Three Stringy Realizations of Fractional

Quantum Hall Eect

Wei Li
IPMU, Tokyo University, Japan
Taiwan String Theory Workshop, Jan 19, 2009
Reference
Fractional Quantum Hall Eect via Holography:
Chern-Simons, Edge States, and Hierarchy
with Mitsutoshi Fujita (Kyoto U.)
Shinsei Ryu (Berkeley)
Tadashi Takayanagi (IPMU)
arXiv:0901.0924
FQHE overview
Hierarchy
Edge states
FQHE from ABJM
Holographic edge states
Hall conductivity
FQHE from Deformed AdS Soliton
Holographic pure Chern-Simons and level-rank duality
Hall conductivity
Hierarchical FQHE from IIA in C
2
/Z
n
Hirzebruch-Jung Resolution
Hierarchical structure
Summary
Outline
FQHE overview
Hierarchy
Edge states
FQHE from ABJM
Holographic edge states
Hall conductivity
FQHE from Deformed AdS Soliton
Holographic pure Chern-Simons and level-rank duality
Hall conductivity
Hierarchical FQHE from IIA in C
2
/Z
n
Hirzebruch-Jung Resolution
Hierarchical structure
Summary
FQHE experimental setup

2DEG in xy-plane.

Low temperature

Strong magnetic eld B

z

Break parity symmetry.

Electric eld E
y
Hall current j
x
=
xy
E
y
Hall conductivity measurement
Stormer 92

Plateaux of
xy
:
xy
=
e
2
h

xx
= 0

Integer QHE: = 1, 2, 3, . . .

Fractional QHE: =
n
2m+1
Integer quantum Hall plateaux
Figure: Bhatt
1. Conducting Landau levels (separated by gaps) Filling fraction

N
e
N
Lan
2. When Fermi level is between Landau levels:

All Landau levels below are completely lled: = N

Energy gap =
xx
= 0

Integer quantization of Hall conductivity:

xy
=
e
2
h
Fractional quantum Hall plateaux

Question: How about Fractional quantum Hall plateaux?

How to have energy gap inside partially lled Landau level?
Need to include electron-electron interaction!
Fractional quantum Hall plateaux

Plateaux = Energy gap (Caused by e-e interaction!)

FQHE with =
1
k
(k odd) can be described by Laughlins
wavefunction Laughlin 82

Quasiparticle has fractional charge

e
k

Quasiparticle has fractional statistics:

Interchanging two quasiparticles give phase e
i
k

Energy gap = BEC of composite boson (electron + k ux)

Aside: Anyons
Figure: Shtengel

Interchanging two quasiparticles: (2, 1) = e

i
(2, 1)
=
_

_
0 Bos-on
Fermi-on
Any-on

Anyon only exists in 2D.

Eective description of FQHE

What to look for?

1. (2+1)-D low energy eective eld theory
2. Quasiparticle with fractional charges and statistics

Answer: U(1)
k
Chern-Simons
S
c.s.
=
k
4
_
a da +
e
2
_
a F
ext

Gives correct Hall conductivity

Source term a
0
(x x
0
) creates a quasiparticle with
Charge Q =
e
k
and Flux =
2
k

How about FQHE with =

p
q
?
Hierarchical FQHE

=
1
k
FQHE: Chern-Simons with single a.

Electron + k ux = Composite Boson = BEC = new

quasi-particles... Halperin 84
1. New quasiparticles are sourced by a
(0)
.
2. Use U(1)
k
1
Chern-Simons to describe the new quasiparticle
S =
k
0
4
_
a
(0)
da
(0)
+
1
2
_
a
(0)
F
ext
+
k
1
4
_
a
(1)
da
(1)
+
1
2
_
a
(1)
f
(0)
3.
xy
= (
1
k
0

1
k
1
)
e
2
h
Hierarchical FQHE

Generalize to r levels: (Hierarchy!)

Quasiparticles of quasiparticles of quasiparticles of....
S =
1
4
_
K
ij
a
(i )
da
(j )
+
1
2
_
q
i
a
i
F
ext
K =
_
_
_
_
_
_
k
0
1
1 k
1
1
1 k
2
1
1
.
.
.
_
_
_
_
_
_
, q = (1, 0, 0, 0, )

Filling fraction via continued fraction

=
1
k
0

1
k
1

1
k
2

FQHE signature

Plateaux of
xy
:

xy
=
e
2
h

xx
= 0
1. Integer quantum Hall Klitzing 80
= 1, 2, 3, . . .
2. Simplest fractional quantum Hall
Tsui, Stormer, Laughlin 82
=
1
3
,
1
5
,
1
7
, . . .
3. Hierarchical fractional quantum Hall Haldane 83; Halperin 84
=
1
(2p
0
+ 1)
1
2p
1

1
2p
2
...

