pilot,) the polestar,

from guiding.
tail.
'

redstart
nostrils

a bird with a red (Dut. staart)

old Eng.
'

nose-thirles/

nosthrils/

from

thirl,

thrill to bore.

stepsoii (Angl.
lost

'stepan'

to

bereave,) a son

who has

a parent and acquired another by the marriage of

the remaining parent.

ivalriis German
'

walross
'

'

ivhale-horse

Anglosaxon

hors-hwxl

'

(se.

in

at,

'

as vo) horse-whale.

iviiicirall

fruit or

branches thrown down by the wind

hence, an unexpected advantage.

In a word like 'idolatry,' composed of

-latry
'

'idol,'

and
can-

(worship)

as speech

is

without hyphens,

we

not indicate the parts on the blackboard either as ido-latry

or idol-atry, because the two Vs of the
(Sidololatr^ia) are

Greek
I

original

represented by a single

to

which

both parts have a claim, but as the accent of idol'atry

would tend to preserve the first I, it is rather the second which has been neglected, and we may represent the word by " idol-..atry," where the dot^ indicate the neglected I.

Development of Meanings.
As
there are fewer words than ideas, they are often

used to represent wide ranges of meaning, both in their

in'tegral

and

in their

compound

forms.

If therefore
to its

we

limit the definition of a stem or a

word

primary

idea, its connection with its derivatives

ful,

may seem doubtand on this account a sufficient number of meanings must be cited to show the successive steps.

Among
find
'

the English derivatives of Latin put- are

'

we

am-put-ate

to

cut

(am-) around,

to

cut off;

'

com-

'

28
pute'
to

SYNTHESIS.
count; 're-pute'
to

think, to hold in the mind.

Eeferring to put-are in the dictionary,

we
;

find that

it

means

to

clean;

to trim,

prune,

lop, as
to

vines

hence, (from
:

the idea of keeping vines in order)

adjust accoiints, reckon, compute ;
to

arrange, adjust

to
to

think over, suppose;

judge, form an opinion.

By
gives
'

such extensions, poxd-us (a weight, gen. ponderis.)

PONDER-ARE

to

weigh ;
'

to

weigh in the mind, whence

scales)

ponder ;' and libra (a level, a pair of the mental process of deliberation.'

suggested

Hence, to 'ponder' is to think over a subject without the test of a proper experiment, while to 'deliberate' implies an accuracy like that

which

results

from the use of a pair of

is

scales.
*

An
to

error

sometimes made in defining

to

conspirators

means and on taking the prefix, CONSPIRARE drops the idea of breathing, and means to blow together, as a band of trumpeters next, in natural
as those

who

breathe (con-) together ; but spir-are

breathe,

blow as well as

order,

to

harmonise,

to

be in accord

afterwards, to accord

in sentiment; finally,

form a conspiracy. whence perspire.' Originally, when nerves and sinews were not distinguished, NERV-us meant sinew, nerve, guitar-string ; and figuratively, force, vigor, energy, whence 'nervous' in
to plot, conspire,

Spirare

also

means

to exhale,

the sense of vigorous; but as the nerves (in their restricted sense) are connected with sensation, timid people

are said to have " lack nerve."

speech.

"weak

nerves," to be "nervous,"

and

to

A nervous

man

cannot

make

a nervous

Words

like 'mythology'

(mythos

/a5/e, -log-ia science,)

are often referred to 'logos' [word, speech, discourse,)

which leads the student to the false inference that -os of 'logos' became -y in mytholog-y,' and that this word is mythologos in Greek but when the two parts are thus
'

'

SYNTHESIS.
conjoined, a

29

sents the person, for

his

which -logos repremeans mythologist, and study takes the form of 'mytholog^ia,' of which the
results, in
'

new meaning
'

mythologos

formative

readily falls into final English

-y.

Hibridity.
Hibridity
is

the union in a single word, of parts taken

from more than one language.

guages this
is

In most cultivated lanbut from the mixed

regarded as a
it

fault,

nature of English,
'

cannot be entirely avoided.

Ail-ment,'

'

talk-ative,'
:

and whims-ic-al are English,

'
'
'

with Latiu sufiixes

companion-ship

(for fellowship)

and

'

venture-some

'

(for adventurous)
:

are varied from

'

Latin, and have English suffixes

'

pyro-lignic

is

Greek

and Latin
ship
'

^martyr-dom'

is

Greek and English:

'scholar-

is

Greek, Latin, and English.

Eduction and Absorption.

As m is a nasal b, mb will result, which
*

if its nasality

be stopped too soon,

accounts for the difference between

;'
' '
'

humility and humble,' and number Spin-er (spinner) acquired where b is educed from m. an educed d from n, which was afterwards absorbed by the d, leaving spi..der of which the first syllable was
nuiller-ous
'

'

'

'

'

'

lengthened as a compensation for the

loss of n.

Epenthesis
is

the addition of elements, chiefly to facilitate pronunciaIt

tion.

adds an element which turns

special' into

Such epenthetic additions are at first meaningless, but they may become significant, as in marking the difference between the pairs
'especial'

and

'coaler' into 'collier.'

state e-state

squire e-squire

scutcheon e-scutcheon

spy e-spy

3*

30

SYNTHESIS.
Epenthetic connectives appear in petr-i-fy, myst-

i-fy, stell-i-form, ge-o-grapliy, witti-C-ism, tobacco-n-ist,

ego-t-ist,

blaek-a-moor,

there

being no such words or

inflections as petri, mysti, stelli, geo, wittic, -ify, -iforin.

Metath'esis
a transposition or displacement of elements, as in putting the r of three after the vowel in third.' In the
is
*
' '

following examples, the lines of the

mark

indicate the

transposed
burn

letters.

SYNTHESIS.

31

Parasyn'esis
(Gr. synSsis comprehension
;

para' aside, amiss,) a misunis

derstanding or misconception of a word all of which

present, as

when 'Chinese'

is

supposed to be a plural,
in the singular
-s

and capable of furnishing 'Chinee'

ber.

By

thus dropping a supposed plural

is

or

-es,

numwe
'

have formed cyclop (but 'cyclops'

mains), stalactite.

in use), effigy, potato

'

(batatas), pirate, pyrite, satrap, specie (but

species

re-

specie-bottle, a wide-mouthed bottle used for species of drugs.

molasses (properly melasse) is a plural form used as singular; so is wages, but this was afterwards made plural, with 'wage' in the
singular.

riches

is a singular (Fr. richesse) used as a plural. French ecrevisse, old English cre'vis and cre'vish became English

crayf-ish and crawf-ish

taken for Jixh.

the

latter part of the

word being mis-

Partly by otosis and partly by parasynesis Fr. saliere (a salt dish)

has become salt-cellar; and 'asparagus

rowgrass.'

'

has been mistaken for

'

spar-

Analepsy
is

the 7'eparation or

amendment

of words which have

become obscure from a

meanings.

real or supposed loss of parts or

The

suffix -ster

formerly indicated females, as in spin-ster

(a female spinn-er,) song-ster (a female sing-er,) but

-ster lost its force,

when
'

the original meaning of

-ess,

restored

by adding

as in song-str-ess

The expression

" I 'd rather " is

'
'

was and seam-str-ess. often amended with " I

'

songster

had rather," where had is an error for would.' The Greek words cyn-ic, mim-ic, mus-ic, log-ic, rhetor-ic, started as adjectives, and when they became English nouns, and an adjective form was required, -al was added, whence
'

not only cyn-ic-al, mus-ic-al, log-ic-al, rhetor-ic-al, but

also inductive (p. 30)

forms like angel-ic-al,

con-ic-al,

' '

32
cub-ic-al,
desj^ot-ic-al,

SYNTHESIS.
emphat-ic-al,

method-ic-al,

symthe

metr-ic-al, cylindr-ic-al, splier-ic-al,

where

-al is useless.
its force,

The formative

TJ of con-tin-u-ous losing
-al,

word was patched with

AVe have
-ate

forming con-tin-u-al, -ous

suffix) in
;

representing the Latin nominative sign -us.

and -ed (forms of the same

;

dement-ate, dement-ed, dement-at-ed

serr-at-ed

lun-at-ed.

'Historian' started in Greek as 'histor' (a personal

noun
'

in -tor, like sculp-tor),

'

whence the secondary noun

as a base for the

and English personal noun

historia
(history),

this served
*

historian,'

which contains the

personal idea twice.

So 'augur' (a soothsayer) has a

;'

second form

'

augurer

sometimes appears as cherub-im-s,

and the Hebrew plural cherub-im lesser and nearer

' '
'

('near' being an old comparative of 'nigh') are partly

due

to this head,

and partly

to the induction (p. 30) of

comparatives in

-er.

Euphemism
sometimes
affects the
is

form of a word, as when the name

to Hurlgate.
'

of a locality

changed from Hellgate

*

An

attempt to anglicise the

in the Irish

German name Kre'ty resulted form Grady,' and the Irish name Prunty
'
'
'

took the Greek form

Bronte.'

Representation.
shortened words are compared with their originals, care must be taken to determine the neglected
elements, or laws of speech and of et}miology will be

When

perverted.
71

At the first view, an interchange of m and seems to be present in 'name' and 'noun,' but the
'

base

nomiu

'

of

'

nomin-al

'

gives

to nou..n

and

m to
and

name.,, these two consonants being representatives

not mutations of each other in these words.

The

ai of

'

rail

'

has not become u in

'

rule,'

but the

SYNTHESIS.
latter represents the

33

former next the r of eegula, from

first,
'

which

'

rail

'

retains the
'

second,

and
eg

fifth

elements

(REguLa), while rule fifth (RegULa), ^Yhen the

second place.
*

retains the

first,
'

fourth,

and

neglect of

brings u to the

In going from pulver(ise) to powder,' v seems to become c?, or d seems a permutation of I, but v was lost from old English pould..er (= poolder), the oo of which became oiv in powder,' and d was educed from I before it was neglected. Care must be taken not to mistake examples of repre' *

'

sentation for those

of mutation, as in
is

delu..ge

'

fi'om

DiLUYiu
it

(p. 22),

where *ge' (=dzh)

it

a mutation of

the vowel, to which

has an etymologic relation, whilst

lost v.

has merely a representative relation to the

sc,

Similarly, an epenthetic e before

loss of

and the subsequent

e (e in

the
s

s,

seems to point to an aflinity between

they)

and

in

French and English, which does not

stable

exist

scarlet
^..carlate

spine
e..pino

scripture
e..cri..ture

scum
e..cume

school
e..cole

e.. table

In Greek and Latin,

not followed by quired after d or
s),
t,

ts,

ds,

are not sequents

{t,

d,
is

are
re-

consequently, if participial
;

as in pro-vi<le-pro-vicl-s-ion
(t

re-mit-

re-mit-S-ion, the dental

or d)

is

either

dropped or
is

assimilated, forming pro-vi..s-ion (where the

dropped)

and re-miss-ion (where

doubled
tative
s

is

assimilated, as sho^vn
s

by the

in Latin).

This change makes

t,

the represen-

of the nearly related

r,

d.

The

similar relation

with n,

accounts for forms like ad-here-ad-hc-S-ion

;

de-poii-ent-de-po..-S-it

respond-response.

But

in these
is

examples of representation, a mutational influence

present.

34

SYNTHESIS.

Par op' sis

is

(Gr. o'psis) a looking (para') beyond or beside, imply-

ing a false view, such as an error in print, writing, or

reading.

As

and

may

be written

much

alike, this

may

ac-

count for a former spelling of Bahelmandeh as Bahelmandel.

Paropsis includes such misrSad words as philology
for philology, engine for engine, eye-talian for It-alian,

pie-auo
raillery
*

for

pian'o, nigh-ther
raillery
*

for

neither

(=nee'ther),

for

(=rairery,
'),

corresponding

with

rally,'

not with

rail

wind

for wind.

neglected, leaving
' '
'

speech, the k would be likely to be and turning 'kserkses' into 'serkses' but the letters X and Z are somewhat alike and their confusion has given the same initial sound to the names Xeno and Zeno in English.
Initial 'k8 being diflBcult in
s

'


35

CHAPTER
After words
are built
are subject to modificatiou

5.

PARESIS.

up by synthesis (p. 26), they by par'&is or neglect, which

has turned (saxifrage)

a c s i f r a ge
..

into

sa saf r a s
by neglecting
others.
to

pronounce the cay of

x,

and by allowing

the middle vowel and final consonant to be replaced by

inattention,

Although such changes are due to carelessness, and ignorance, they result in a multitude of
useful words.
cases, the longer

new and
In
amples
is

many

word

in the following ex-

a book-word introduced after the shorter form

is

has been in use, consequently, the latter

derivative

not a direct

of the former, the two having entered the

language independently.
Paresis or neglect performs an important part in pro-

The loss of elements is often by a change of meaning; and the new forms are not usually such as result from removing affixes for
ducing derivative words.
followed

the purpose of restoring a previous condition.

Blackboard exercises should be written in the following manner

movement mo.. ment

manoeuvre

hospital
ho.. ..tel

blaspheme
bla

man ..u.. re

me

Greek

p eH a
p
is
'

r o s r
..

eM i n
..

n
ry
suflBx,

..

1 ey 1

c e

where -ry of *cele-ry '

suggested by the
r

set apart,

being an independent

perhaps

of

parsley.'

36
adjut-ant
ai..d.

PARESIS.
cover ke..r-chief
credent mis-cre..ant
crisp cra..pe

eremite her..mit
estim-ate ai..m
evet
ef..t

ainbul-ate amb..le

angul-ar ang..le
aper-ient Ap..r-il

crude cru..el

evid-ent vie..w
evil
i..ll

ap'plicable appli'..able crypt gro..tt-o

apprehend appre..nt-iee cucurbit

aptitude a..ttitude

..goHr..d

exemplar ..sampler
ex-cortic-ate ..s-corch

damascene dam.. son

debt d..ue

armature arm. .or

explicate exploi..t

Armenian ermine..
Augustin Au..stin
balsam ba^.m
benediction ben. .i.. son

decadence decay.,
deception decei..t

extraneous ..strange
extra-vag-ant
fact fea..t
..stray.,

decim-al d..ime

declination declen-sion factitious fetish

defect defea..t

benignity benign

fantasy fan..cy
)i.

Bethlehem bedL.am blossom bloo..m

hoTOugh bur..g

de-grade

r.

de-gree..

febrifuge feverfew^
feroci-ous fier..ce
fidelity fe..al..ty

delectable deli^/it-ful

deposit depo..f
desider-ate desi..re

bowel bavou..
ealc-areous chark-y
capital ca..tt..le

flagellate

flai..l

designate design
de-spic-able
..spi..te

foc-al fu..el cur-few..

food

fo..-ster

captive

cai..tiff

de-struct-ive de-stroy.. fragile frai..l

dictate di..tt-y

castle cha..teau

Prankish Fren..cli
frater-nal fri..ar
fric-ass-ee fry..
friction fray..fre..t
fru?'..t

eauda-1 cue., queue..

dig-n-it-y dei^n, disdai..n condiyn

dilate delay..

chirurgeon s..urgeon
cholera choler..
cleric cler..k
collect' cull.,
""colone

diluvial delu..ge^.22. fruct-i-fy

disport ..sport
distracted distrau^At
distress ..stress

gander goo..se
genteel jaunty., genteel gent..le

clown

column colo..nnade+ compute coun..t

concept concei..t
conduct. .er cond/i..t
con-fide de-fy..

dolphin dau..phin

gigantic gi..ant
glyc'er-ine) ..lic-o(rice)

drachm dra..m
drag draw., dray.,
drajgle
trai..l

gust-o dis-gust gou..t

halser haw..ser

con-fid-ence af-fi..ance dubious dou6-t

hedge haw. .(thorn)

conven-t-ionco..Ten-ant duplic-ate double.

Hieronymus

..Jero..me

cook cu..-linary
coppice cop..se

eject je..t ju..t elect eli..te

Hispania ..Spain
Hispaniola ..spaniel
a/..m..s

+corone

crown
corjjs

eleemos-ynary

history ..story

corpse cor..se
cortic-al cor..k

emend ..mend emmet an..t*

engine
..gin

hyacinth ..jacinth p. 21.

hydropsy ..dropsy
insulate L.solate

courtesy curt..sy

PARESIS.
i-gno-ble ..noble

37
plenit-ude plen..t-y

monster mu..ster

i-gnorant un-i-nowing muscul-ar

im-plic-ate imply.,

muscle

potent pow..-erful

native na..ive

pred-atory prey.,
pre-dic-ate prea..ch

invidious envi..ous
indiction indi..te

naught

no..t

navig-ation navvy.,

prehension pri..s..on
presbyter pries. .t..

inimic-al enemy..

negation de-ni..-al
ni^^er ne..ar

inimic-al en..mi..ty
integer enti..re

procuracy proc-cy
procuriitor

nomin-al nou..n

proctor

invective invei^A

Norweg-ian Norway..
noxious noi,.-some
nutri-ment nou-r-ish
obedience obei..sance
oct-u-ple eight-{o\d

provide purvey.,
pro-vid-ent pru..d-ent

junction join..t jun..to +n-other n-o..r

juniper gin.,
juvenile ju..nior
lad(-ess) la..ss
latest la..st

pugnacious im-pur/n

pumice poun..cet
punct-ure poin..tJ

RADIUS

ray.,

lavender lau..ndry
laverock
layer
la..r..k

ordinance ord. .nance

or-pi-ment orpi..n
ossifrage os..prey..

receive recei/)t

rectangle ri^Atangle

lai..r

redemption r..an..somt
re-duc-t-ion sub-due..

league al-li..ance
lection

ostiary u..sh..er

lesson
li..en, al-ly..

other

o..r

regal re..rjl-m

ligament
lixivium

lye.,

pag-an pea..-s-ant palmate pa^m

parabola parab..le
parable par.. Icy
paralysis pa..l..sy..
particle par..cel

regn-ant rei^n-ing
regulator r,.ul..er

lobby lo..dge
loc-al lieu.,

remain rem..n-ant
re-mov-ed re-mo. .te
replication reply..
respect' r^spL.tc
retract retrea..t

long-evi-ty a..ge

Longobard Lom..bardt
niaeul-ate mo..le(a spot)

pauper poo..r
pectoral poi..t..rel

magister-y ma..ster-y

rotund rou..nd
rup-t-ure rou..t

market mar.,t
masculine ma..le

penitence pen..ance

penit-ent re-pen. .t-ant salv-age sa..ve sa..fe

periculous peri..lous
per-secute s..ue pur6..ue s..uit ens..ue

massive massy..

sanct-i-ty sain..ti

mayhem mai,.m
median mea..n
+mediety m..oiety
+nie^k-ed ma..-de
mai..-n

saxifrage sa..ssafras

scandal

s..

lander

petr-i-fy pie..r

secure s..ure
senior
si. .re

phantasm fant..om
fran,.tic

s..i..r

mensur-able mea..sure phrenetic

\\(jht

shire-reeve
sigil sea..l

sher..iflf

piety pi..ty

minister min..st..r-el

pigment

pai..nt

signature sign
species spice
spelter (zinc) ..pew..ter
spirit sp..rite

mix-t me..s-t-izo

plic-ate plea..t ply..

model mo. .Id monastery min..ster..

