BACTERIA

Did you know that

the term bacteria was devised in the 19th century by the German biologist Ferdinand Cohn who based it on the Greek word 'bakterion' meaning a small rod?

regulates bowel movement helps in formation of vitamins (ex. Vitamin B12 and Vitamin K) enhances the immune system regulates hormone levels controls cholesterol levels

PROBIOTIC: The Friendly Bacteria

GLYCOCALYX outermost covering of some bacteria (capsule) Outer Membrane contains LPS (lipopolysaccharide) of gram- bacteria, responsible for endotoxin production Cell wall contains peptidoglycan Cell membrane- encloses the cytoplasm

ENVELOPE STRUCTURES

PILUS/ FIMBRIA thread-like structure that projects from the capsule and helps the bacterium to adhere to cell surface FLAGELLA- whip-like structures that serve as organ for motility

PROJECTING STRUCTURES

PROKARYOTIC CELLS - no true nucleus - lack mitochondria - smaller ribosomes UNICELLULAR SIMPLE/PRIMITIVE

CHARACTERISTICS

MESOSOME involved in cell division RIBOSOMES- sites of protein synthesis GRANULES in some bacteria (serve for storage of food)

INTERNAL STRUCTURES

A. SHAPE

coccus (spherical) bacillus (rod) spirillum (spiral)

B. GROUPING

pair (diplo-) chains (strepto-) clusters (stahylo-)

CLASSIFICATION

C. Response to Staining

gram + (with thick cell wall, usually good bacteria, retain crystal violet stain) gram (thin cell wall, mostly pathogenic, turn red or pink)

CLASSIFICATION

After treatment and wash, Staphylococcus aureus slid its way onto another petri dish and shouted to the E.coli on the dish, "I'm purple!" The E.coli asked, "Are you sure?" S. aureus replied, "Yes. I'm grampositive!"

C. Oxygen need (aerobic/anaerobic) D. Motility (motile, non-motile) E. Capacity to form spores (sporeforming/non-spore-forming)

CLASSIFICATION

Binary

fissionis the process by which a bacterium splits into two cells. Each cell gets an exact copy of the parent cell's genetic material.

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Conjugationis the process by which bacteria join and exchange genetic materials through a tube (sex pilus)

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

RICKETTSIA

an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria replicate in the cytoplasm and nucleus of their host cell non-spore-forming aerobic lack flagella reproduce by binary fission has an animal reservoir and usually carried by vectors such as ticks, lice, fleas, and mites

CHARACTERISTICS

 plant dead with

or animal? or alive?

RNA or DNA? or multicellular?

unicellular

VIRUS

 Viruses are not cells Obligate intracellular Basic

parasite

structure: Protein coat (capsid) Nucleic acid core (RNA or DNA) Lipoprotein coat (second coat only in enveloped viruses)

CHARACTERISTICS

SHAPE

helical (like a coiled spring) icosahedron (20 triangular sides) complex

CHARACTERISTIC

BACTERIOPHAGE- complex virus, attack bacterial cells

Categories: 1. DNA viruses stable, do not mutate rapidly

single- or double-strand Smallpox, Hepatitis B single- or double-strand HIV

2. RNA viruses mutate rapidly, unstable

VIRUS

only 1 characteristic of life: reproduction can only reproduce inside a host cell! process of reproduction = lytic cycle

LYTIC CYCLE Virus attaches to host cells membrane and injects its nucleic acid into the host cell. The viral nucleic acid takes over protein synthesis, creating new viruses. The host cell bursts, lyses, releasing the newly formed viruses.

LYTIC CYCLE

Steps:
3. 4. 5. 6.

Attachment of virus Entry to hosts cell Provirus formation Cell multiplication

**the virus replicates its genome without destroying the host

LYSOGENIC CYCLE