All above have odd denominators and are well understood !

4. Even denominator fractional quantum Hall

All can be realized in string theory!!

Edge states of QHE

Question: Why isnt QHE an insulator?

Answer: Existence of edge states!! Halperin 82

Figure: Bhatt
Edge excitations are gapless!!

Edge state is a (1+1)-D chiral theory

Why string?

FQHE is strongly coupled.

Geometrization of FQHE using AdS/CFT

Review of stringy realization of FQHE

Earlier models
1. Holographic computation of classical Hall eect
Hartnoll+Kovtun 07, OBannon 07, Myers+Wapler 08
2. Noncommutative Chern-Simons description (not holographic)
Susskind, Hellerman+Van Raamsdonk, 01...
3. Holographic construction of integer QHE
Keski-Vakkuri+Kraus, Davis+Kraus+Shah, 08

What is lacking

Edge states

Hierarchical FQHE

Features of our models

Based on Chern-Simons description (1, 2, 3)

Holography (1, 2)

Edge state (1, 2)

Hierarchy (3)
FQHE overview
Hierarchy
Edge states
FQHE from ABJM
Holographic edge states
Hall conductivity
FQHE from Deformed AdS Soliton
Holographic pure Chern-Simons and level-rank duality
Hall conductivity
Hierarchical FQHE from IIA in C
2
/Z
n
Hirzebruch-Jung Resolution
Hierarchical structure
Summary
Outline
FQHE overview
Hierarchy
Edge states
FQHE from ABJM
Holographic edge states
Hall conductivity
FQHE from Deformed AdS Soliton
Holographic pure Chern-Simons and level-rank duality
Hall conductivity
Hierarchical FQHE from IIA in C
2
/Z
n
Hirzebruch-Jung Resolution
Hierarchical structure
Summary
ABJM

Brane conguration: M2 probing C

4
/Z
k
singularity

AdS
4
/CFT
3

Field theory side: N = 6 Chern-Simons with U(N)

k
U(N)
k

Gravity side: M-theory in AdS

4
S
7
/Z
k

M-theory to IIA limit:

N
1/5
k
ABJM

Brane conguration
AdS
4
CP
3
: t x y r
1

1

2

2

N D2:
k D6-ux:

AdS
4
/CFT
3

Field theory side: N = 6 Chern-Simons with U(N)

k
U(N)
k

Gravity side: IIA in AdS

4
CP
3

Chern-Simons action:
S
gauge
N=6
=
k
4
_
Tr[a
(1)
da
(1)
]
k
4
_
Tr[a
(2)
da
(2)
]

Parity even!!
How to break parity symmetry?
Objects in ABJM

Flux

N D2-branes:
N =
_
CP
3
F
[6]

k D6:
k =
_
CP
1
F
[2]

Particle-like Branes

D0 (Di-monopole)

No tadpole

D2 wrapping CP
1
(Monopole)

Tadpole k
_
A = has k F-strings attached

D4 wrapping CP
2
(Di-baryon)

No tadpole

D6 wrapping CP
3
(Baryon)

Tadpole N
_
A = has N F-strings attached
How to break parity symmetry?

Wrap M D4 on CP
1

Attach to N D2-brane along (1 + 1)-dim

AdS
4
CP
3
: t x y r
1

1

2

2

N D2:
k D6-ux:
M D4:
D4
CP
1
D2
U(N)
k
U(N)
k
U(N M)
k
U(N)
k

1/2-BPS
Modeling edge states

Dibaryon (D4 on CP
2
) acquires tadpole
_
F
[4]
A = M
_
A
= has M F-strings attached

Gauge group changes when crossing the edge!

U(N)
k
U(N)
k
= U(N M)
k
U(N)
k

The disappeared U(M) is carried by the D4

Set M = 1 and N = 1 and treat U(1)

k
as spectator
U(1)
k
U(1)
k
=1 U(1)
k
Models an edge state of =
1
k
FQHE!
D8 edge

Wrap D8 on CP
3

Attach to N D2-brane along (1 + 1)-dim

AdS
4
CP
3
: t x y r
1

1

2

2

N D2:
k D6-ux:
D8:
D8
CP
3
D2
U(N)
k
U(N)
k
U(N)
kl
U(N)
k

1/2-BPS
Modeling edge states

Di-monopole (D0) acquires tadpole

_
F
[0]
A =
_
A
= has F-strings attached

Gauge group changes when crossing the edge!