4

Pontefract Pom..fre..t
^positure pos..ture

38
spons-or e-spou..s-al
sprig spray.,
straggle stray.,
strict strai..t

PARESIS.
tenth ti..the
vestiary vest..ry
vitul-ine
vea..l

think thou^r^-t
tinct-ure tin..t tain..t
trac-t trai..< trea..t

viv-id vi..t-al

vocal vow.. el

subduce subdue.,
super'ficies su..rface

trac-t-ate trea..t-y, -ise

vote vow.,

transpass tre..s-pass

vulgar fo^k

super-vise su..r-vey..
su-spec-t de-spi..te

trough tray tug tow..u.

unc-t-ion oin..t-ment

wagon

wai..n

wal-tz wa?-k
will wou/d worth wor..ship

sylv-an sa..v-age
tabul-ate tab..le
tegul-ar
tell
ti..le

use u..tensil
van-it-y vaun..t
varlet va..let

yell-ow

yo^k

tal-k

young you..th
of

Observe, that

it is

not ad- of 'adjutant' that becomes 'aid,' but

the former becomes d of the latter.

it is

In cases

like ambul-ate, angul-ar,

easy to see that the parts

(-ate, -ar) set off

by hyphens, have

nothing to do with amb..le, ang..le; and that the

is

suffix -il of Ap..r-il

different

from -lent of aper-ient.

Bur..g has lost the second vowel

of hurough, but retains the final consonant wanting in the latter.

39

CHAPTER
In looking
falsify
to

6.

GRAMMAR.
words like
to
to

at the composition of

justify to classify to arrange in order

make false make just

purify

rectify versify
-ify
'

make pure make right to make verse

we must not suppose that

these words,
*

represents make, for in

-fy

'

alone has this meaning, and to include

it,

the

'

-i-

'

as part of

would be

like

making iform the

*

'

latter part of uniform, multiform, cruciform,

vermiform
*

or like dividing

Scottstown

'

into

'

Scott

and stown/
(I miss, /ai7,

This brings us to the grammatic inflections of such

words in Latin.
cheat,) has for
its

The Latin verb fall-o

participle

and adjective fal-s-us {false^ where -us indicates the nominative case and masculine gender, of which the genitive* case fal-s-i of false) is used in fals-i-fy, and the same nominative -us has -I genitive in just-i-fy, rect-i-fy, clar-i-fy, pur-i-fy, null-i-fy, where
*

-fy

'

is

a short form of
fact that

-fie-

(also -fee-, fac- make,) as in

ampl-i-fic-at-ion (a

making wide
them
to

or ample.)

The
in -ic
;

words like

pac:i-fic, spec^i-fic, terr^i-fic

end like

poet-ic, caused

be accepted as adjectives

but the adjective power of the Latin word belongs This affords an exto the lost suflix of terr-i-fic-us.

ample of parasynesis
is

(p. 31).

not derived from 'amplify,' nor satis-fac-t-ion 'Amplification' from * satisfy,' because the original stems * fie ' and ' fac * have a cay

which the remnant fy cannot give.

' *

Authors who follow

this

method

head-j) to a newer French 'te..te' head (which cannot give the of the old French 'teste'), 'taste' to Fr. Never cite a word as an original which cannot 'ta..ter,' and others.
assign an older 'test-y' (as
if

account for a supposed derivative.

*

Implying

of,

and constituting the possessive case of English Grammar.

' '

40

GRAMMAR.
HORT-us (a garden), hort-i (of a garden), hort-i-cul-ture

(culture of a garden.)

crux

(a cross), CRUC-is (of a cross,)

cruc-i-form (having the form of a cross.)

VER-us
repetition
for the

(true, gen.

ver-i) gives ver-i-ty; but var^^i-us

gives var-i-e-ty, to prevent the
(pious, gen. pi-i) gives pi-e-ty

(various, gen. VAR-i-i)

'

ii,'

and pi-us

same reason. The nominative and genitive are alike in class-is (a class,) whence class-i-fy which we may write with the
nominative mark
both.
(),

the genitive

(:),

or class-:i-fy with

FORT-is (strong,) fort-i-fy (to

MOLL-is

(soft), moll-i-fy (to

make strong). make soft).

VERM-is (a worm,) verm-i-form. ENS-is (a sword,) ens-i-form, where the parts are adapted by rejecting final -s. But the -s is retained in sat-is-fy (to
cause to have enough, to
sate,)

from sat-is (enough,)

which has adverbial

-is.

PAX (peace) gen. pac-is, whence pac-i-fic. Ipex (the top) gen. apic-is, whence apic-al. MANUS (hand) gen. man-us, whence man-u-al.
MORS (death) The genitive
verse, a
fruct-i-fy

gen. mort-is,

whence

morti-fy, mort-al.

case of fruct-us (frui..t), vers-us (a

is

turn,)

fruct-us, versus, hence the

-i-

of

and

vers-i-fy is not

a genitive sign, but a con-

nective (p. 30) induced (p. 30)

by the frequency of the

genitive

-I.

ON-us (a burden) gen. 6n-er-is, whence exon-er-ate.

(a body, whence corp..se and corjo..s), has the genitive case corp-or-is, whence corp'-or-al (re-

The Latin corp-us

and corp-6r'-e-al (having a body), in which an additional word is made by an -e- which is formative, but not grammatic, although elements which give grammatic forms and meanings, are formative also.
lating to the body),


GRAIVOIAR.

41
Europ-e'-an, final 'y' is
mis'er-y,

Formative 'e' and

printed
for
'i,'

'i'

are present in
;

Athe'n-i-an, gen-i-us, re-me'd-i-al

as in

and a

re-m'ed-y,

master-y,

mytholog-y.

Tliey are also present in stup-e-fy, liqu-e-fy,

terr-i-fy, fur-i-ous, gen-e-sis, id-e-a, Ind-i-a, Austral-i-a.

The
lin-e-al,

'e'
*to

with which *rose' and 'line' are written, has

nothing
vowel.

do with the formative

'

'

of ros-e-ate and

being added to secure the pronunciation of the

French relinquished the Latin suffixes for and gender, as masc. -US, fem. -A, neut. U, and rejecting the neuter, was left with but two genders. Deprived of their gender suffixes, Latin -iv-us, -iv-A would become -iv which French took as -ive in the feminine and -if in the masculine, so that Lat. captivus, captiva, became French m. captif,' /. 'captive' whence English cai..tiff' and captive'
case
'

Gender.

'

restiff restive

brief breve

blank blanch

4 *

Li b U A it UNIVKUSITY

OI.

CALIFORNL

; '

42

CHAPTER
English words
tween
'

7.

ANALYSIS.

present certain resemblances, as be*

become an ulcer,) and personate (to imitate a person), where -ate not only extends the meaning of ulcer and person,' but it turns these nouns into verbs. In passionate,' -ate turns a noun into an adjective, and in consulate (the office of a consul,) it
ulcerate
'

(to

'

'

'

'

'

gives a derivative noun.

In
cause

ulcerate,' -ate is
*

an

affix,

and

also a suffix

because
be-

placed after the stem

it is

ulcer.'

An

affix
to,

is

so

named

fixed or joined (AF-* for ad)

whether before

or after.

A
In
'

suffix

is

something joined (suf-^ for sub

below, behind, or) after ; and prefixes are placed (pre-)

before their stems.
is

stem

is
*

the part to which an affix

'

joined.
'

'

ulcer- at-ion,'

ulcerat

is

a stem to

-ion,

and

ulcer

to -at-ion. to unite (con-) with glue or gluten

coiig^lutiiiate

concentrate to bring (con-) conglobate brought together consolidate to make solid.

suffix -ate,

together to a centre
in the shape of a globe

Here, in addition to the

we have con-, which we judge to be a prefix, because we observe that it stands before parts or stems which we recognise as the separate words gluten, centre,
AVe observe farther, that several of these stems are varied in form, to adapt them to their position, in which they may be compared to timbers which require
globe, solid.
to

be trimmed into proper shape, before they can take

their place in a building.

ANALYSIS.
Prefixes are often thus fitted to stems, as

43

becomes

CO- in

'

co-equal
lip

'

(equal with)

or

when conwhen its n is

(a fellow
col-

assimilated to

consonant by becoming m, as in
together),

'commix'

(to

mix

'compatriot'

countryman.)
together
as in
'

In the same manner, con- becomes

I,

by
?,

assimilation before
;

as in 'collocate' (to locate with, or

to arrange)
'

and

it

takes the form cor- before

;

correspond

(to

respond with

to agree.)

It

is

clear that this assimilative change

is

due to the

difii-

culty of pronouncing words like

con-mix, con-locate,

con-respond, con- motion.

Qu.

How

distinct prefixes?

do we know that col- and cor- are forms of con-, and not Ana. We know that col- and cor- stand for con- in

such words, because ancient Latin inscriptions are in existence, which

give such double forms as collisio and conlisio (collision), conuEcxou

and CONRECTOR.

In adaptiug the prefix

EC- and
E-, as in

ex

(out, out of,) it

may become

e-nerv-ate to deprive of nervo or force to un-nerve. evaporate to go out or oflF in vapor. ec-centr-ic or excentric out of centre; odd; singular. e-labor-ate to work out; spend labor on; worked out. collaborate to labor with, or together.
j

In the next

table, stems

and derivatives are printed so

relations.

as to exhibit their
cave

mutual

44
note
to
to

ANALYSIS.
mark; to observe. mark ^pecialli].
pure
clean.

denote

pur:i-ty cleanness.
pur:i-fy to viake clean.
sole

notable worthy of note.

null

of no value.
to

alone ; single.

annul

make

void.

solitude loneliness. de-sol-ate

vile

null:i-ty nothingness.

made
low,
to

lonely

ruined.

press

to to

crush ;

to squeeze.

mean.
(vIl-is) vile.

compress

press together.

revile

reproach.

repression a pressing bach.

vil-i-fy to

make

Hundreds of words enable us to separate and to determine the force of their component parts but there are many which differ from the preceding examples in the fact that, although they are shown to be derivatives by
;

their

known

affixes,

and by

their meanings, their steins are

not in use as English words.

Nevertheless, such words

must be treated known words or

If
*

as derivatives, whether their stems are

not.*

press

'

as

a separate word had been

lost

from

all

languages, such evident derivatives as depress, express,

impress, repress, suppress,

equal facility

we

get a stem
;

would furnish it; and with pel and its meaning drive^
'

'

from

expel

to drive out
;

impel
to drive

to drive

on

to drive

back

propel

forward

repel dispel to
;

drive asunder, as clouds.

Qu. If English were the only
*

known language, should

and each assumed
if

'propel' and

repel' be regarded as unconnected,

to

be a primitive
to

word?

Ans. They should not; because,

to

'propel' means
is

drive

forward, and 'repel' means

drive, 'pro'

drive back,

as 'pel*

a part of both

words, and drive a part of both definitions, 'pel' necessarily means

moans forward, and

that, as
'

're-'

means back.
Ans. If it were not for one to buy back, re- should

Qu.

What do you make

would say

of 'redeem?'

thing, I

redeem ' means

mean
*

back, leaving 'deem' to

mean

buy.

In the following pairs, different words are built up in the same manner from different stemsveracity

confidence confluence

congregate
confiscate

perforate

collocate
colligate

irritate

social

sagacity

percolate

irrigate

genial

ANALYSIS.
Qu. But
'

45
and
locally,

deem * means

to

think, to judge,
is

a judge
is

is

called a 'deemster.'

Besides, rk-

Latin, and 'deem'

English,

making this supposed 'RE-deem' a hibrid (p. 29), and analysis which makes a word a hibrid, is to be treated with distrust. But what is the "one thing" to which you alluded? Am. It is, that while stems like 'pel' (drive) and *trac-t' (draw) afford several derivatives, such as
repel, propel, dispel;
retract,

extract, distract, contract, attract, the

supposed stem 'deem' of 'redeem' occurs with but one prefix, and unless such single examples exhibit their parts clearly, a supposed composition like 're-deem' must be regarded as doubtful.
Obs.

We

have seen

(p. 43) that

ex has

the forms e-

and EC- similarly,

j

RE- has the form red- in the Latin word red-im-o {I re-purchase, whence

red-eem,) from em-o /

exemptus taken (ex)
out,

buy, obtain;

emp-t-us bought, obtained;

whence ex-emp-t, where p is educed from m. Consequently, there is no such word as re-deem in the sense of a stem 'deem' with a prefix re-. Qu. What do you make of 'icicle'? Ans. It should not be assumed to be a hibrid by comparing it with 'particle' (a small part), but we must trace its history, when we find it as Anglosaxon is-gicel {g in give, c as k) Dutch ijskegel ice-cone ((/ as y in my).
released,
;

The stems of the

following derivatives are recognisable,

notwithstanding their absence as separate English words.

agent (one) doing or acting. aC't (something) done.
exal't
to

cap-t-ive one caught or held.

ca-p-a,G:i-tj power

of holding.

make high;

e-lev-nte.

proceed
recede

to
to

go (pro) foncard.
go (re-) back.
sure.

altii't-ude hight ; e-lev-a-tion.

ann-u-al yearly.

certain
stipend.

ann-ud-ty yearly

certes surely.

ardent burning ; zealous. ardor xcarmth ; zeal.

aud^i-ble that may be heard.
aud^i-t-or a hearer.
"bell-ic-ose /jrojie to rear.

exclude seclude

to to

shut (ex) out.

shut (se-) apart.

culpable icorthy of blame. exculpate to clear from blame.

rebel'

to to

war (re-) back.

drink
in.

recur concur

to to

run back; return.

meet (or act) together.

imbibe

hihulous drinking

in ; spongy.
to dogs.

decent ^ro^jer, becoming, dec:oT-um propriety.

indicate
to

canine pertaining

point out.

cynic (Gr.) doglike;

surly.

dic-t-ion mode of speech.

46
dol-or grief.

ANALYSIS.
exhale
to

breathe (exj out.

in.

condole

to

grieve (con-) with.

to give,

inhal-at-ion a breathing

donate

donor
endure
to

a giver.
last; to hear,
lasting.
just.

adhere cohere

to stick (ad) to. to stick (co-,

con-) together.

durable

horror o shuddering fear, horrid exciting horror.

equal even ;

equ:i-ty justice.

humid humor
image
collide

moist.

moisture.

defend to strike; to avert. fender a protector,

refer
to

a likeness.
to

imitate

copy.

hear hack.

to strike together.

defer

to

put

off.

elide
zeal,

to strike out.

fervor heat; warmth;

lift to raise up.

fervent hoiling ; zealous.

confide
to trust

lever a raising bar. local pertaining

to

much. of
trust.

a place.

diffidence

icatrt

locate

to

put in place.
stay (re-) hack.

figure a form, shape, outline.

effig==y (s=l.ES)

likeness; image.

remain to permanent

staying (per) entirely.

final at the end.

finish

to

end; the end.

malice ill-will, sjjite. malig^n-ant spiteful.

focus meeting point of rays,

focal pert,
to

command
permeate

to

order; authority.

a focus or h'arth.
broken
off.

mandate
to

a command.

fragment

hit

go or pass through.

fragile easily brok-en.

fugitive feeing; escaping,

immeable

not allowing passage.

to restore.

fngucious feeting;

volatile.

remed=*y means of cure; med-ic-ine the art of

healing.

fulgid bright; shining.

effulgent shining (ex)
out.

mental pertaining to the mind. dementate deprived of mind.

minute' very small. diminish to lessen.

congeal

to

freeze (cON-) together.

gelid very cold; frozen.

gerent bearing.
aligerous icing-bearing; winged.
glac*i-al relating
to ice. ice.

admire

to

wonder (ad)
object
to

at.

mirr-or

used in admiring.

admonish

warn, remind.

glac*i-er afield of
grat<u-it-ous done

mon-it-or he who reminds.

mor:t-al subject
to

ojtt

of favor.

death.

grata- t-udo thankfulnes.

mor:t^u-ar-y a burial-place.

ANALYSIS.
mural pertaining to immured imprisoned.
mnt-at-ion change.
a wall.

47

pious devout.
piety devotion.

depic-t

to

paint.

immutable unchangeable.
naval pertaining to shipping. to manage shipping.

piC't-ure a painting.

nav-ig-ate

portable porter a

that

may

be carried.

carrier.

noc=u-ous producing harm. innocent not harming; harmless.

renovate
to

private one's own.

deprive

to

take

away what one has.

'

make neio

(re-) again

"pensbl relating to punishment.

nov-el-ty something new.

penitentiary house of sorrow.

connub^i-al pert,

to

marriage.
rites.

nup-tri-als marriage

punish to cause pain. impunity without punishment.

pudicity modesty.

num-er-ous being many. enum-er-ate to count (e-)

od=i.um hatred.
od=i-ous hateful.

ont.

impudent
deride
to

not modest.

laugh

at.

rid-ic-u-lous laughable.

adoring addressing, beseeching,

or-at-ion a (formal) speech.

rigid

stiff,

hard.

rigor

stiffness, severity.
to

adorn

to

beautify;

add

beauty.

corrode

gnaw

(com-) much.

ornate decorated.
oval egg-shaped.

erode

to eat (e-,

ex)

out.

rugose full of
corrugate
to

icr inkles.

ovoid somewhat egg-shaped.

wrinkle together.