U(N)
k
U(N)
k
= U(N)
k
U(N)
k

Set N = 1 and treat U(1)

k
as spectator
U(1)
k
U(1)
k
=U(1)
k
U(1)
k
Models an interface between =
1
k
FQHE and =
1
k
FQHE!
Anyons in ABJM

Dibaryon (D4 wrapping CP

2
) carries 1 F-string ABJM, ABJ 08
Create anyon with
Charge Q = 1 and Flux =
2
k

Anyon with statistics e

i /k

Rescale A
e
k
A s.t. Q =
e
k
Holographic computation of Hall conductivity

Bending brane models the pair of edge states

E
Holographic computation of Hall conductivity

Probe D4 action:
S
D4
= S
DBI
D4
+ S
CS
D4
+ S
bdy
D4
S
CS
=

k
D4
4
_
A dA, with

k
D4

e
2
k

Charge density and current density j on the boundary:

=
S
A
t

, j =
S
A
x

Hall current j
x
= j
bdy1
j
bdy2
Gives correct Hall conductivity

xy
=
e
2
h
Interface from D8

D8-edge is an interface between two FQHE with =

1
k
and

=
1
k

Holographic computation predicts

xy
=

k
2

e
2
h
|

|
e
2
h
Summary so far

FQHE from ABJM

1. Supersymmetric Chern-Simons + bifundamental matter elds!!
2. Reproduce correct
xy
because it is topological!

Real FQHE has mass gapcan we realize pure, bosonic

Chern-Simons?
Go to Model II
Outline
FQHE overview
Hierarchy
Edge states
FQHE from ABJM
Holographic edge states
Hall conductivity
FQHE from Deformed AdS Soliton
Holographic pure Chern-Simons and level-rank duality
Hall conductivity
Hierarchical FQHE from IIA in C
2
/Z
n
Hirzebruch-Jung Resolution
Hierarchical structure
Summary
Warm-up: AdS soliton from D3

Start from N D3-branes (N = 4 SYM IIB in AdS

5
)
1. Compactify D3 on space-like circle + L

Geometry: AdS bubble (doubly Wick-rotated AdS black hole)

ds
2
= R
2
dr
2
f (r )r
2
+
r
2
R
2
(dt
2
+ f (r )d
2
+ dx
2
+ dy
2
) + R
2
d
2
5
f (r ) = 1
_
r
0
r
_
4

cycle shrinks at r = r
0
.
2. Choose anti-periodic b.c. for fermions

Fermions gain mass = All scalars gain mass via quantum

correction
Break SUSY completely!

At low T: (2+1)-dim pure YM AdS Soliton Witten 98

Deformed AdS soliton from D3-D7

Question: how to get Chern-Simons term?

Hint: S
CS
D3
=
1
4

D3
F F

Answer: Turn on axion = k

L
= Add k D7 at the tip of AdS Soliton (r = r
0
)
Deformed AdS soliton from D3-D7

Add k D7 (wrapping S
5
) at the tip of AdS Soliton (r = r
0
):
AdS
5
S
5
: t x y r s
1
s
2
s
3
s
4
s
5
N D3:
k D7:

D3
D7

r = r
0
U(N)
k
U(k)
N

Field theory: U(N)

k
Yang-Mills-Chern-Simons
Gravity: AdS soliton with k D7 at the tip
Deformed AdS soliton from D3-D7

Holography from AdS soliton + D7:

Field theory: U(N)

k
Yang-Mills-Chern-Simons

Gravity: AdS soliton with k D7 at the tip

Question: How to get pure Chern-Simons?

Answer: Take IR limit of D3 theory:

Field theory: pure U(N)

k
Chern-Simons

Gravity: Near r = r
0
region = D7-brane theory

CS term on D7 give U(k)

N
Chern-Simons term
S =
1
2
_
C
[4]
F F =
N
4
_
Tr(A dA +
2
3
A
3
)

D7 theory is pure U(k)

N
Chern-Simons!!
This holographic duality in IR limit gives Level-Rank duality!
Holographic computation of Hall conductivity

Choose C
RR
[2]
= A
RR
[1]
d

FQHE as U(1)
k
Chern-Simons on boundary
S
D3
=
k
4
_
A dA +
e
2
_
A dA
RR
[1]
A
RR
[1]
gives external eld (

B,

E) for FQHE.