COmpaC't driven (cox-) together. impaC't a driving (in) against.

patent open (to all) patulous expanding.

sal^u-brious health-bringing.
sal:=u-tary healthful.

sepulchre a tomb.
sepul't-ure burial.
desist
assist
to

pathos

(Gr.) emotion; feeling.

stand (dk) from; cease.

stand (ad) at or by; aid.
cheer or comfort.

pathetic causing emotion.

pat=i-ent suffering; enduring.

to to

console

pat=i-ble sufferable.

solace comfort.
solar pertaining
to the sun.

expel
repel

to to

drive out. drive back.

solstice sun-standing.

peninsul-a almost an island.

son-or-ous yielding sound.

penultimate almost

the last.

resonant sounding (re-) back,

speculum a looking-glass. depend to hang (DE)/ro;H or doion. pendent hanging; sus-pend-ed. inspec-t to look into.

48

ANALYSIS.
to to

assume resume
retain

take (ad)

to (one's self.)

vanish

to

disappear.
(e-)

take back.

evanescent passing

away.

to

hold back; keep.

abstain

to

hold from.

vapor vapid
convene
,

steam-like matter,
stale; flavorless,

tenable that may be held.

to

come

together.
out.

tenant a

holder, an occupier.

inveU't

to

come upon; find

ted.s'i-um weariness.

ver:i-ty truth.

tedious irksome.
terr-ene earthly; earthy.

veracious truthful,

avert
revert
deviate

to
to to

turn from. turn back.

inter

to

put in earth; bury.

terror fright.
terrible causing /right.

go from the way.

pervious having a way throtigh.

timid a/raid. timorous /hZ^ of fear.

vivid

lively.

vivacity liveliness.

tum-or a
disturb

swell-ing.

convocation a calling

together,

tum-ul-us a mound.
to disquiet.

revoking a calling back.

voluntary acting by
volition the act of
choice.

turbulent disorderly.

tcilling.

turgid swelled. turgescent beginning

involve
to swell.

to roll in; entangle.

to roll forth;

evolve

develop.

tutor a guardian; a teacher.

tuition wardship; instruction.
utility usefidness.

voracity greed.

devour

to eat

up.

utensil an implement.

vulgar common. divulge to make common,

vac==u-um an empty space.

beware

to be cautious,

vacant being empty.

valid having force. valor strength (of mind.)

warn

to caution.

cau-t-ion wariness.
cav*=e-at
let

him

beioare.

The foregoing
for

table gives us over one hundred stems

which

it is

not necessary to go beyond the English

language.

In

many

cases,

however, we must study the

does not occur in
'

previous, history of the words, or our conclusions will be

erroneous.
*

For example, the same

trans-it

'

(trans-i-t-us a going over) and

ex-it

'

(ex-it

ANALYSIS.
he goes out), the former
latter
-t

49

being participial, while the

singular, not only of this

marks the third person

'
'

verb, but of others.

Exit has been adopted from plays,

where

it

directs a character to leave the stage.

is i

The

root

of these words
The

(go) present in trans-i-ent across-going.

prefix 'a-' of a-part, a-sleep, is not present in 'alone,' which is

not to be divided as a-lone, but as al-one or all one, with the old pro-

nunciation of one in on-ly, al-one and

tp-sound

its

short form ..1-one.

(p. 29)

The
o of

now heard

in

'

one,' is

an eduction

from the true

old English one.

In 'organ-ise' the
stem.

suflBx is -ise,
is in this

but in ana-ly-se y belongs to the

case due rather to the French

The verb 'analyse'

noun
is

analyse (Gr. analysis) than to the French verb analyser.

Analysis

a solving (ana) back; an unraveling.

Piqiil.

Why,

in

the case of sepul-chre, was not the stem

made

shorter

than sepul-?

Ans. Probably because the author could not

a prefix
*se-,'

determine whether

to separate

as in se-clude (p. 45), or

suflBx '-ul,' as in

tum-ul-us

(p. 48).

Allied forms like re-mit, re-miss; ad-mit, ad-missible; re-cede, re-cess;

in-vert, inverse; mord-ant, re-morse
tion, p. 33.

are

explained under Representaof the following

The foregoing examples present a preliminary view

afiixes.

Prefixes
dif-, e- ex,

a- ab abs, ad as-, be-, co- con- col- com- cor-, de, di- disa, -able, -ace, -ac:i-ous, -ac:i-ty, -age,

in im-, in-, en-, per, pre-, pro, re-, se-. (15)

Suffixes

-ain (an),
-el,

-al, -ant, v,

-ar, -ar-y, -ate, -at-ion, -ble, -bri-ous, -d,

-dom, -ed,

-en

-en a,

-ence, -ens-il, -ent, -er,

-em,

-ess, -et a, -et-ic, -ful, -fy,

-11,

A-, A-a,\, ^i-ble,

-ing,

-ic, -ice, -icity, -id, *i-ent,

-ig-ate, -ignant,

-ile, -il-it-y, -ine,

v. infin.,

-ion, -ish, -it, -it-ate, -ite, -it-ion, -ive, -ix, -le, -n

-oid, -or,

-or-ous, -OS, -ose, -ous,

-t,

't-ary, -t:i-al, -t-ion, -t-or, -t-ude, -t-um, -ty,

-u-(formative), -ude, -u-it-ous, -ul-ous, -ul-us, -ul-um, -um, -und, -untary,

-ute, -ure, -us, -y. (83)


50

CHAPTER
Affixes

8.

AFFIXES.

are additions to roots, stems, and words, in-

tended to modify their meaning.

In some cases an
afiSx

modifies only the form of a word, like the

e- of e-squire (for squire, p. 29)

and connective

-t-

in ego-t-ist (p. 30).

Affixes (p. 42) are of two kinds of which the prefixes

are placed before, and the suffixes after the word-bases

they modify.

We
may
*

have seen under Dimorphism

acquire several forms
'

(p.

in time
'

24) that a word and meanings, as

corsair

and

courser,'

and

in

many

other cases, although

we may know
their

the parts of which a

word

is

composed,

primary meaning will not give us the actual or the figurative signification. For example

A
*

'headstrong' (or self-willed)

is

man may have

'come over'
is is

a weak head.

To

reach over'
'set

not to
differs

overreach,' to

not to 'overcome,'

and a

up'

from an 'upset.*

In modern music, the longest note

named

'

semibreve,' because

it

was once huff of a brief note called a breve. The next longest note is named 'minim' (Lat. minimus least), because it indicated the shortest note used when the term was adopted. The month October, which we now make the teiUh, was named when it was counted as (octo eight) the eighth month of the Roman year. In some words 'in-' means not, as in 'incorrect' and 'impossible;' but instead of not famous 'in'famous' means detestable, and 'im'pious' means tcicked.

The meaning
distinguishes
ferent word,
verbal.
'

of an affix

may become
*

obscured or

lost,

as in the case of the Arabic article al- (or el-) the,

' '

which

alchemy from chimistry only as a difand on this account such an affix becomes


AFFIXES.

51
prefix,

Some stems take a

as in
author-ise,
vili-fy,

suffix

where others take a

em-power

life-less,

in-animate

sour-ish, sub-acid
sinful,

de-fame
con-firm

heed-less, neg-lig-ent
faith-less perfid-i-ous

im-pious

rati-fy,

tum-ult, up-roar.

Affixes are

absent from

many English

words, and

present in their Latin-English equivalents, as in

dull,

torp-id

get,

ob-tain
pro-gress'

guess, con-jec't-ure
rob,

drive, im-pel
get,

go,

de-pred-ate

re-ceive

raise, e-lev-ate

choke, suf-foe-ate

In the

first

of the following columns the suffixes are

English, opposite to which stand words with suffixes of

about the same meaning, derived from Latin, as -ty of

liber-ty

from -tas of liber-t-as.

They

are

mutually

explanatory and show the range of correspondence in

meaning, but they must not be regarded as exact equivalents.

Live-ly and viv-id are equally adjectival

flu-ent are participial
;

flow-ing

and

mot-ive

is

mov-er and mo-tor are nouns primarily an adjective, as in "motive power,"

but in the expression

noun

"a good motive," it becomes a and a " preventive remedy " is sometimes called a
inebri-ate

" preventive."
drunk-ard,
nigg-ard,

thral-dom,
free-dom,

serv:i-t-ude

mis-er

free-dom, ex-emp-t-ion
liber-ty

begg-ar-y,
col-d a.

mendic-ancy
gel-id
gen:t-le

king-dom, monarch-y (Gr.)

tin-dou-6't-ed
fix-ed,

kin-d kin-d
kin-d kin-d
floo-d,

a.
n.

in-du-b-it-able

gendrer
sor:t

station-ary

n,

curv-ed
parch-ed,
crippl-ed,

eurv-ate
ar-id
de-crep-it
in-de-fin-ite

H,

speckles

in-und-at-ion

Pope-dom
prince-dom
wis-dom,

Pap-acy -atia
princip-al.:i-ty

un-de-fin-ed
ad-join-ed
trav-el,

ad-junc't
itiner-ate

sap*i-ence

52

54
hill-ock,

AFFIXES.

55

'

UNIVKKSl TY O CALIFORNIA.

PKEFIXES.*
That pure English and Latin English words are not constructed upon is shown in the following pairs, where the cor-

exactly the same model,

responding parts appear in supposable words

in-de-pend-ent
un-ofif-hang-ingf
at-ten==u-ant

magni-fic

-ent

in-anti

sta-nt

at-thinn-ing

big-mak-ing

not-with-stand-ing:{:

a-

in, on, at, afield asliore astern a-ITriglit a-eltiiowleclge

aivake

in a

wakiug

condition,

aislaut
is

in

a slant-

ing direction,

afore

in a forward position.
It

aloud

in a loud

manner.

verbal or redundant

in a-bide, a-rise.

AB, AB-S-, A-. a-vert to turn from or away. abs-trae-t (trac-) to draw from an abridgment.
;

al>-orig;iiial from the beginning

primitive.
j^osition, ar-range.

AD.

atl-just

to

fit

to,

put in just

adiulre (mir-or I wonder,) to wonder at. al-lliv-i-al washed (al- for ad) against, or deposited by water, attraet to draw to allure entice. a-seenl (scand-o I climb,) to climb to, rise up.
;

as-sid-u-Oii>S sitt-ing (as- for ad,) at, or by ; diligent. The d of AD has disappeared from a-scend, and has been assimilated (p. 43) to the next consonant
in ac-count, af-fix, ag-glutinate, al-loc-ate, an-not-ate,

ap-portion, ar-range, as-simil-ate, at- tune.

* Latin affixes are printed like
'

POST,' Greek like 'ANTI,' while

'-AB-le
'

'

mis-'

represents English, and forms from other languages.

is

partly Latin

and partly English, -le being for -IIj, as in nob-le noblLiity. The portion of the definitions in italic, defines the affix as in " postscript something
written after" where after defines 'post,' and 'script' takes the remainder of the definition. Latin prefixes given with hyphens (such as CO-, CON-, DIS-) are not used as separate words, but unhyphened ones (such as de, ex, per)
are distinct wofds.
t
X

German un-ab-hang-ig Dutch on-af-hang-lijk Bohem. With-staud' means to stand (with-) against.
;

ne-za-wis-ly.

'

56

PREFIXES.
sides.

AM-, A]\IB- [AMBI,

AMPMI^ around, on both amputate (p. 27) amb-i-ent. ANTE before, antedate antediluvian
beside
SL

ANTI, ANT- against, opposite. antispasinolic ant-aretie ant-aeid antipodeiii

be-,
by the side
of.

becalm

to

make or
as

cause

calm,

betliinli:

to concentrate the thoughts,

think

specially,

be-

is

commonly

restrictive,

in

bespatter to spatter a particular object. bespeali to speak for a particular article.

to slander a particular person, besprinkle becloud bedazzle beauoan belay CIRCUM around, about, circumpolar

belie

CO-, COX-,

COM- &c. co-equal co-operate to work or act ivith

quite, eomp)letely, or really hollow,

equal with.
or together.

consume to take entirely, devour, waste, concave

col-laudation
to

mutual

praise,

com-miserate

sorrow

ivith.

cor-re-spond to respond or agree mutually. co-gnate and con-nate (gna-t-us, ..natus

CO- with,^ related by birth; allied; similar.

born,

corrode to gnaw much. CONTRA, counter, contradiction a speaking against, countermarcli a march in the opposite
direction,

DE.

contr-ar-y opposite adverse. depress to press down, deflect to bend Jrom

;

deject to cast down, deport to carry devour (v5r-are) to swallow completely. denounce to make known or announce specially. It is causative in deprave to cause to be perverse.
or aside,

away,

It

is

restrictive in

deride
it is

to

laugh at a particular

object.
*
'

In

defi*aud
It
*

verbial, turning the

noun

fraud into a verb.

is

verbal (p. 50) in

defender

as

compared with

fender.'

PREFIXES.

57

DIA. dia-mef er measure through. (lia-logue discourse between (several

DIS-, DI-, DIF-.^
asunder, ^e-parate.

speakers).

clisjoiii to imjoin, place apart or

<lis-loeaf e
off,

to put out of place.

cli-s'taiit stand-ing from,

or apart.

dir-lie-iilt

i<n-fac-ile, not easy.

en, em-

French form of Lat. in], enfold to eiKlorse (to write) on the back (of a docufold 171. eiiipoiver to put in the power of. ment.) EX, EC-, E-, EF-.^ [ex is both Latin and Greek.]
[the

ex

or ee-eeiitric out e-deiitate without teeth.

of

or

from

the

centre.

ef-fliieiit flowing

off,

out, or aivay.

EXTRA
for-,

extratropieal extraortlinary extr-an^e-ous

beyond,

ie-warn,

fore-. warn

renounce on

forewarn (Ger. ver-warn-en) to forswear to swear against oath; swear falsely, foredoom (old
against,

Ger. far-tom-jan) to

doom

thoroughly, or entirely.

foreIN-,
(i-

before, in front, beforehand,

foresee foresail
..noscere
to

un- 7iot, ivithoid, contrary to, want of. i-gno-r-ant

for

IN-

not,

gno-sc-ere,
or

know,)

unlinoiidng.

nn-

in-eonstant il-legal

im-probable ir-religion innninerable

IN.

inclose
between,

to shut in, contain,

il-lnminate

to

throw light on or upon.

INTER
misN-,

interline intertropical

wrongly,
not.

ill.

misapply misfortune
not

NE

ne-nter
something

(ut-er) eth-er, n-either.

way.

n-ullity n-auglit no-tliing

OB.

object

set before, against, in the

op-press to press upon or against. obliterate (lTttera a pen mark,)

to blot out.

obconic

conic inversely, or downwards.

58

PREFIXES.
PEL-^.

PER,
a

per-foliate
to

(as a stem passing) through

leaf.

l>el-liiei<l shining through.

per-jiire

swear through (and beyond) the truth.

perplex (plex-us tangled) to entangle thoroughly. PERI around, about, periplirav^e circumlocution. POLY- many, polysyllable polypetalous POST after, post-seript written after.
PRE-,
inent,

pre-eiuiiaeiit eminent

before all

very em-

prejudiee

judgment beforehand.
forth.

PRO. pro-iiioiit-ory a mount-ain jutting pro-logiie a speech before the main piece.

pro-sper
pro-

(spes hope, spePvO I hope,) to be in ac-

cordance with hope.

In

prououu, proconsul,
to

means for, instead

of.

RE-.

re-iiov-ate or re-iie^v respleiiclent shining back;

splendid.
to

make new

agaiJi.

shining much;

very

respire
tinuously.

breathe again and agairi, hence, conto act

RETRO-,
sonant.

retroact

backward, or in opposition.

S- intensive, sometimes strengthened with another con-

scoop cup

PREFIXES.

59

subdivide

to divide farther, or into smaller parts.

su-spect, su..s-tain, su^-gest,

sum-mon

('

mon

'

of ad-

mon-ish), sur-rog-ate.

SUBTER.
under.

subterliuent

flowing below, beneath, or

SUPER, SUPRA [Gr. HYPER; Eng. over; Fr. su..r for super], supeniatiiral above or beyond nature. supra-orbital above or over the orbit (of the eye). hypercritical beyond (just) criticism over-critical.
;

su..r-plus overplus. SYN. syntliesis a placing

of parts to form a whole.

with or together;

union
or

TRANS, TRAN-, TRA-.

trans-moutaue

tra-montane
north of the Alps

across, over, or
;

beyond the mountains;

not Italian.
;

tre..s-pass
transgress.

to

pass beyond (the lawful limit)

to

trau-scribe

to write over again, re-write.

ULTRA, ultraiuoutaue
south of the Alps
;

beyond the mountains;

merciful;

Italian.

un-

[a form of

IN;

nof].

uuuierciful not

without mercy

merci/ess.

uu-(or iiu-)passable
ivitbliold

UNI-

one.

uuicoru

an animal with one (cornu) horn.

to stand against,

witli-.

ivitlistand

to hold/ro?)i or back.

60

SUFFIXES.
-A.

[A

Gr. and Lat. noun-suffix of the nominative case,

often omitted in English, as in ruin-a, poem-a, epoch-a.]

-A.

area arena corolla laria drama synoiiynia synonyms. [Lat. and Gr. plurals.]
[-ab-il-is, -ib-il-is.
that

-AB-le, -IB-le.

See -B-Le.]

movable

may

be

moved.
force.

cred-il>le ivorthy of credit or belief ed-il>le fit to be eaten, forcible full of -AC, -IC, -ique, -0C-. [Lat., Gr., see -IG-.]

di-daC't-ic
in or adapted

(di- reduplicative) instructit^e;

to

employed

instruction,

man^i-ac

affected by

mania
critic,

or madness,

critique
fier-ce, like

the act or work of a

ferocious
[Lat.

(fer-a) a wild beast.

-ace, -ac-y

-at-],

preface

pr^-fa-t^i-o
before;

(fa-ri to speak,) something said

preliminaiy discourse,

(pr.e)

obstinacy
;

ob-stin-at^i-o a

(STANs) standing (ob) against

stubbornness.
to

-AC-y.
swell,

[Lat.,

Gr.].

coii-tum-acy (tum-ere
state of

be tum-id,) a

being puffed up

contempt

of lawful authority.

-AC-e-ous, -AC:i-ous.
crust-^i^e.

crustaceous
;

having a crust;

cai>-aC:i-oils having cap-ac:i-ty

capaS^e of holding.

ver-ac:i-OUS

observant of ver-ac-i-ty or truthfulness.

-AC-Le, -IC-Le agent, place, oracle (or-are to speak, pray,) the person who announces; a prophetic announcement, and the place where
pertaining to an oracle.
it is

made,

or-ac-iil-ar

-ad, -atle

[see -ATe.]
;

arc-ade

something arch-ed

or arcu-ATe

a row of arches.

SUFFIXES.

61

-age

n. collective.

[French, due to several Latin forms.]

herbage
aggregate.

herbs collectively,

coinage
for,

coins in the

iTharfage
a.

charge

or space on, a

wharf,

parentage
river.

the condition of a parent.

relating to or pertaining to

-AL, -EL, -IL

(fluvius) a

fluvial
may

doc-ile

that

he taught

teach-a6/e.

-AN, -ANe -INe, a.n.\l^

particip.]

African of Africa.
city.

urban pertaining to (urbs) urbane city-like; polite.

-ANce,

-ANcy, -ENce

-ENcy.

[-ant^i-a,

-ent^i-a.]

providence
seem^,

the quality or the act of pro-vid-ing,

foreseeing, or of being

pro-vid-ENT or pru..dent a
;

fore-

silence the result of or state of being silent. -ANT, -ENT, pro-vid-ent, pru..dent ^m\\(\ing;
having
the quality of foreseeing ; the being or existing

of foresight,

assailant
that

one who assails.

absorbent
-AK, -AR-y
to,

which absorbs.

[-AR-IS, neut. -are.]

angular ^er^amm^
testamentary lionorary conferillusion.

or

like,

an angle.
[-are] that which gives light.
or-i-us.]
[-ar-i-us,

luminary
-ARy,

-ORy
to

relating

"will

or testament,

ring honor,

illusory promoting
(-arius) a

statuary

maker of

statues.

commeiatary
observatory
-ATe, -AT-.
vowel.]

(-ARiu"") a collection of

comments.

(oriu") a ^^^aee for observation.

preceded by a formative
of,

[T

participial

roseate

having the quality

or like a rose.

cert:i-fic-ate 7i. that which regulate to make or cause to

to rule.

certifies or is certified.

be regular, or according

-B, -F, -P, -V-, -U-, formative, [implying to produce, have,

get;
6

also

indicating nouns.]

mor-b-id

(morbus

62
disease,

SUFFIXES.

mSrior I die,) diseased, tending towards death. ef-flii-v-i-uin, flu-v-i-al, from flu-ere to flow. V and i formative, iioc-il-oiis (noc-ere to injure)
producing harm
-B..Le, -B-IL-

cliir-p a chirr-ing sound. hurtful, [B formative, commonly with a preceding

;

vowel.]
be eaten.
-Cgenetic.
;

terr*i-ble causing
fa-C-Uiifl (fa-ri
eloquent.

terror,

edible

fit

to

to

speak,) producing

speech

mbi-c-lliicl having

redness

reddenm^'.
-C-le,

-C-EL, -C-UL-.
;

(artus) joint

a clause

art-i-cle {i connective) a an agreement.

;

little

particle
-d, -t

{i

genitive) a small part.

aiiiiiial-ciile a minute animal.

[see -ATe.]

dril^t

that

which drives, or
that which
is

is

driven

the result of driving,

dee-d

do-ne.

-doiu. dukedom the domain of a tliraldoni the condition of a thrall

duke.
or slave.

martyrdom the act of

-E-, -I-, -y formative,
tive.]

a martyr.
the quality of roses.

[sometimes confused with -I geni-

ros-e-ate having

igil-e-OllS having the quality of, pertaining to, or caused by (ignis) fire. lal>-i-al pertaining to the lips. reg:i-lis pertaining to a king regal.
;

-ed

[Norman -ed. See -ATe, -ad, -d, -t.] rounded made round, bearded furnished
2)P- ^-

(or

provided) with a beard,

-ee
to

n.

[A French form

pressed was under pressure. of -ATe, -ed.] graut-ee one

'

whom something has been granted ex-pos-e (Fr. e has the power in they ')
exposecZ, or

that which

is

made

public.

In comparing the following derivative nouns, it will be it happen that the derivative forms are different and at the same time deobserved that in but one case does

SUFFIXES.
rived from the verb in the
first

63
column.
'

From 'pay'
'

are derived
for

payer

'

and

'

payee,' while
cash,)

pay

is

repeated

the (wages, earnings,

is

object

pai-d.

Under
example

'give' the thing giv-en

*

'gif-t,'

but Latin supplies

donation.'

receiver

'

and

presentation,'
is

and

in the next
*

the object given

Verb,

commonly

called a


64
SUFFIXES.

-EK-

[E

and

formative.]

cavern

(cav-e-a,

cav-er-ka) a placed cav-ed or ex-cav-at-ed. iiUHi-er-OUS consisting of many.

-er-n,
-ESCe,
n.

a.

iiortlierii toward,

in,

or at the north.
a.

V.

deliquesce

to

become liquid,

-esc-ent

esc-eiace
n. fern,

-ess,

[-ix, Fr. -esse.]

heiress priestess
fortress finesse

lioiaess -ess, n. [-Ma, Fr.

esse, see -ice.]

proiulse
-est
a.

most

soonest widest nio-st

-T.]

-EST

a. [*S,

modest

according to

mode

or pro-

priety.

-et, 'etie^ -1-et,

n. dim. [Fr.]

eagl-et ros-ette

eye-l-et -FIG a. [fac^i-o

-FICe,
n.

I make.]

[-Fic=i-u'.]

terri-fic causing terror. arti-fice something made or

to

done with art. -Fy V. [fac^i-o.]

pur:i-fy

make or cause
*

to

be pure.

-liood

n.

condition.

[Gothic

haidus

'

kind, mode.]

manbood Oodltead
-I genitive,

ret-i-fbrin having

the form (ret-e, gen.

RET-is) of a net.
-I

-I

liorticnltnre p. 40. radi-i pi. of radius, foci pi. of focus. n. pi. formative [see E formative.] compare gen*i-us with genus and fun^e-real with funeral.'
' '

-I-

connective [p.

3*0.]

stell-i-ferous bearing (stellI

-IG

stell^) stars, al-i-ger-ons p. 46. nietall-ic like, made of, or due to metal. med-ic, nied-ic-al related or adapted to healing. -JO is common in words derived from Greek, as in the following pairs, where it is represented by several
a
star,
a.

[-AG.]

forms


SUFFIXES.
centr-ic centr-al

65
ethn-ic, heath-en
satan-ic, devil-ish
rhetor-ic, orator^y
stypt-ic, a-string-ent

spher-ic, glob-ul-ar
en-erg-et-ic, strens^u-ous

chron-ic, dur-able

com-ic, mirth-ful
cyn-ic, snarl-ing

metaphor-ic, figur-at-ive
ocean-ic, mar-ine

-ice
one

?i.

service
serves,

(servitiu"' n. neut.) the condition of

who

justice

(justitia n.

fern.)

the

quality of being just.

-ID

a.

[akin to -ATe.]

flu-id having the

quality of

flow-ing.

Some

of these adjectives have corresponding

nouns in -or, and adjectives in -nt, as

alg-or

66

SUFFIXES.

vi'S-ion (viD-ERE,
seeing
;

vis-ij"

to

see,)

the power of

perception

by the

eye.

The suffix -ion is in most cases preceded by participial 'T or 'S, as in salvATion,' which, in being referred to SALV-ARE (to save, make safe,) must not be assumed to
'

but the force of the T should be included, and the word defined as " a state of being

mean " a state

of being safe "

saved."

Similarly,
is

when

'vision

'

is

defined as "the act

of seeing," ac-t

rather a definition of -s-ion than of -ion.

-iser.]

-ise, -iae

v.

[Fr.

apolog'ie
to versify.

to offer (give,

make) an apology,
imitate a tyrant,

tyrannise
poetise

to practice tyranny,

-isli
to

V.

[Fr. fin-iss-ant, Eng. fin-ish-ing.]

less,

di-miii-isli

make (min-us)
a. [-ISC-,

by

(di-) separation.

lisBisli to bring to (fin-is) an end.

"isli

Angl. -isc]
[-isc-us.]

ivliitisli somewhat white.

^voliisli

like

a wolf tliievisli addicted to thieving.

-ISK
star

n. dimin.
;

asterisk
of reference.

little

(aster)

a star-shaped
[-S,

mark

-ISM,
act,

-ASM n.
-AST n.
-IT-

-M.]

barbarism
granite

the condition,

or idiom of a barbarian.
[-S, -T.]

'1ST,
-ITe,

tlieorist one who

a

theorises.

[see

-ATe.]

grain-ecZ

rock.

gran-it-oitl
-IVe
a.,

like granite.

ann-n:i-t-y pay by

the (ann-us) year.

n. [akin to

formative.]

delusive
to,

having
the
is

the quality of deluding;

tending

or having

power

to delude,

eaptive

(cap-t-iv-us) he

who

captured.

-IX, -ess
directs.

n.

eaptiv:i-ty the condition of a captive. fem. directi'ix, direetress she who

plain

-It n.

a.

lan-k

lean

talk tell plan-k liark hear

yol-k

yell-ow

kin

n. dim.

napkin

a small (Fr. nappe) tablecloth.

SUFFIXES.

67

-L, -EL, -le, &c., n. dim. liernel a small corn. -L frequentative, nibble to nip often, or continuously. -L n. agent, implement, lad-le an implement for lading.

Jg@"

of various powers

is

common

to Greek, Latin,

and Teutonic. -less a. endless

icithout end, infinite.

heedless
-ling;
n.

W7ilieeding, 7iot heeding, ?ie^ligent.

tootliless
-ly,

e-dentate.

nameless
one who
is

an-onym-ous.

underling

under authority.
of),

like

friend,

a. frien<lly like (in the manner lieartily in a hearty manner.

-M participial, and noun, -MEN, -MENT [-M.]

in-spec-tion.

glea-m

that

which glows.
a

speeiiuen

sample

for

judgment
-N
participial

the power or the result of judging.

adjectival
[see

and
is

-AN.]

doe trine
(doc-ere
to

that which

(authoritatively) taught,
teacher.)

teach

doctor a

-ness
-

n.

goodness

the quality of being good.

-O- connective,

0- genitive.
n.

-oek
-OID

dim.

plan-o-convex ge-o-graphy pbravSe-o-logy aer-o-naut Itilloek hill liummoek hump

spheroid (a mass) someu'hat like a sphere. large, button bud balloon ball -oon small, eoeoon a small (Fr. coque) shell. -OR n. error an erring or wanderi?i^. favor kindiiess.
a. n.

-on, -oon

-OuS a. [-os-rs. j acetose, aeetous full of acid. -oUS a. [-LS.] otlorous (odorus) having odor. -R formative, i-gno-r-ant un-knotu-ing.
-OSe,

-Ry,

-ERy
pi.

n.

[-ARy.]

soldiery

the aggregate of

soldiers,

thievery

the practice of thieving,

-s,

-es

boxes honors penee beaux these

-es to

The

plural ladi-es adds

old English ladi.

repel.

-S particip.

fal-se

fail,

repul-se


68
SUFFIXES.
a.

^onie

[Goth, sama like ; Eng. same, similar, semi-]

to

iue<lclle!iOi]ie addicted

meddling.
with health.

ivSlolesOMie causing, or consistent luettlesoiue having mettle.

-T, 'D,- participial,

indic-at-ing completeness; an act

finished;

the

act-or,

quality

(as

acute or acid,)

fitness, attribute.

bla-s-t blow
cleft cleave

gol-d

yellow-

gilt gild

deed
fault

do
fail

guilt guile
hilt hold
n. [fem.

lost lose seed sow theft thief weight weigh

'T-ER,-T-R-, -T-OR, -S-OR

-teix, neut. -trum.]

he who, or thai which

obstructor
obstructs.

or

obstructer

-tb 11. [akin to -T.] bealtb hale gro^vth grow 'T-UDe n. l>leu:i-tude the quality of being full. In
meaning, -tude, -ty, and -ness nearly agree.
incertitude,
dubietyinfinity,

Compare

doubtfulness

infinitude

boundlessness
littleness

parvitude
plenitude
serenitude

parvity,

plenty
serenity,
-te, -tee

fullness

calmness

-Ty

n. ['T, -t-as

whence

*te' has

beau-te-ous.]

-te, -tee (=tay), remained in plen-te-ous, boun-te-ous, liberty the state of being (liber) free.
;

Fr.

old Eng.

iueiidic:i-ty the false/iooc?, lym^. (mendicus) beggar beggar?/, indigence. lucidity splendor, isodality fellows/izp, commune o?i. tiuiidity cowardice, fearful?iess. In meaning, -Ty and -ness agree closely, as in
condition of a
;

meiidac:i-ty

acidity, sourness
aridity, dryness

ferocity fierceness
fertility fruitfulness

opacity opaqueness

paucity fewness
velocity, swiftness
vicinity, nearness

audacity, boldness
celerity, swiftness
felicity,

frigidity, coldness
lenity, mildness

happiness

lucidity, brightness

vivacity, liveliness

SUFFIXES.
-U- formative [see B.]

69

con-tig-n-ous vac-u-iim
[masc. -ul-us, fem. -ul-a, neut.

re^td-ii-uin aim-u-al
-ULe,

UL-

n. adj.

dim.

-UL-UM.]

nodule

little

knot or node,

nebnla
imjyle-

a small (nub-es) cloud.

-ULr.

r..ule (reg-ul-a) an
reg-ul-ate.

ment with which to rule or

virulent full of (viR-f s) poison, ricl-icul-ous causing (rid-ere) to laugh laughable.

;

-UM

n.

[Latin neuters.]
is to

ad<l-en<l-uin

that

which

(-end)

he added. PI.

addend-a or addendum^
vol-unt-ar-y
(vol-o I
will,)

-UNT-URe

[akin to

-ANT.]

acting from choice.

n.

tenure

(texi^o I hold,) a \io\diing; the con-

by which a tenant holds. commonly enforced by -T or -S,

dition

The
as in

suffix -ure

is

su-ture a

state of
-

being sew-e^; a sea-m.

-US,

0>S^

n.

[mostly masc]

eireus genus eliaos

(min-u-o I

-UTe [akin
sharp,

to

-ATe, with

U formative.] aeute pointec?,

make
small,
in the direction of the rear.

minute
a.

small,

di-min-ish.)

-ivard
or

adv.

rearivard

-ivays, -^vise

adv. manner, direction,

crossivays

erossivise

-y -y -y

n. diminutival,

baby duelcy birdie

lionorary
Lat. -ic]

n. a. [for I formative.]
a.

[Angl.

-ig

bloody

(see -ARy.) imbued with or

covered with blood.

70

[VEHsir^

Of

VLIFOKMA.
CHAPTEK
The
tables
9.

DERIVATION.
fame
43)
the stem of

given in the seventh chapter will have

*
'

taught the learner that

fam-ous, and
if it
'

(p.

is

feud

'

the stem of de-feud and of-fend, and

were possible to find simpler forms behind these, we might consider such forms to be roots. But if the d of * fend is educed (p. 29) from the n, it is no part of a root. In the case of fa-me, the m is a suffix (as in bloo-m from blow,') and the stem takes participial t in fa-te (a spoken inevitable decree). Here the stem FA (fah as in farm) is so simple that we might call it a root, but as our knowledge is the same whether we name it a stem or a root, and as we should soon get into difficulty in trying
' *

to separate these foundations of

them

stems,

attempt in

words by calling some of and others roots, it is best not to make the an elementary work.
it is

In the following examples, the stems are not to be considered as verbs or nouus, although

sometimes con-

venient to give them definitions which seem to

verbs.

make them

A,

=
(gen.
I,) tcind.']

AV, VA,
ow
tcah

bloiu, breathe, live.

ah

[Gr. a-er' (gen. a-er'-os), Lat. a'-er (gen. A'-er-is) air; vent-us

ai-r

(see -er n.) is the material blown and breathed, which constitutes the atmosphere, or sphere of air and (Gr. a-t-mos) vapor, around the solid earth. aeronau-t he who nav-ig-ates in the air. a^^s^th-iiia
difficulty of breathing.

i
a-er-O-lite a (Gr.
stone,

DERIVATION.
lith'-6s) stoiie

71
;

of the air

a meteoric
air

a-er-i-form having the form or nature of

gaseous.
Qu.

Why

has 'aerolite' an

o,

and 'aeriform* an

in the correspondi

ing place ?

Ana. Because the Greek form has o and the Latin has

in

the genitive case.

n'i-ud (nd

participial)
it

winnow
when we
that which

with a

give
is

vent
fresh,

and we move or rooms to impure air and replace it with "^veatlier originally meant the
is

air in motion,

fan.

We ventilate

condition of the air in regard to the wind.

Qu.

Why
:

is

the initial sound dififerent in 'wind' and

'

vent-ilate,'

'wine' and 'vinous'?

Ana. The tcay-sound came from Latin through

is

Anglosaxon

the t'ee-sound

due

to

Norman.

['A' blow.
air.)
to

AV-Ts a bird, (probably so named because it moves in the AV-G-UR a diviner; IN-AVGUR-ARE to conault the divining birds; initiate; AV-SPEX (SPEC-ERE to look at) a aoothaayer who divined from

h irda.'\

An aviary is a house for birds. An augur was one who pretended

to foretell events

and to determine what were supposed to be lucky days, from the flight, the chirping, or the feeding of birds;
afterwards, a general fortune-teller.
Av'spic-is)
restricted
his
in^j^ection

The auspex
to
birds.

(gen.

If the
it

auiil>iees or bird-signs were deemed favorable,

expected that the event would be
out well.

was

auspieious,

or turn

As
office,

the

augurs

observed the signs at the commenceaffairs,

ment of important

such as an induction to a high

act of

or the dedication of a temple, such an

was named an inauguration, and in the course of time this word acquired the secondary meaning of a formal beginning. The following sentence illustrates

augury


72

DERIVATION.

the influence of fortune-telling

and astrology upon

lan-

guage
Un/or<unately (fors
clinnce, gen. fort-is,) the signs

were vaauspic-

ious and the ina</ration was an abominable (one of which the ov^en

was to be put AB off or away,) disaster. Although the words abominate, inaugurate, auspices,
fortune, luck, panic, are connected with false opinions,

disaster, fate,

we use them

independently of such opinions, like hermeneutics (interpretation) from

Hermes

(the

Greek Mercury) the interpreter in the mythology, whose

name gave 'hermeneia' (interpretation) to Saint Paul. So we have the name of the moon-goddess Phoebe, the feminine form of Phoebus
(Apollo).