Charge density and current density j on the boundary:

=
S
A
RR
t

, j =
S
A
RR
x

Hall conductivity

xy
=
1
k
e
2
h

Can also compute by adding edge states (D3 wrapping or D7 wrapping

S
5
)

Model 1 and Model 2 : =

1
k
FQHE

How about FQHE with =

p
q
?
Outline
FQHE overview
Hierarchy
Edge states
FQHE from ABJM
Holographic edge states
Hall conductivity
FQHE from Deformed AdS Soliton
Holographic pure Chern-Simons and level-rank duality
Hall conductivity
Hierarchical FQHE from IIA in C
2
/Z
n
Hirzebruch-Jung Resolution
Hierarchical structure
Summary
Hierarchical FQHE

Hierarchy of quasiparticles of quasiparticles of quasiparticles

of....
S =
1
4
_
K
ij
a
(i )
da
(j )
+
1
2
_
q
i
a
i
F
ext
K =
_
_
_
_
_
_
k
0
1
1 k
1
1
1 k
2
1
1
.
.
.
_
_
_
_
_
_
, q = (1, 0, 0, 0, )

Signatures:

Multiple U(1)

Continued fraction as lling fraction

=
1
k
0

1
k
1

1
k
2

Tri-diagonal matrix K
Minimal resolution of C
2
/Z
n(p)
singularity

Orbifold C
2
/Z
n(p)
:
(z
1
, z
2
) (e
2i
n
z
1
, e
p
2i
n
z
2
) where n+1 p n1 and (n, |p|) = 1

IIA on C
2
/Z
n(p)
gives Hirzebruch-Jung resolution (blowing up
minimal number of 2-cycles) Harvey+Kutasov+Martinec+Moore 01
Intersection matrix of 2-cycles:
K =
_
_
_
_
_
_
k
0
1
1 k
1
1
1 k
2
1
1
.
.
.
_
_
_
_
_
_
with
n
p
= k
0

1
k
1

1
k
2
...
Use IIA on C
2
/Z
n(p)
to describe hierarchical FQHE!
Embedding Hierarchical FQHE in IIA

IIA on R
(1,2)
S
3
C
2
/Z
n(p)
(near horizon of NS5)

Resolution: r 2-cycles with harmonic 2-forms

(i )

RR 3-from gives r U(1) gauge elds

C
RR
[3]
=

i
a
(i )

(i )

Tri-diagonal intersection matrix

K
ij
=
_

i

j

Chern-Simons from Chern-Simons term in IIA SUGRA

1
4
2
10
_
H
NS
C dC =
1
4
r

i ,j =1
K
ij
a
(i )
da
(j )

External eld from D4 wrapping 2-cycle

i
q
i
[i ]
1
2
_
q
i
a
(i )
dA

Embedding succeed!
Outline
FQHE overview
Hierarchy
Edge states
FQHE from ABJM
Holographic edge states
Hall conductivity
FQHE from Deformed AdS Soliton
Holographic pure Chern-Simons and level-rank duality
Hall conductivity
Hierarchical FQHE from IIA in C
2
/Z
n
Hirzebruch-Jung Resolution
Hierarchical structure
Summary
Summary

Embedding of FQHE in string theory

Emphasis

Based on Chern-Simons description (1, 2, 3)

Holography (1, 2)

Edge state (1, 2)

Hierarchy (3)
Summary

FQHE from ABJM

1. Add D4 wrapping CP
1
(or D8 wrapping CP
3
) to ABJM to break
parity symmetry
2. Models edge states in FQHE with =
1
k
3. Holographic computation of Hall conductivity along edge states

FQHE from deformed AdS soliton

1. Stringy realization of pure Chern-Simons
2. Holographic duality = Level-rank duality
3. Holographic computation of Hall conductivity without using edge
states

FQHE from Hirzebruch-Jung singularity

1. First stringy realization of hierarchical FQHE
2. Continued fraction lling fraction given by intersection matrix of
resolution of C
2
/Z
n(p)
Wish list

Dynamics of FQHE

Non-Abelian FQHE

Topological order of FQHE

Deeper connection between IIA on C

2
/Z
n(p)
and hierachical
FQHE
T HANK YOU !