AN
air, breath, life;

breathe, blow, live.

tcind.

[A strengthened form of *A' bloiv. Gr. an'-e-mos Xn'imus nmid, soul, will, feeling.]

Lat. an'i-ma

animal
breath and
breathers

a breathing creature,

animate

to infuse

life.

Ignorant of the fact that plants breathe,

the ancients did not include them with

;

animals

or

and being without microscopes, they were

unacquainted with

animal' cules.
not
sufficient
life
is

A
the

person

who has

said

to

be

t?ianimate, or to w^ant animation.

If we do not control
it

animus
to
to

with which we regard others,

or active hatred.
is

may

change
(ad)

animosity To anim-ad-vert
something
;

to observe

(vertere) to turn the mind and at length, by observ;

ing too closely, to censure.

To be
and

unanimous
is

is

to

be of (unus) one mind,

equ-animity

(^qvus) erenmindedness.

anemometer a
wind,

(meter) measurer of the force of the

the wind-flower.

anem'one

DEEIVATION.

73

AL
sustain.

grow,
to

[al-0 (particip. alitijs, infin. alere)

cause

to

grow,

to

nourish, to

AL-M-rs

adj. (fern,

alma) nourishing, kind.

groicth, aged.]

al-'T-us (gen. -l)

qroicn, lofty, loud.

Eng. ol-d of full

Things that unite, or (AL) grow (co-)

said to

together, are

co-al-esce. Parts of growth, are co-al-ite.

plants which unite in

When
for a

people of different parties or interests unite

object,

temporary
a person

they

may form

a disreputable

coalition.

When
(ad)
to

is

(-ESCent) becoming, or approaching

is

the ad-ul't state, he

adolescent.

The young man who has graduated as an al^n=nin-us. and the young woman who is an alumna, should honor
the institution which, as an

alma mater

nourishing

(by extension kind) mother, has furnished their minds with

al-i-ment

from the el-e-nients or growth-materials

of useful knowledge.

When

a thing grows, so to speak, (ob, obs-) against the

it

proper direction, as in decaying or in wearing out,

becomes ol-d and obs-ol-ete, and

or a1>-ol-islied.

is

put (ab) away

AL
[al=i-us
the other;
otlier,

other.

another; al'-i-as otherwise; alibi elsewhere; al^t-er

AL-I-EK-US not related, foreign.

Angl.

ell-es othertcise, else.]

An alter-c-at-ion
another.

is

a dispute of one person with

An ad-ul-ter-ation
(such as lard-oil)
is

is

made when

another oil

ac?ded to olive-oil.

A man who assumes the name alias and is open to suspicion.

7

of another takes an

74

DERIVATION.

ANG
[axg-O
straiten.
(infin.

compress.
tight,

axg-ere)

to

draio

compress, throttle, torment,

IsSGlSA. the quiufiif.

ixxius

troubled.']

To be anxious,
have
mental

or in a state of
in

anxiety,
;

is

to

an uncertainty augui.sli is mental or bodily distress and anger is named from the sensation of choking which accompanies rage, whence " to choke with anger."
pressure

regard

to

EC
[^Q-v-us (gen.
-i)

even.
ix-iQVUS (where the older
level,
I

even, level, equal.

i

remains through the influence of

of in-) uneven, not

nnjmt.

AG-ER (gen. AGRi)

afield, a plain.

Angl. ac-er afield, an acre.]

size,

equal
qualities.
fair, just.

corresponding in extent,

value, or other

equ:i-ty

fairness,

justice,

equitable

An equable
temperature
is

temper
is

is

uniform.

An equable

one which

not subject to variations from

heat and cold,

judge Avho hates

justice

handed

iniquity is (moral) un-even-ness. iniquity will dispense evenby making all equal before the law.
is,

In plain dealing we give an equi-val-ent, that

equ-al or even val-ue.

an

Equi-voc-al (or equal voic-ed) expressions are such as

admit of two meanings of equal

force.

agrarian
Romans.)

pertaining to the public lands (of the

acre
field

has three stages of meaning

to cultivation
;

level field

adapted

and a measure of

land.

DERIVATION.

75

PA,
[1.-711 to speaJc, narrate.

FA shine,

speak.

TA-M A. a saying, a rumor, fame, FA^B-UL-A a narrative, a tale, a fable* FA-T-U the thing spoken, destiny, fate. PR^-FA'T=i-0 a saying (pR^) beforehand, a preface. VATES (gen. VATIS) a prophet. VE-TO I forbid. FA-T-EOR / confess. CON-FITEOR (C0NFE..SSUS) I confess, acknowledge {cos-) fully.}

The plia-S-es (appearances) of the moon are

astro-

nomic plie-iio-meii-a. epipha-ny a showing {epi) forth; a church festival, photograph a picture obtained by means of (Gr. phos,
gen. photos') light.

A pro-plie-t A prophecy
An afiable
;

is

one

who speaks (peo)

for another,

especially for a divinity.

is

a prediction or an announcement

(under divine authority.)

person is one that may be spoken (afad) to one who is friendly and easy of access. iiiefiable (in-) not to be spoken (ef- for ex) out not to be mentioned unutterable. To con-fe-ss is to acknowledge (con-) fully (and
for
;

voluntarily).
fession.

forced acknowledgment

is

not a con-

BAR
[fer-O,
force,

bear, carry, produce.

to bear, carry, endure, produce, bring, flow, rush, carry off by FER-ox impetuous, wild, fier..ce. fer-t-il-is fertile. FARiyX four. BAR-B-A beard. FORS (gen. FORTis) what brings itself, chance. FORTuxA fortune, for-t-is fortuItus by chance, fortuitous.

(capable of enduring, hence) strong, firm, stedfaat, for..ceful.

(inf.-ARE)
to

por-t-o
collect,

carry, bear, convey,

con'fer-0, bring (cox-) together,

pr,e'fer-0,
to

compare, consult, confer, contribute, serve.

bear (prje)

before, carry in front, place a person or thing before another in esteem,

prefer.

Persian burdan

to

bear; bar a load, a region; hence Zanga-

bar (Zangwebar) from zangi a negro.

Scotch bair-n a child.]

;)

confer

to bring together (for consultation

to grant

76
or bestow,
sultation.)

DERIVATION.

conference
to bear or bring

a briDging together (for con-

defer

(de) away, to put

off,

postpone,

lay before, yield to authority.

assign,

refer to bear or send (he-) back, suffer to support (sub) from

(^

put in charge,
below, to bear,

to endure.

stelliferous
STELLiE) a
star, or

connective) bearing (stella, gen.

stars.

(stell^e)

v:i-par-ous

creatures are such as bear (ov-u an

egg, gen. 6v-i, pi. ov-a) eggs.

sopor-i-f er-ous

bringing or causing (s6p5r, gen.

s5P0Pvis) sleep or drowsiness.

peri'plier-y is the Greek equivalent of circuni'fer-ence. bnr-d-en (far-d-el) is from bear,' like
'

grow-th from

'

grow,' with -en diminutival.

The burdens of fortune should be for-t-it-ude and for-bear-ance,

METAjphoT phos-phor-us

borne with

pre-, in, of-, dif-, suf-, re-, trans-fer

referee metalliferous farina fierce ferocity force fortuitous fortune fer-t-ility com-, de, dis-, ex, im-, re-, sup-, trans-port porterage portfolio bear bier (wheel-, hand-)barrow
bir-tli

bor-n bor-ne par-ent burden beard bar-b-er wear

c-LA, G-LA
[Welsh
ice

shine.
Lat. cla-r-us (gen.
-i)

gLA

brightness,
bright.

glan pure, clea-n.

Ger. klar,
Fr. clair,

clear lou-d,
report,

Eng.

clear.

gla-c=i-es
Irish
clu

(whence glacier).
fame.

GLO-n-i-X glory, fame, renoivn.

ray.'\

Scotch glai-k a gla-n-ce, a

word which was first applied to a sensation received through the eye, may, by a metaphor or transfer, be extended to things which affect the ear, the body, or even the mind. Hence, we speak of a clear sky-voice-

DERIVATION.
passage-idea
scription
;

77
;

a clean conscience a glo^viiig; dea glariug; inconsistency.

;

Stars

glisten,

jewels

glitter,

heat-lightnings

glimmer. A
glair
or

bright object

may
is

emit an agreeable

glow, an unpleasant glare,

or a laint

gleam.
passes

The
into

elear

part of an egg

sometimes used to

clar:i-fy liquids.

The glow of evening

gloom.
is

In Scotland,

gloam

is
is

twilight,

and Venus

the gloamin-star.

A glade

an open passage-way

in a

wood.

gloAV glory glitter gloss glass glaze glair glare clear clean gleen glance glimpse gleam glimmer gloom gleed
[Welsh Han a clear place

llanerch a clear area, a

lawn^

a g-la-de.}

laue

a narrow road or

street,

between woods, or about a house.

the earth as distinguished from
tlie

laivii a grassy space laii<l soil ground

;

water.

LU^
ana-ly-s-is a
something
problem.
into
its

loo-s-en.
(^axa')

loosing

back, or separating
so-lution

component

parts;

of a

paralyse
side
;

to loosen (^para) aside, amiss, or at the

to

make useless,

unnerve,

paralysis

or

pa..l-sy

may

affect

but one side of the body, whence the term.

make

[lu-ere

to

loosen,

void, pai/.

so-LV-0 (so- for SE-, influenced

relax,

by

tr,)

to

loosen

apart,

SOlve^

sever,

unravel, explain, melt,

destroy, discharge
less, liceittiuiis,

an obligation.

Dis-SO-LU-T-us adj. lax, remiss, reck-

dissolute*]

solve

to

separate component parts;

explain (as a

problem,) unravel (a

difficulty,) dissipate (a doubt.)

;

solution

the act or result of solving

a liquid or

solvent containiucr a

soluble

material.

78

DERIVATION.

resolve

to loosen, disperse (a tumor,) analyse, decide,

determine, be determined, be re-SO-lil-te.

resolution
determination.

a state of being

resolved ;

decision

ab-solve
a penalty
;)

to loosen

from (a condition, an obligation,

to acquit.
;

absolution acquittal the act of absolving. absolute unconditional; independent; unmixed.

Obs.

added in

The presence of a prefix in so-lve being overlooked, Dis- was dissolve and its derivatives, to secure the separative idea.
'
'

LAG
[Goth, lag-jan, Angl. lecgan
ligg-an
to lie to

lay,

lay, jiut, place.

Goth, lig-an, Angl.

down,

to

extendJ]

To lie down
verb to

is

to rest in a flat or

low position.

The

lay

is

the transitive form of lie.

We lay a

book on the table and it lies there. law is somethiug laid down

as a rule of action.
;

law is based upon common experience statute law is due to the people through their representatives. A ledge is an extended shelf; a kind of molding; a ridge of rock. ledger is a book in which accounts

Comm o

are spread under appropriate heads.

layer that which is lai-d a bed or stratum. lai..r a lying or resting place, especially of a wild beast.
;

1-lag a

flat stone.

[leg-ere

to

lay together, collect, survey (lay eyes on), observe, read.

LEX

(gen. leg-is) a law,

decree,

e-lig-ere

to

pick up, weed

out,

choose, se-lec-t, e-lec-t.]

To be diligent
neg-leC't-ful
proper order
;

is

to persevere in a pursuit

which
or

has been chosen (di-) apart.

is

To be neg-lig-ent
to
;

(nec)

7iot

have things disposed in

to disregard.

to be mattentive

DERIVATION.

79

To be intelligent (to possess intellect) is to have the power of choosing (intel*- for inter) between
hence, to be able to joerceive, disQern, and distinguish.

To col-lec-t is to bring objects (con-) together. To select is to lay something (se-) apart, or by itself. To elect is to choose (e-, ex) out of, or from among, others; to make a choice; to choose, as by vote. An eligible candidate is one who is legally qualified for election. A man is loyal when he obeys the laws. An alloy is a mixture of metals made (ad)
according
to

law

any mixture of metals.

is

colleague
office.
is

one chosen (con-) with another; a

partner in

A college
[p-lTc-ARE
to

a col-lec-t-ion of persons for a special

purpose, also a college building.

lay or place together, /old, coil, ply.., plea..t.

PLEX-us

a. tangled, interiroven; n.

2jlea..t-iiig,

a braid.

DU-PLiC-lT-AS double-

nesa,

doubtfulness,

whence

coin-bination, natural con-8t>tutio)i.

duplicity. complexio (gen.-ONis) a suppLEX (a folding SUB under, a

kneeling,) sub-miaxire, sup>pli..-ailt) entreating.}

ply.,
bend,
bent,

to stick

at

be employ..ed in

urge

fold

pliers apply.,

nippers for bending,

to

pliable
;

easily

put one thing

to

another
fit
;

to

put to a
exhibit.

purpose; to
suitable,

solicit,

applicable
to spread apart

to be appli..ed;

display.,

unfold

plication
ex-planation.

a fold; a doubling up.

explication

a spreading (ex) out, or unfolding, for the purpose of

complex, complicate
tangled;

(woven together) encomposed of several parts; difficult, comentanglement;

;

plexity
the skin,

intricacy,

complexion
color

connection of related parts

aspect

and texture of

accomplice

(one entangled with another,)

an

as-sociate or ac-cessory in crime.

80

DERIVATION.

implicate
cate
;

to (enfold, entangle,) connect with

someintria.

thing, as a crime,
to puzzle
;
;

perplex
to
;

(see per,) to

make

keep in suspense,
-u.

du-plic-ate

twofold

n.

a copy

to

make

a dou-ble.. or a copy
;

of

duplicity

double dealing
.

deceit.

triple threefold, threeply.. kind, treble threefold a term

;

tri-pl-et three of a
in music.
;

silii-plic-ity (sine) without duplicity

naturalness.

isiip-ple bending down

flexible
is

nimble.

flax a

plant the fibre of which

spun and woven.

[f-lec-t-ere

to

bend, curve,

turn.'\

deflect to turn or bend (de) from, away, aside. reflect to bend or turn (re-) back, as light from a reflector ; to turn the mind back or upon to cast flexible that may be bent. Lead is flexible censure,
;

baleen (whalebone)

is

both flexible and

elastic.

[lio-Iue

to

bind,

tie,

fasten, Join.

OB-LIG-ARE

to

bind round; put in

bonds; bind, oblige,

make

li..able.]

league a bond
a.

of union
to

an

al-li..'ance.
;

liege
property.
bones.

bound, as a vassal
li..eii

his

lord

n.

he who owes
on

allegiauee.

a
tie,

legal

hold

ligament
ligature

a band or

especially between

a cord or thread for tying, esp. in surgery.

link a component part of a chain. lie tor he who binds (rods and culprits,) a Roman ofiicer who bore a bundle of rods from which an axe projected, and who bound, scourged, and beheaded
criminals.

oblige

to bind or constrain as
;

bind as by a friendly act

to
;

by a sense of duty accommodate.

responsible
;

to

li..able bound or accountable

subject.

DERIVATION.

81

TA'
[Gr. tono'5,
to

stretch.
talk of

brace up (as

we

tonics

to give

tone

to the

system)
strain;

to

accentuate.

Gr. ton'os a cord, sinew; ien^s-ion, in-ten^s-it-y,

tone* Lat. TENd-KRE to stretch out; pitch a ten-t^ ex-tend; dis-tend; tend-er (offer) ;/-oceerf; strive, con-tend, in-texd-ere
to

stretch

forth;

exert;

he

intent; put

one's energies

(in)
to

intend,
stretch;

texuis thin, texuitas ten-u-it-y. Sanscrit tan sound. Stan to sound; to thunder, tanu thin.~\

upon; draw;

tension
intense
extreme,

a strained, stretched or
in

tense

condition.

strained

a high

degree (in

intensive)

tend

to

have a course,

direction,

aim, or

tendency, contend to strive with. distend to stretch apart, as in opening

swell out, as a balloon.

the jaws

to

extend
showing out
(that
;

to

stretch

out,

prolong,
(o..s-

spread,

diffuse.

ostentation

a spreading
;

for

obs-) before; a

vain display

self-praise,

ostensible
put forth as a
to feign.

may be) shown forth pretense. pretend

PR.E before,) to
offer for

api)arent

(to

hold

forward or place
;

an ostensible purpose

portend

to stretch
;

(for-, akin to pro) forward, or

into the future

to betoken,

portent
-ion, -ible, -ive,

an

(evil)

omen,

tenterhooks
-s-ity

are used in stretching cloth.

thin tendon extent extens

in-ten

-d, -t, -s^

superintendency.
to thunder ; make a Ain, iT-TOS-lnr. to terrify, stupefy^ as-ton-ish where s-, as- are due to es- for ex, in old Frencb

[tox-are

s-tun

e..s-ton-er.]

avStonisli, avStound,
found, as if with the

stun,

to surprise

and con

din

of

tliunder.

tone tonic tune din thunder tin-tinn-ab-ul-at-ion

Obs. sox-us a soun-d (whence sound, sonant, consonant, re-sound,

sonorous, sonnet, sonata,) belongs to the Sanscrit root svan

= swan)

to

sound.


82
[ten-ere
on a course,
to

; ;

DERIVATION.
hold, have, occupy,

con-tin-Ue;

reach,

re-tain ; at-taiu

defend, nmfjitain
;

hold

hold back,

CON-TiN^u.us joining (con-) with; uninterrupted,

de-tain. continuous.]

tenon
tenor

the end of a timber fitted to hold in a mortise.

an even,

continuous
from
;

course;

purport; a
practice

quality of musical tone.

al>s-tain
abstinence,

to hold

forbear

refrain

contain to hold or keep (con-) together comprise, content a. held within bounds; satisfied. con-ten-t-nient the state of being content, contents
parts contained
to
;

the heads of subjects in a book.

to

<letain

keep or withhold anything (de) from;

(ob verbal) to get; procure; be in use. retain to hold back; keep. sustain to hold up, or (sub) from beneath keep up support aid endure suffer, maintain (to hold by Fr. main the hand,) to support uphold defend.
; ; ;

delay; keep in custody,

obtain

A person may maintain

ciple,

a right, a doctrine, a prin;

and

sustain
he

a weight, a defeat, an injury

a family
while he

and

he may siLStain sustain and maintain may sustain the credit of another
it

by argument

maintains

his

own.
regions of the earth occur

In a

continent, many
characteristic

or are held (con-) together, or in a

and the
in the

human

features are

continuous mass; contained

if,

countenance.
(see the

entertain

meanings of tenere,) as

to

hold a course, or have something going on (inter) between

(the entertainer and the entertained,) hence, to
treat hospitably
;

amuse

to

to hold opinions.

tenant tenure tenet continue detention tenacity

DERIVATION.

83

TAG
[teg-ere
to

cover.
defend.
to

cover,

hide,

shelter,

toga a Roman cloak.

a
ti..le.

TEG-UL-A a
to cover,

ti..Ie.

German deck-en

cover; dac^ a roof; deck-el a

lid; tu(^ cloth, linen,

duck ;

zieg-el (=tsigl)

conceal; a lid.

Bengalee d'hak-an

to cover.

ples

show the original vowel whence the e and

Hindoo d'hak-nS, The last examof teg-ere and tog-a.]

de-teC't

to find out, discover, as if

by taking a cover
(pro) before,
;

(de) from, or away,

or in front, as a
to defend,

protect

to cover

hen protects her young

v.

hence, to guard

deck

to cover, clothe, adorn,

toe<leclt

The cover or <leclt of a ship is made of planks; ti..les are made of clay tliatcll is a roofing of straw. The case of a bed or mattress is called a tick, and it may be made of cluck or of ticking.
;

A sliaii-ty

is

a temporary hut or cabin

cattle.

primarily,
'

a shed for protecting

as sh) weather, storm
;

Irish

and Gaelic sion

'

(^si

tigh (gh silent) house.

TRAC,
[trah-o,
after;

DRAG
to
j

draw.
trai..l,

TRAC-t-u, trahere
to pull (de) down, take
;

drag,
to

draw., along or

have a trai..n (as of followers)

disparage;

prolong; delay; endure.

Detrahere

lower (in estimation)

from beneath; subtract.

Angl. drag-an
to

(as by a purgative); detract* subtrahere to draw TRACTARE (T intensive) to draio with energy;

away; remove

take in hand; arrange; trea..t.

Gothic drag-an

to

drag, draw, choose.

to rake.']

drag, draw, hear, go.

Islandic raka

separate purv. to draw (abs-) from drawn away from separate. An abstract (as from a book or a law,) should give a general idea of the original, while an extract may be any portion taken (ex) out. An abstract may be composed of extracts. Primarily, a track is a mark or trace left by an object dragged, draivn, or moving along; but we
; ;

abs-trac-t
;

loin

a.

speak of the track of a ship or of a planet.

84

DERIVATION.

A tract is

something extended, as a region

a

or drawn
its

out, as a short essay or trea..tise

drawn from
; ;

subject.

t]*ai..t
is

is

mark

a feature
ill)
;

a characteristic.
discuss
;

To

trea..t

to use (well or

manage

nego-

tiate; entertain.

A <lreclge
by a

is

drag

or

ralie with a
is

pouch, used

to collect oysters.

A tra^v..l
plans
is is

a kind of bag-net drawn

fishing-boat.

A man
who draws
furniture,

who draws

a clraug'lit!imaii

he

business orders

a clraiver
is

this

being an

active noun, but

it is

when 'drawer'

applied to a piece of

a passive noun.

As

the guttural formerly in

it

draiiglit was becoming

rare in English,

struck the ears of the young generation

as / (see Otosis, p. 30,)

and gave us draft, a word of

many
drawn

meanings,
idea, as

all

of which
it is

we can
fire

track or trace to the

primary
to

when

applied to a current of air

(and passing from) a

to

a plan

of an agreement, a law, a trea..t-y

drawn on a banker

the

money order

act of drawing

an outline a loadthe
and in

depth of a ship in the water.

sub-t rail-end
which, with
its

In at-trali-eiit (drawi??^ to, (something to be

derivatives

attract!?!^),

subtractecZ), a

non-

radical h replaces the cay-sound of the Latin stem trac,

must not be referred

to

traho.

-ile

trac-t -ion trac-t -able, treaty treatise treatment tra..de dredge drag draggle draw..l drai..l trai..l trai..n draw.. draw..er draw..ee
abs-, at-, con-, de, dis-, ex, pro, re-, sub,

track

trace

-able

trea..t

DERIVATION.

85

RAG
[reg-ere
St-raigh-t; at-retch-ed out or

reach.
govern, di-rec-t.

to I'eep st-raigh-t, set righ-t; rule,

j(p, e-rec-t,

RECTUS

up-righ-t; cor-rec-t, proper, just.

RECTITUDO atraightneee;

directness;
;

uprightness;
;

(gen. -ONis) direction; line

limit; tract

rectitude. REGIO region, regimen guidance;

e-RIG-ere
to

government; command, whence

regimen, regiment.
erect,

(to

make
(to

straight

ex

out of a place,) to raise or set up,

cor-rig-ere

straighten

in

accordance con- with something,)

(to straighten or
;

make

better,
itself,)
to

correct,
to

di-rig-ere

arrange di- apart, or by

arrange; guide;

regulate

direct.

stJR-RiG-ERE, SUR..G-ERE

rise (surJ- for

sub /ro7n below, hence) up; spring up, whence surge,

piattem, model,
a.

and source a spring of water,

r..ul-er;

r..ule,

regula a straight stick, rex (gen. reg-is) a Anngr.

lath, rai..l,

rector a
n.

guider.

Angl. reht

right

n.

plumb-line; carpenter's ride; riht

right; justice; duty; truth; reason.'\

regulate vt. to keep (or cause to be) rigli-t, st-raigli-t, cor-rec-t, reg-ul-ar, or according to a r..iile. A regulation is a rule made by competent
authority.

region a st-retch (of country) a portion of space having some characteristic, as the region of the trade;

\vinds,

of

the

Caspian,

of

the

heart,

regimen
kingly.
n. st-retch,
;

rule, esp. in

regard to

diet,

regal, royal
;

reaeli
extension.

v.

to extend, st-retch out

attain

<lireet
Fr.
fee,)
d..roi..t

a.

straight;

straightforward;
;

unswerving.
;

(right, straight

n. right

claim
if
to

law
the
to

tax

whence,
in

with

a-

for

ad
is

(as

right,)

a-l..roi-t dextrous.

He

adroit
if

who

goes

or at a

work

a direct manner, and as

with (Fr. droite) the

right hand.

is

On account of its superior usefulness, the angle which most employed in masonry and carpentry is named a riglit angle, and a four-sided figure with four such
angles
8
is

rectangle.

Ob

DERIVATION.

An in-sur-rec-t-ion
up
in-su..-r..g-ent-s.

is

a rising (sur*- for sub)

(in-) against; a revolt against lawful authority

by

CAP
[CAP-ERE (-CEP-,
oe-cup-y.
de-ceive, cheatJ\
-CIP-,
to

take.
take, seize,

-CUP-)

to

cap-t-ure,

get,

hold,

DE-CIP-ERE

take in

(de)

much, practice de-cep-t-ion,

perception

is is

(per) thorough comprehension.

something which takes or oc-eup-ies
'

A principle
A capable
is

the (prin- for prim- before

')

pri-m-Siry place.

man

of clear

perception,

and who
the

neither

captiousi nor con-cei-.-ted, has

to

re-ceive, and to oc-cup-y himself with ac-cep-table prin-cip-les and pre-cep-ts.

cap-acity

On
letters

its

passage (inter) between the armies, the corre-

spondence was

intercepted;

in

other words

the

were seized between the armies.

person

who

gets (re-) back his health,

is

said to

recuperate or recoverexceptions are out-takings,

taken (ex) out.

or

parts

which are
rule.

They do not prove the accuracy of a

capacious capture captor or ca..tcher keep captive or cai..tiff ca..tch* ch..ase* purchase* ac-cep-t de-cep-t-ion deceive receive recipient occupy receipt decei..t concei..t

CO, s-CU
[Welsh
dish.

cover.
cin what extends over.

CO

concavity,

cen a a-ki-n.

Lat.

cu-T-is the skin.

SCUTU"" (gen. scuxi) a shield (scutcheon),

scu'tula a
skul, skol

6b-SCu'r-us covered (ob) over; dusky; indistinct ; unintelligible.

(c as k, e in they)
cup."]

Angl. sce-d

a sha-de.

Scotch sky shadow,

a drinking

scutiform

having the form (scUT:i) of a

(=
cattsh-&r6) for a supposable CApTI&rfi.

shield.

* Ital. cacciare

DERIVATION.

87
little shield,
')

scutellate
or like a dish,
for dishes.

(-el dimin.) shaped like a

scu.llery

(as if

'

scutellaiy

a place

sqii..i..re (as

if *scuti-ger,'

from gePw-ere
;

to

bear,

carry,) the bearer (scuti) of a shield

the armor-bearer
(e pros-

of a knight

a justice of the peace,

esquire

thetic) a title used after names.

cu-ti-cle the

outer, thin, delicate

s-ki-n which

covers the true (cutis) skin.

The sealp (p noun suffix, see -B) covers the skull, is a kind of scale, shell, sliield, slieatli, shutter, or shelter for the brain. A scull is an
which
oar, a scale-like implement, also a

kind of boat.

A shelf (see -B) of shaly rock

or

may

cause a

shoal
of

shallow.

scallops (= scollops)
have
both
valves

are shellfish

many
the

them
a

ribbed,

which

gives

edge

scolloped
woollen
offal

appearance.

shuck a husk or hull, shude rice husks.

re-spun

sliod<ly

and woven

into

'shoddy' cloth.

shoe

a cover for the foot. shade shedn. shadow coat cot cottage hod hood hat hide n. hut hose house husk cask casque casket shield shilling cuticle sky scute scutellate scullery scutcheon escutcheon obscure scum skimmer skin scow shallop
Shed
(to cast off); shoat, sheet, shuttle,

belong to shoot.

GA,
duce.

GAn

produce.
to

[QI-G..N-0 (gi reduplicative) GeN-it-u"", gi-g..n-ere

beget,

pro-

GENS

(^gen.
;

GENT-is) clan, family, tribe,

gentilis of the same

family or nation
ural,

foreign ; heathen; gentile. GV^TJivmvs native, imtgenus (gen. gen'eris, pi. gexera,) race, family, kin, kind, genus, gender. genitIvus a. belonging to birth, or descent; n. genius (pi. genii,) a protecting spirit; talent, the genitive case. genius, ingeniu innate quality; an invention.']

genuine,

general

a.

relating to all of a

kin-d ;

common.

05
n.

DERIVATION.
a commander with a general supervision, en-gine ingenious machine, congener a

(and ..gin) an

plant or animal of the same

genus

with another.

incli'genous born
native,

or produced (indi-) in a country;

gender
is

(in

grammar) Icind

in regard to sex.
is

A congenital
person

disease or deformity

one which a

(genitus) born (con-) with.

is it

family, a flock, or a crop,

a production which

requires care in the rearing, that

may be genuine,

or true to

its

kind.

When

certain seeds are

plants will be
their kind.

degenerate,

sown together, the resulting or removed (de) from

Well-bred persons are such as have been carefully

brought up, and who should be

genial, congenial,

ingenuous, generous, gentle, and genteel. But when a generation includes a ..nation, the general ..nature and genius (or inborn character) may degenerate and the ..natives become gentiles requiring regeneration.
[G..NisC0R, ..NASCOR
deponent,)
to he

(v.

horn, spring from, groto.

GNATUS, NATUS

bor7i,

j^foduced.

NATURA

essential quality;

character;

disposition; producing cause; the universe;

nature*

NATIVUS inborn;

dnetohirth; due
hirth; race;

to

nature ; native; not artificial ; NATI-O (gen. -ON-is)

nation.]

nation
government.

a body of people living under the same

connate
co-gnate

navScent beginning to exist or to form. growing together as two leaves from one base.
connected by birth or descent
;

allied

akin

on the mother's side, through the father,

a-g'n-ate

(a-

for

ad) akin

natal relating to one's birth. innate inborn. preternatural (prater) beyond (or, in addition

DERIVATION.
to) nature
;

89

inexplicable,
;

ture

spiritual
birth,)

miraculous,

supernatural above nareuaissance (Fr. nais1483,

d.

sance

the renewal or revival of the fine arts, chiefly

b.

by Rafaele (or Raphael,

1520.)

na-if
/.

7/1.,

na-ive

Jem. (short forms of Fr. m. n^tif,

n3-tive,)

natural; unaffected,

u^e
of,)

(=nay, Fr. fem.

as in

participle,)

born (with the name

Madame

d'Arblay, nee Burney.

CAL
[CAL-o, CLA-M-0

call.
is

call.

Welsh gal what

to call.

uttered; spread out; a

plain ; a fair spot, a goal, galw

Irish

and Gaelic sgal a

yell.'\

A clai-m
A
claim

is

(-m) something, such as a right, for which

claiiuaut. pro-elaliued with s-col-ding and claiuor ; or it may be disowned and (lisclaiiued with (de much) deelaiuatiou.
a demand or call
be

may

made by

the

may

be cried (pro) forth or

The cal-eud-ar (-and, -end, particip.) or register caleu<ls or first day of the mouths, were thus named because the principal days were originof days, and the
ally

called

out, or

We may call
we should not

proclaimed on the calends. man with a lialloo, but yell (utter a y el-p), yowl, nor liowl.
or liail a
to the

As cay and h do not belong

h a

same contact

(see the

Chart p. 16),

the former being a guttural formed by the base of the tongue, and the

laryngal

made

farther back at the larynx, their interchange con(p.

stitutes

a transmutation

19), as

in call

and

hail, sub-trac-t

and

sub-trah-end (p. 84), gard-en and horti-culture (p. 40), calam-us and hauL.m, guano from Peruvian huano, Noah and Noachian.

8*

90

DERIVATION.

GOL
[Welsh gol-e splendor.
Gr. xo^-V
Irish
x^^-o?

shine.

(=

<i}o\e)

gall,

and Gaelic geal (=gyal) white, bright. Lat. BiLis and FEL (both 9"^^> nnrjer.
Angl. gealla gall,
bile.

as if from a stem
yol-k.

gval

= gwal),

Angl. geol-ca
Lat. gil-v-us;
lustre.']

Swed. gul

yell-oio;

gul-a yol-k; gul-d gol-d.

Ger. gel-b; Eng. yell-ow.

Lat. c5l-or color, hue, appearance,

g^all or bile and the

yolk

of eggs are

yellow

gold

has the same prominent color, and so has a

scientific inqui'ry,
{iiilas,

burning eoal.

In the early days of

sion

mental depres-

was attributed
is

to

gen. /x^Aav-oj

= m^ranos)
and the

hlack bile or
cholic)

melaiiclioly ; and
hile,

atrabilious (melan-

based on Latin ater, fem.

atra

hlach,

feminine noun bilis

anger, wrath.

Black bile was supposed to be formed by the spleen, a which gave to this word the secondary meanings of spite and ill-humor, and caused splen'etic to mean peevish and spiteful. cholera is a disease connected -with bile, and as bile was supposed to cause anger, cboler has come to mean wrath, and we apply the term clioleric to a person
belief

easily

moved

to anger.
fails to hit the joint, so

As a good carver seldom

an etymologist

is

expected to hit the joints of words.

(See 'redeem' and

'

'icicle,' p. 45.)
'

He must know how

to

to separate, not only

'

ex

'explain/ but he must be able to dissect

ec-'

from * express and ' from words which seem

have the same prefix, such as 'expire' (ec-spire to breathe out; die), and 'extant' (ec-sta-nt sta-nd-ing out; in being.) Akin to ec-sta-nt is

ec-sta-sy (Gr. ek'stasis a standing out or aside; distraction ; entrance-

men t,) spelled in the Greek mode, in which the letter for x was not used for ks when they were thus divided between a prefix and a stem.

91

CHAPTER
Words
meaning, are

10.

SYNOISTYMY.

which have the same, or nearly the same named synonyms. They may be as near to each other as 'dale' and 'dell;' they may be the result of paresis (neglect), as in coim..t from compute or they may be distinct words, as in count and reckon.' In the following pairs, a word of English or Teutonic origin is followed by its synonym derived from
' ' ' ; ' *

'

Latin.
Etiglish,


92
English, Latin.

SYNONYMY.
English,
Latin.

English,

Latin.

wane,
want,

decrease

wayward, perverse
weak,
weighty,
feeble

worth,
yearly,
yield,

value

penury
cautious
des'ert

annual
concede

wary,

ponderous
vicious

wicked,

youthful, juvenile

English presents the curious feature of having numerous native words without native derivatives, instead of
which, modifications of foreign forms (chiefly Latin) are
used, as in
English, Latin. I.

English, Latin.
fusible

mental
lunar
oral
legible

marine

In the next examples the words of the second column

are based on French and the third on Latin.

Most of
of those

the French forms are based on Latin, and

many

due

to

Latin entered English through some form or

dialect of French.

SYNONYMY.
English,

93

French,
regard,

Latin.

heed,
help,

observe

aid, succor; assist

hinder,

embarrass, obstruct
agricultur(ist)

husbandman, farmer,

income,
keepsake,
last,

revenue,

product

souvenir, remembrancer
dernier,
final

lawyer,
lead,

attorney,

advocate
direct

guide,
ji,

leaning

bias,

inclination

likeness,

semblance similitude
chance,
fortune
reclining
vitiate

luck,

lying down, couchant,

mar,

damage,

mishap,
outbreak,

mischance, misfortune

niggardly, covetous,

penurious
sedition

emeute,
vanquish,

overcome,
overthrow.

subjugate

94
English,
ball,

SYNONYMY.
Latin,
globe,

Greek.

sphere
genesis

beginning, origin,
dislike,
hatred, ill-will loathing,

aversion,
;

antipathy

repugnance,
detestation,

droll,

SYNONYMY.
English,

95
Greek.
hilari(ous)

French,

Latin,

glad, blithe; gay,

jocund,
sepulchre,
substruction,

grave,

tomb,
demi,
chief,

(epi)taph

groundwork, foundation,
half,

semiprincipal,

head
heathen,

ardh

gentile,

pagan,
color,

ethnt 1^ I \
ohrom^
gigantic
'

/.

^,

hue, dye;

tin..t,

huge,

large, vast;

grand,
agriculture,
regal,

^Vi^J r()\

husbandry,
kingly,
leader,

farm(ing),
royal
guide,
portrait,

geoponics

monarchic
coryphaeus
icon

conductor.

likeness,

list,

roll,
;

register,

schedule, catalog'"*

look, glance

survey,
folly, ra..ge
;

inspection,
insanity,

scope

madness,
meeting,

mania
synod

assembly,

convention,

merry,

96


SYNONYMY.

97

The

following adjectives aud the nouns they describe,

are derived from Latin

false
coin
;

accusations

fallacious
;

tests

counterfeit
;

artificial flowers
;

factitious gems
;

fictitious
;

narratives

spurious citations ulent transactions delusive

;

fraudful arts fraudconceits deceptive in;

ferences

deceitful

practices.

Make, shape, build, are English: create, produce, form, fashion, model, construct, are based on Latin.
Epic, hymn, ode, poem, poesy, psalm, rhapsody, are based on Greek.

Mad, crazy, moonstruck, are English delirium, insanity, lunacy, are derived from Latin: frenzy, idiocy, mania, are based on Greek.
:

Having

the synonyms

yearly and annual, the

latter

has been extended to the plants called annuals, while

animals fully a year old are known as yearlings.

Some

nations

compute* their

time by

moons

or

lunations.

Silence may be casual: taciturnity is a habit: reticence is due to caution. The silent man does not wish to speak the taciturh man speaks but little the reticent man restrains his speech. Jurymen are silent
: :

they listen to the pleadings

the judge

is
:

taciturn

he

must
is

see that the case

is

reticent

properly conducted

the prisoner

his

lawyer speaks for him, because his own

speech might betray him.

*

Here 'compute'
9

is

a better term than its shorter form 'count'

would

be.

98

SYNONYMY.
:

is

Linen is bleached by exposing it to the light blanched by j^re venting the access of light.
Sailors

celery

manage

a ship, the captain

navigates

it.

Skilful (Angl. scylan

to dis-tinguish,)
:

implies discern-

ment added

to the
is

power of doing
85)

dexterity (dextra
dii^edness or straight-

the right hand,)

righthandeduess as distinguished from

(p.
is

awkwardness: adroitness

forwardness, a going at once to the object, but often im-

plying unscrupulousness, as in speaking of a person as a

skilful

to act

lawyer and an adroit politician. To be ex-per-t is from ex-per*i-ence, therefore like one who has mas-

tered his art.

When

a man's speech
:

is

not as rapid as his ideas, he

hesitates when he speaks disjointed! y from not knowing what to say, he stammers when, on account of spasm, there is a want of proper control over the speech
:

organs, he stutters.

AVhen a person does not care

mumbles when
:

to be understood, he he does not care to be heard by an:

other person, he

mutters

when
;

are complaints, he

murmurs

his suppressed words and when they are due to

a fault-finding disposition, he grumbles.

rock

is

a large mass of stone: a cliff

:

is

a high

precipitous front of rock

peak

is

a pointed mountain,
:

such as Pike's Peak, or the Peak of Teneriffe a bluff is a high steep bank, as at IMemj^his, Tennessee.

When

a man's

should get his

wages are due pay in cash.

for his

earnings, he


SYNONYMY.
99

or as-sid-uous man sits (or continues) an employment without permitting himself to be drawn To be di-lig-ent (see p. 78) is to aside by distractions. attend to a special matter. To be industrious is to be free from idleness, and generally active. To be

The sed-ulous

at

expeditious (ex-ped-ire to free the ped-es feet ex i. e. a snare,) is to move without im-ped-iment un-im-ped-ed, or primarily, with the feet free, and implying rapid work with a matter in hand. A man is laborious when his task is difficult he may be diligent, and do his work with laborious minuteness.
from,
;

An im-age

is

an

im-itation, s-im-ilitude, figure, effigy

or likeness, generally a small statue or bust representing

a real or an ideal object.

shape, model,)
likeness.
is

An

ef-fig-y

(FInGere
to

to

a fig-ure shaped or modeled, a copy, a

to

statue (statu' ere

cause

stand,

to set

up,)

is

a likeness or ornamental figure, frequently carved

and intended to be set up. A picture is the work of a (pic-t-or) painter, done with pig-ments. An
in marble,

idol (Gr. id-6in

id-e'a; in

to see;

Si'dolon image, phantom, fancy,

idol,)

church Greek, an
but
'

hence idolatry

idol-

worship
called

icon

'

(Gr. Sicon figure, image, likeness,)

gives icon:o-clast an image-breaker.

child
'

may
'

be

the

'

image
*

'

of his father and the

'

idol

of his

mother.

To

idolise

is

to love to excess.

An excuse
wrong
:

is

an apology
is

for

what

is

admitted to be

a pretext

a false reason for a voluntary act

pretended to be right.
texts for deception.
rapine, generally

Excuses are

for explanation, pre-

when he was meditating some act of was that he believed some hostile combination had been formed against him, which it was wise to anticipate. Encyc.
The pretext
of Frederick II.,

Britannica, vol.

3,

1876.

100
In the
TJ.
S.,

SYNONYMY.

balance
it is

is

used incorrectly for reIt can

mainder, of which

not a synonym.
accounts.

be used

for things that are (or were formerly) weighed, as

money,

and by

extension,

money

Deplore

differs

object in view, like

from lament in having a particular bewail in comparison witR wail.

laments his mishis consequent misery.
live,)
;

(See the prefixes

fortunes

DE and be-.) A man

and deplores

Lively and vivid (viv-o I

effects.

imply

life

and

its

ture

imagination

A lively

wit
;

dancetune

a vivid flash

pic-

a lively or vivid description.

or place obstacles in a

passage-way.

To obstruct is to block up To impede is to

obstruct a river

retard progression.

Ice

may

and impede ships

in their passage.

An

obstruction
of speech.

in the throat

may

cause an

impedi-

ment

To read (German 'reden

to the eye;

'

to speak,)

is

to recite audibly

or observe mentally, words and characters as represented

and by extension,
also,

to read the thoughts

mind

the

the
to

signs of the times.

to

To peruse

is

to read

attentively;

examine carefully from point

point, as in scanning the features. My felf I then perus'd, and Limb by Limb
Survey'd, ...Mi/ion, Par. Lost, ed. 1678, bk
8,
I.

267.

ruler.

A despot (originally a master of slaves,) an absolute A tyrant an absolute ruler who rules with
is
is

cruelty.

Both words are derived from Greek, and imply

are not subject to the restraints of laws or

rulers

who

constitutions.

Salubrious health-bringing
;

health and of wholesome influences. climate a salutary example.

salutary promotive of A salubrious

SYNONYMY.

101

Windowglass is said to be trans-par-ent, because (trans) beyond it ground glass is translucent, it allows the light but not the sight to extend beyond it: a clear fragment of glass is pellucid in allowing light to pass (pel- for per) through it, but its
objects appear
:

shape

may

be such as to prevent the recognition of objects

beyond.

To ad-ore (or-o I pray, ad to^ is to address in prayer. To in-voke (v6c-o I call, in upon,) is to call upon in words. To wor-.-ship (for worth-ship,) is to yield due
worth (honor, dignity, veneration,) especially divine honor.

We
in
'

may
either
'

adore
case

'

in private,

we worship
*

'

in public,

and

we 'invoke'

divine aid.

*Adore' and

worship

are often confounded, nor are they properly

A clammy sweat a sticky surface viscous (gluey and ropy,) sap an adhesive plaster a tenacious hold a retentive memory.
:

post (something joosifed, set, placed,) is an upright of wood, stone, or metal, as a door-post, gate-post, guide-post,
hitching-post, fence-post
soldiers.
;

a military post, or station for

a high support projecting from
its

A buttress

is

a wall, sometimes ornamental in

architecture.

character, as in Gothic

A column

is

a cylindric or tapering pillar

proportions.

adapted for architectural purposes, and having definite The use of the word extends to columns of
print, of soldiers, of figures.

pilaster
is

is

a square

architectural column.

pillar

a detached upright
;

without claims to architectural proportion

nevertheless,
is

the so-called Pompey's Pillar (Diocletian's)

a column,
is

but without being part of a building.

An

obelisk

four-sided, tapering pillar ending in a small pyramid.

102

SYNONYMY.
or seawall protecting a port,
is

mole
pier.

sometimes called a

"When a bridge
it

is

too long to be supported

by

its

abutments,
pier-table,

requires intermediate piers.

Portions

of wall between windows, &c., are called piers. Hence, a

a pier-glass.
is

Bindweed
botanic
is

so called

from
is

its

winding stem,

its

name convolvulus

due

to its blossom,

which

rolled together before opening.

jewel (connected with

wearing: a

'joy')

is

an ornament of

stone,

glass, shell, pearl, or other

showy

material, adapted for

gem

is

polished, set or unset.

is

a precious stone either rough or glazier's diamond is a gem, it

not a jewel.

Jet (a kind of coal)

is

not a gem, but

it

may

be worked into jewelry.


103

APPENDIX
PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN.
It
is

important to pronounce Latin as directed by the ancient gram-

marians, or about as follows

Ale

104

APPENDIX.
;

= seel-wa

mIl-vus = meel-woos (a (a wood) and sil-u-I = seel-oo-a hawk) and mil-u-us = meel-oo-oos. The confusion in English dialects between Eng. w and v may be attributed to the fact that the former was a stranger to the Normans and the latter to the Anglosaxons. Hence Latin V^ i^cay) remained in vinu"^, Angl. vin = ween, Eng. * wine,'

while the Normans transmitted the later

sharp) wine,

V*

in 'vin-egar'

eager (or

MARKS AND ABBREVIATIONS.

Words hyphened like
di-stant, brut-al-ise, to indicate their etymology,

are not intended to be thus pronounced. J Assimilation, as when ad- becomes af-, in af-feot^. + Obsolete, disused, or supposed forms.

Educed elements are represented

educed from m.
..

as in

number, numer-ous, where

b is

Indicate (with italics) neglected or "silent" elements, as in coun-

terfei..t,

which has

lost the c of counterfict; may.., mi^^^t, &c.

= Pronunciation,
A
single dot
is left
()

as as-sagay' (^gay'

= guy.)

what

of

it,

marks a nominative case sign, (as -or in don.or, or as in ann-u-al, where u is part of the nominative case
it,

sign -us in Lat. ann-us (year.)

Two

dots

(:)

indicate a genitive case sign or a fragment of

as in

pur:i-fy.

See under Grammar.

t

sloped hyphen (-) indicates a par

ticipial element, as

in di-rec-tor
(=)

and

in

fal-s:i-fy.'

The German hyphen

'med#i-um.'

indicates

formative

elements, as

in

Kng\. Anglish ox Angloaaxon ; Ger. German; Gr. Greek; Fr. French;

Nrm. Norman;
V. verb ; n.
tive ;
-pi.

Lat. Latin.
a. (or adj.)

noun;

adjective; nova., nominative ; gen. geni; ivQ<\. frequentative

2ilural; dim. diminutival

; paxt. participle ;

pert, pertaining.

The small numbers added

to letters (as a^, a^,) indicate the

pronunci-

ation in the presumed historic order of their powers.

The first number marks the supposed earliest power (as o^ in bo^ld), and the power which each letter thus marked should have in all languages where the Roman alphabet is used. This would be an aid in etymology, and would be a step in the right direction towards a universal alphabet. The higher the number the farther is the letter from
its

proper power.
*

a^ in

arm,' 'father/ (for which French a

is

often used).

It is short

in a^rt. a- in 'all' (d of some philologists), short and closer in 'wha^t' which D has been proposed), a* in *fat.'
(for

105
e),

APPENDIX.
el in 'vein/

Latin v^e^na; e- in 'met' (Greek

tj),

lengthened and
i-''

open in 'the^re' (Greek

*

French e;
i is

e* for the coalescent

in Latin

ae

'

or
in

ae (a^i^)
'

e^ in

me.'
often used
;

i^
i

mariine/

for

which French

i^

for the coalescent

in 'oil,' 'aisle.'

i* in 'it;' i^ in 'ice.'

0^ in 'old/ for which some philologists use 8; the same sound is pronounced quickly in '6^-bey/ o^ like a^ in out (=o^u^),' o* in 'on/ n^ (oo) in 'rule/ 'ooze/ short and closer in 'fu^ll; u' for the coalescent in 'out.' u* (yoo) in 'use/ u^ in 'up.*

y' in 'year'
'u,'

(y^ being the Greek, Danish, Anglish vowel 'y/ French

German

'

ii.')

v^ in 'vine'

(v^

being Lat. and Angl. 'v' which are Eng. 'w^' in

'we,' 'w^' having, been

made

for its

German sound,

f^ in 'fife/ f^

in 'of.'
j2, g2, in

'judge/ 'gem'

(j^,

g' being French, like 'zh' heard in

j,

'azure/

j^ as

Latin and German

a sound for which 'J' was made,)

g^ in 'give.'
c^ (as k) in
s^ in

'sceptic/ c^ in 'chip/ c' in 'ocean;' c* in

s^ in 'miser;' s' like *ssi' in 'mission.'

'cell.'

'hiss/

In all the tables, allied words are not separated by a point as " half halve," but unconnected words have a comma or semicolon interposed, as in separating the

synonyms "hue, dye;

tin..t,

color,

chrome"

into the four classes of English, French, Latin, Greek, p. 95.

In the headings of the chapter on Derivation, definitions are sometimes given in heavy type, thus

"clar-tjs clear, bright."

This

is

to call attention to the fact that the defining

word

clear

is

a form of

CLARUS, of which both dear and bright are definitions.

EXAMPLES OF WORDS CONTRIBUTED TO ENGLISH" BY

VARIOUS LANGUAGES.
Arabic al-kali
(al, el the), al-cohol,

al-gebra, al-manac, amber, amir,

as-sagay' ('gay' z=gxty), azimuth, borax, burnoose, caliph, carat, carob,

cipher, coS'ee, cotton,

dragoman,

el-ixir, fakir, gazelle, girafi"e,

hakim,

henna, hidj'ra (formerly heg'ira), jerboa, Koran, mameluke, monsoon,

muezzin, natron, razzia (with English
sahib, silep,
tsetse, tutty,
z),

safiron, sa'hara (a desert),

tale,

simoom, sirocco, sultan, suimac, usnea (a genus of plants), wady

tamarind, tare,

tarif,

(a valley with a stream),

zen'ith, zero, zimb, zouave,

zumboor'ak

a small cannon fired from

a camel, Arab, zambur' a

* English formerly

hornet.^-

(52 examples.)
for

had such metaphoric names

cannon

as culver, cul-

verin, Fr. couleuvre a snake; drake (for dragon); fawkon, fawconet (fa/con),

Baker, sakeret (kinds of hawk.)

106

APPENDIX.

Anstralian boomerang, dingo (wild dog), kadjo (a very adhesive gum), kangaroo, West Australian *kang-arang-a,* applied to the mother animal, who carries her young in a pouch; *gang-ow' (but

gay, k, are freely interchanged,) to carry ;

South Australian *kangprolific

arendi' to bring forth;

'

kangariburka' a bearer; a

woman.

Basque anchovy,
Brasilian
coati,
(aeajti,

bizarre, chapparal,

bayonet (from Bayonne).

(Tupi = too-pee',

of Brasil)

agouti>

capibara, cavy,

jaguar, manioc, pyranga,

tanager, tapir, tapioca,

cashew

from aca branch, ju berry.)

Chinese

kaolin

porcelain clay

Ch. kaulin, from kau (= cow)

high, lin ridge,

ho doion (of
board,)

pek'oe a kind of tea; Ch. pak-ho, from pak lohite, plants). SAvaupan (swan to reckon, pwan a plate or

a reckoning instrument consisting of a frame with beads

rods.

moving on

tanka
it is

(tan

egg,

kay

house,)

a kind of boat.

ginseng

(dzhin vian, seang form,)

when
to the

the root of this medicinal

plant has two branches

compared

'hong' yellow, h6'

river,

commonly

spelt

form of a man. hongho, 'Hoang-ho' or Whang-ho.'

'

Cornish mining
prian,
stull,

terms

attle,
is

gossan (= gozn), growan,

killas,

wheal.

Cornish

akin to Welsh, and was formerly

poken in the celebrated mining region of Cornwall.

Dutch boom, boor (farmer, colonist), daalder (= dalder dollar), dam, eland, g^emsbok, luflF, lugger, kraal (= krS,l), scoop, sloop, sloat, slobber, sluice, yacht, yaw.
French adieu,
amateur, avalanche, barricade, bayou, belles-lettres,
chicane ('ch'='sh'in

brigade, burlesque, cache, cadet, cajole, chagrin, chaise, chamois, chandelier, charade, charlatan, chenille, chevalier,

all these), concert, coquette, courier (Fr. courrier), crevasse, cuirassier,

dandelion, debris, debuf, depo?, echelon, encore, environ, fagade, leger-

demain, mirage, palette, parapet, parasol, parterre, patrol, personnel,

pivot, prairie, ravelin, reservoir, ruse, soiree, sortie, tambourine, toilette, trousseau, vignette,

ville. (62)

At least

five

ciently alike to be recognisable, are

common

to

hundred words suffiFrench and English,

which makes the acquisition of French to one who knows English, a matter of less difiBculty than that of any other language of civilisation.

German The

Germans were

early students of mineralogy,

and

have given us the terms bismuth, blende,

cobalt, feldspar, (or felspar),

gneiss, nickel, quartz, schorl, sinter, wolfram, zink.

APPENDIX.

107

Greek acme, aloe, ambrosia, analysis, anemone, antithesis, apocope, aroma, asthma, basis, calyx, canon, canthar'ides (pi. of cantharis),
castor, catastrophe, chaos,
criterion, diapason,

clem'atis, colon, cotyledon,

crater,

crisis,

dogma, echo, emphasis, epidermis, epitome, epocha, genesis, glottis, hyaena, hyper'bole, hyphen, hypothesis, ichneumon, idea, iris, lexicon, martyr, myrmidon, naphtha, nectar, onyx, orchestra, ox'alis, panorama, panther, path'os, pelecan, phalanx, phlox, pyri'tes,
rhinoceros, sard'onyx, scoria, sepia, skeleton, stigma, synthesis, synopsis,

thorax.

(62)

Greek nouns in

-on, as

-um

in Latin, as in

tymp'anum, and

-os usually

tympanon, commonly take becomes Latin -us, as

in asbestos, asbestus.

Hebrew amen,
shek'el

behemoth, bethel,

cabal', cab'ala,

camel, cassia,

cherub, corban, bosanna, leviathan, manna, pas'ch(al), rabbi, sab'a-oth,

and

sic'le.

Chaldee gives abbot,

mammon,

talmud, targum.

Hindoo bhang,

bangle, cockatoo, cowry, gunny, jingal (a kind of

gun), jungle, pundit, raja, rupee, t'hug (assassin),

bandan'a,
to
tie,

a col-

ored handkerchief with undycd spots.

Hind, brmd'hna

bund'hnu indicates a mode of dyeing

at various points to

in

which the material

is

whence Hed vp

exclude the color, thus producing a spotted texture.

is

chints
Irish

{spotted cotton cloth)

akin to a verb meaning to sprinkle.

pilcher or pilchard (Ir. pU?eir) a kind of herring, "sprats and pilehers." Beaumont and Fletcher. (Welsh 'pile' that whisks about.) pilser a moth or fly that wliislcs about a flame.
bullock, carrageen, shamrock, shanty,

booty,

Italian brivo, canto, cupola, doge, gondola, gusto, macaroni, and many musical terms, such as fort-e, piano, solo, sonata, soprano; and the geologic terms solfatara, travertin, tu^fa, lava.
studio,

liatin acu'men, addendum, alias, alibi, aliquot, alumnus, animal, animus, apparatus, appendix, arbiter, arbitrator, ar'butus,* arcanum,
arena, augur, axis, bitu'men, circus,

compendium, consul, convolvulus,

decorum, delirium, detritus, doctor, dolor, effluvium, erratum, error, exit, extemp'ore (4 syllab.), farina, farrago, focus, folio, forum, fulcrum,
galena,
genius,

genus, gratis, honor, impetus, impromptu, inertia,

interior, item, labor, lamina, larva, lens, major,

maximum, medium,

memorandum, minor, minus,

odor,

nebula, neuter, nucleus, octavo, odium,

pendulum, plumbago, prospectus, quietus, quondam, quorum,

quota, radius, ratio, requiem, residuum, rostrum, rumor, senior, series,

simile, solus, species, specimen, speculator, speculum, stimulus, stratum,
(pi. strata), superficies, superior,

terminus, terror, toga, torpedo, tumu-

lus, varix,

verbatim, vertigo, vesper, veto, virago. (100)

*

With ornus now, the

And

pitch-tree next, takes root. arbutus adorn'd with blushing fruit: Congreve.

108

APPENDIX.
babyroussa, bamboo, cajeput, gambier, gutta-percha,

Malay atoll,

kris or creese, orang-ootan (orang man, ootan loild), pangolin,

prahu (a

kind of ship), ratan (rotan a

boat),

stick), sago,

tombac, sampan (a kind of

tree).

upas (= oopas poison, a half-fabulous poisonous

(ocelotl,

Mexican ocelot
cat.

from
*

oq2i,io paint,) a species of spotted

dig,) the prairie wolf, -which
'

coyo-te
;

(coyotl,
'

from coyo-nya, to

digs holes

hence

to coyo-te,'

coyo-te-ing

applied

in California to

underground mining in narrow holes.

North American (of the Algonkin stock) hackee, hickory, hominy, manito, moccasin, moose, musquash, pemmican, persimmon, possum, powwow, skunk, samp, squaw, terrapin, tomahawk, totem. (17)
abate, abridgement, abstinence, (as used in old English) amend, amendment, amiable (Fr. aimable), annoy, '''ante (aunt), +apparence (appearance), "''armure (armor), array, art, +aven-

Norman

affray, age,

ture, +bachilere (bachelor), benevolence, +beiste (beast), bible, blame,

+boun-te (whence boun-te-ous), +boussel (bushel, Nrm. bosel, Fr. boisseau), +buzard, cage, chase, chain, chair, chalice, tchambre, champion,
chance,

change, channel,

chant,

+chapelle,

charge,

charnel,

chief,

+chivalrie (*ch' ='tsh' in all these), clerk, comfort, conquest, corporal,

corse, covenant, +corone (a

crown or garland), +croun (crown of the

head), +crede (creed), cruel, +culur (color), tcurtesie, damage, +damosel,

danger, +defens, +demande, deny, +dette, +dettur, disease, +embesile

(embezzle),

embrace,

enclose (Fr.

enclore),

enhance,

+envie,

false,

familiar, +faucon (fa/con), felon, felonie, font

forfeit,

fortune,

franchise,

fosse,

and fount, +forain, force, +garnement (garment), garrison,

+genti^l (whence gentil-ity), tglorie (Fr. gloire), +glorius, grace, grant,

+hardi (whence hardi-hood), +historie (Fr. histoire), honest, +honure (honor 1550, Nrm. honur, oner, Fr. honneur), hospital, ire, jewel, 'jurie, +justise, lampe, lance, language (Nrm., Fr. langage"),
guise,

Tleysir (leisure), tmaladie (accounting for the pi. maladies), medicine,

traerci (1270,

compare merciful), tmercie (1303), mercy (1330), miracle,

parole, pasture,
+plen-te,

minstrel, obligation, oblivion, paramount, parlance,

place,

pledge,

+plen-te-us,

poise,

+povere (poor), +prelat,

prison, +purpre (purple), quart, rage, rancor, refuse, regard, +reison

(reason, Fr. raison), +richesse, riot, +robberie, sac'rament, tsacrifise,

+salm (psalm), sergeant (Nrm. serjant), +servise,

tempest, temple, +testimonie, +trecherie,

siege, simple, tsquier,

+stanche, station, statute, suborn, sue, +suffre, +suretie and tsuretee,

tremor (Nrm. tremor and

tremur), +trespas, trouble, varlet, +veri-te, +verray (very), vesture,

tvirtu (compare virtu-ous), vice, +vitailes (victuals), voice (Nrm. vois,
voce), warrant,

+ymage. (162)

APPENDIX.
Persian azure, bazar,
pagoda,- paradise,

109

bezoar, caravan, civet, darwesh (Arab, fakir),

(title

divan, julep, kermes, khediv

of the sovereign of Egypt), lazuli,

scarlet, sepoy, shah, shawl, tulip, turban, turpeth.

Peruvian condor,
Polynesian pah
tutoo' (ta to
in with a
fitrike,

guano, alpaca,
(a

pS.co, llama,
fort),

pampas, pu^ma.

New

Zealand

cava, tabu^, tapa, taro,

tata a mallei,) to

ornament the skin by color driven

stick.

kind of comb struck with a

fetish,

Portuguese caste,
tomato (properly
ouio)},)

mandarin,
Port,

palaver,

pimenta, tank,

yam. from a native name.

tomS,te),

inhame

{=ijiya7ne, *nh'='ni' in

Russian barometz, beltiga, britzska, cossack (=kozak), kabitka, knout (= knoot), kopeck, kreralin, mammoth, morse, rooble, steppe, tsar, tsaritsa (empress), ukase (= ookaz), vaivode (' ai as in aisle),
'

verst.

Spanish alligator
bonito, calaboose, cafion

(Sp.

aligaddr),

armada,

armadillo,

barilla,

(= canyon),

cascarilla, cigar,

fandango, fane^ga,

garr6te (Marryatt, 1835). hacienda, indigo, lagoon (Sp. lagtina), lasso

(Sp. lazo), mosq?<ito,

mustang

(Sp. mest^no), mestizo, palaver, placer,

rancho, saraband, sierra, tornado, vanilla.

Swedish trap
vik-ing.

(a

mineral), tungsten

(tung

heavy,

sten

atone),

Turkish be^y
yatagfian.

or be^g (fem. be^gum), caftan, caique, caviar, kiosk,

Welsh aspen,
lech,

bard, basket, bran, brawl, carol, coot, coracle, cromoflF),

dock

(to cut

druid, flannel, glen, groan, grumble, gull (the

stcalloicer of

bird), hoiden, holly,

(3 miles),
tise,

hopper (the

a mill), kiln, lawn, league

net),

maggot, marl, mattock, mesh or mash (of a rim, scut, tall, truant, widgeon, yew.
the

mop, mor-

Words from
aristarch,

names

of persons or people, real or fabulous

atlas,

athenfeum,

Atlantic,

bacchic,
(a plant

bacchanal,

cereal,

Crispin, dahlia (from

Dahl a Swede), dalea

named

after

Dale

an Englishman), derrick, epicure, frank, galvanise, ginllotine, hector, herculean, hermetic, jack, jovial, kyanise (to preserve wood by Kyan's process), lazaretto, macadamise, martial, maudlin, mausoleum, mentor,
mercury, mithridate, napoleon (a gold coin), obsidian, orrery, panic,
* "

From the
2,

Persian word Poutgheda," Account of Siam, 1685-8.

Harris's

Voyages

482.

10


no
APPENDIX.
rodomontade, saturnian,

petrel, philippic, pinchbeck, quassia, quixotic,

shaddock, shadrach, shrapnel, silhouette, simony, tantalise, valentine,

vernier, vestal, volcano (Vulcan)

and various minerals and plants.

names of
places.

Geographic words are due

river Achates gives
'

to the

The name

agate

'

of the *

Armenia ermine
Artois artesian

Damascus damson
Delft delf

Milan' milliner

Moussul muslin

Ascalon scallion
Ascalon shallot

Egypt gypsy
Florence florin
Frisia frieze

Nankin nankeen
Oporto port(wine)

Bethlehem bedlam
Calicut calico

Pergamos parchment
Persia pea..ch

Gagas

jet

Cambodia gamboge Cambray cambric

Carron carronade

Gascony gasconade Phasis pheasant Geneva gin Sardes sard sard'onyx Hochheim hock (wine) Sardinia sardine
India indigo

Chalcedon calced'ony
Chalons shalloon

Sinope sinople.

Kashmir cashmere
Ka/shmir cassimere

Spain spaniel

Cordova cordwainer
Croatia cravat

Syene syenite

Kashmir kerseymere

Labrador labradorite C^ydonia quince Laconia laconic C^yprus copper Magnesia magnet C^yprus gopher(-wood) Magnesia manganese
Corinth currants

Tarentum tarantola Turkey turquoise Turkey turkey Xalapa jalap

Xeres sherry
Ytterby yttria

Damascus damask

Majorca maj^olica

Some

retain the original forms, as

canary, china, cremona, galloway,

guinea, made^ira, magnesia, morocco, sienna, tripoli, worsted.

MadeHra took

its

name from

the (Portuguese 'made^ira') timber or

uood with which the isle was covered at the period of its discovery (1419-20). The word is derived from Lat materia, meaning not only matter and material, but building materials, particularly timber.

APPENDIX.

Ill

THE WOPvD 'normal.'

At the inauguration of the Normal School
2, 1859), as

at Millersville, Pa. (Dec.

a State institution

Prof.
State

S. S.

Haldeman, A. M.,

of

Colum:

bia, Pa., in response to

an invitation
first

to address the meeting, said

The inauguration
seems
to

of the

Normal School

of Pennsylvania

present a proper occasion for an etymologic elucidation of the

chiefly for the benefit of the several

word Normal,

hundred pupils here

present, that they

may have

a general idea of a word so intimately

connected with their present studies, and their future career in the honorable vocation of instructors (primarily builders or edifyers) of
the youthful mind;

and as ideas of instruction are associated with

those of visible operations,

we may say

that faulty instruction (like

negligent architecture)

is

likely to result in destruction.

This consociation of primary and metaphoric meanings with the

is present in Normal, Latin NORMA by builders, a rule, norm, pattern, model; NORMALis made by the square, right by the rule; (rigA-t (uec-tus) rec-titude, r ule (reg-ula) and st-raig-^t, being cognates.) It may

modifications of a single word,

(with

in ore) a square used

be stated that the ancient

rule,

Romans made

constant use of the square,

plummet, and the level now in use, shaped like the capital letter A, and figures of them are still to be seen upon monuments in Rome. The word NO-R-M-AL is composed of four portions, a stem followed by three suflBxes, of which the first is R formative; that is, used to make forms from roots or stems. It is the R of cle-r-k, fea-r, au-s-t-ere, which is not present in mo-r-al, lib-r-ary, ove-r. The next is the noun suffix or MA, present in dra-m, regi-m-en, and AL is the adjective suffix. The initial NO- is strictly the English kNO-w, so that normal

has something to do with knowledge.

get,)

But

it

has lost initial g- {gay in

to search into,
;

present in the Greek GNOrizdo' (I

make known,)

to acquire the

GI-GNO'sko, to know, to learn early Latin GNOsco, afterwards NOsco to know, get a knowledge of; Greek GNOmon a rule, square, Ac, also (German kenn-ung) the tooth by which a horse's age is made kno-wn; Persian kun-da learned, wise; German kun-de knowledge; kemi-t-niss science; kun-st art, &q. Irish conn reason, sense, intellect, prudence; Welsh cein-ad circumspection.
knowledge
of;

English kno-w, ken, can, couthe

(affable, kind),

cunning (formerly in a

good

cann-y (cautious, <fec.), and by dropping the initial no-ble, no-table but as this no- was originally gno-, and as n of the prefix in(not) was lost, the negative form of no-ble became i-gno-ble. Now if, instead of becoming a norm and gnomon to youth by the
sense),
;

acquisition of this ken-ing can-ing faculty of co-gni-tion

this

no-ble

no-rmal kno-wledge, with

its

implied (conn) sense,

intellect, reason.

112

APPENDIX.
its

prudence and (cein-ad) circumspection, and

(couthe) affable, kind,

(cann-y), cautious, prudent, and gentle (kun-st) art, skill, profession,

(kun-de) knowledge, and (kenn-t-niss) science

if,

instead of this, an

unfortunate student should

fall

upon the

reverse or negative side of our

word-picture, he will become an i-gno-ble, i-gno-rant, i-gno-min-ious

and un-couth e-norm-ity,

of can,) un-couth-ness
is

for (couthe being also the old past participle

un-can-ness, or inability,

i. e.

to follow the

square and rule of rectitude in personal matters.

The prospective teacher has a theme for deep reflection in the conwhich the word normal suggests, and it is to be hoped that all will work for and enter the sphere of their duties with courage, hope, and reverence, as they are likely to do when they re-co-gni-se
stellation of ideas

the nature of their responsibilities.

But we
farther.

will carry our

metaphoric language and

its

moral a

little

There exists a certain analogy between seeing and Jcnowitig, so that we often say "I see (or hioio) how to account for it." In fact, the Greek word 'idea' and the English 'wit' and 'wis-dom' are but cognates of what Latin has given us in 'vis-ion' and in 'e-vid-ent.'

The Welsh cein-ad (circumspection) has a root can (sight, brightness), Latin CANdeo (to shine, to burn), whence candle, kindle, candor, candid. Now, to borrow a scriptural figure, the light of our instruction must be such as to aid every one within its reach, beyond, as well as but where there are combustible materials, inside of the school house the light must be guarded with caution and circumspection,' or the un-cand-id watchman may become an in-cend-iary. Nor must our light be allowed to cause darkness by the production of smoke and soot, but the poisonous exhalations inseparable from the process must be withdrawn by proper ventilation and altho' the hurtful gas increases with the increasing light and may threaten asphyxia, yet the power of removal increases with the heat, which causes the exhalation to dissipate and seek an exit, as in a mine from which the noxious gases are removed by a fire (sometimes called a lamp), that should apparently increase them, but which, by a skilful arrangement, is made to start a current to carry them off. So it is in education. A madman is dangerous in proportion to his strength and knowledge, to be a blessing to the individual and the state, should be developed in, and tend to produce, a pure intellectual atmosphere, in the Normal
;

'

'

'

mode.

APPENDIX.

113

EXAMPLES OF ENGLISH.
In the following examples, an asterisk marks words derived from
Latin.
1380.

Lo hou good
...for
ij'

[00 as

dwelle to gidere.

there the lord fente blefsyng

in

(Here
1534.

y in by, as

indoor] and hou myrie [merry] it is that brethren and lijf into the world. IViclt/. modern Dutch.)

Behold how honeft* and ioyoufe* a thinge it is, brethern to dwel togither being of one mynde. ...For there hath the Lorde promifed* aboundaunce,* and
long lyfe to continewe.*
1 5 71.

yoye.

Behold how good and comly a thing it is for brethren to dwell euen [even] togither. ...for there hathe the Lorde commaunded* blifsing, and life for euer
[ever].

Golding,

1639. Behold

how good and how

there

pleafant*

it

is,

for brethren to dwell

even

together

...for

Jehovah hath commanded* the

blefsing,

life

unto eternitie.*

Ainsworth.

Dr. Philemon Holland

(b. 1551) translated the

Natural History of

Pliny

(b.
is

about A.

D. 23),

which was published

in 1635.

The following

extract

from chapter 8 of the 2d book, and exhibits many words derived from Latin, as might be expected in a translation from that

language.
1635.

The

ftars

which we

faid

were fixed

in heauen, are not (as the

common

fort thinketh) afligned to

euery one of vs; and appointed to

;

men
:

refpectiuely

& faire for the rich the leffe for the poore the dim for the weak, the aged and feeble neither fliine they out more or leffe, according to the lot and fortune of euery one, nor arife they each one together with that perfon vnto whom they are appropriate and die likewife with the fame ne [nor] yet as they set and fall, do they Cgnifie that any bodie is dead. There is not ywis, [certainly] fo great focietie betweene heauen and vs, as that together with the fatall neceffitie of our death, the (hining light of the ftarres fhould in token of forrow go
namely, the bright
:

out and become mortall.

(method)
cates*

In the next short extract, nine words are due to Latin and one The former number would have been ten, if indito Greek.
*

had replaced 'shows.'

1872. SciEXCE (Lat. scire, to know) is knowledge set in order; knowledge disposed after the rational method that best shows, or tends E. Couea, Key to to show, the mutual relations of observed facts. North American Birds.

10*

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