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Chapter 7
Parviz Kermani Polytechnic University
Acknowledgement
The original contents of this presentation were provided by the publisher, Course Technology. Additional materials from other sources were added
William Stallings, Business Data Communications, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall publisher
Objectives
State the definition of a local area network List the primary function, activities, and application areas of a local area network Cite the advantages and disadvantages of local area networks Identify the physical and logical topologies of local area networks
Objectives (continued)
Cite the characteristics of wireless local area networks and their medium access control protocols Specify the different medium access control techniques Recognize the different IEEE 802 frame formats Describe the common local area network systems
7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani 4
Introduction
Local area network - communication network
Interconnects a variety of data communicating devices within a small geographic area Broadcasts data at high data transfer rates with very low error rates.
Since the local area network first appeared in the 1970s, its use has become widespread in commercial and academic as well home environments.
7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani
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Bus/Tree Topology
The original topology
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Bus/Tree Topology
Workstation has a network interface card (NIC) that attaches to the bus (a coaxial cable) via a tap.
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Bus/Tree Topology
Data can be transferred using either
baseband digital signals
Bidirectional
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Bus/Tree Topology
Baseband signals are bidirectional and move outward in both directions from the workstation transmitting.
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Bus/Tree Topology
Broadband signals are usually unidirectional and transmit in only one direction. Because of this, special wiring considerations are necessary.
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Bus/Tree Topology
In broadband topology, buses can be split and joined, creating trees.
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Ring Topology
NIC operates as a repeater
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Ring Topology
Star ring topology is based on MAU (multistation access unit) which functions similarly to a hub.
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Ring Topology
Where a hub immediately broadcasts all incoming signals onto all connected links, the MAU passes the signal around in a ring fashion.
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Ring Topology
Like hubs, MAUs can be interconnected to increase network size.
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Wireless LANs
Not really a specific topology
Workstation in a wireless LAN can be anywhere as long as it is within transmitting distance to an access point.
Newer IEEE 802.11 standard defines various forms of wireless LAN connections.
Speed of 11/54 Mbps Speeds up to 20 Mbps available on other technologies.
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Wireless LANs
Workstations reside within a basic service set, while multiple basic service sets create an extended service set.
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Wireless LANs
Two basic components necessary:
Client radio: usually a PC card with an integrated antenna, and Access point (AP): an Ethernet port plus a transceiver
Workstations with client radio cards reside within a basic service set, Multiple basic service sets create an extended service set.
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Wireless LANs
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Wireless LANs
With directional antennae designed for point-to-point transmission (rare), 802.11b can work for more than 10 miles. With an omni-directional antenna on a typical AP, range may drop to as little as 100 feet. Distance is inversely proportional to transmission speed - as speed goes up, distance goes down.
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Wireless LANs
In actual tests, 11 Mbps 802.11b devices managed 5.5 Mbps (from a July 2000 test by Network Computing). To provide security, most systems use Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), which provides either 40- or 128-bit key protection. What will Bluetooths impact be on 802.11b?
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Comparison of Technologies
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Not as common as server-based LANs Most peer-to-peer LANs still use one or more servers Interesting collaborative-type applications (world-wide law firm)
7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani 38
Contention-based protocols Round robin protocols (not in use) Reservation protocols (not in use)
Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani 39
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Contention-Based Protocols
Most common example is carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD). CSMA/CD protocol is based on the ALOHA protocol.
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Contention-Based Protocols
If no one is transmitting, a workstation can transmit. If someone else is transmitting, the workstation backs off and waits.
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Contention-Based Protocols
If two workstations transmit at the same time, a collision occurs. When the two workstations hear the collision, they stop transmitting immediately.
new packets old packets Collision? G
channel
No Yes
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ALOHA Performance
Pure ALOHA:
Send the packet when it is generated Period of vulnerability is 2 time slots Maximum efficiency= 18%
Slotted ALOHA
Time is slotted. Stations can transmit only at the beginning of slots Maximum efficiency= 36%
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ALOHA Performance
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Contention-Based Protocols
Each workstation backs off a random amount of time and tries again. Hopefully, both workstations do not try again at the exact same time. CSMA/CD is an example of a nondeterministic protocol.
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Contention-Based Protocols
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Most common example is token ring LAN in which a software token is passed from workstation to workstation.
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Reservation Protocols
Workstation places a reservation with central server. Workstation cannot transmit until reservation comes up. Under light loads, this acts similar to CSMA/CD. Under heavy loads, this acts similar to token ring. Though a powerful access method but again losing out to CSMA/CD. Most common example of reservation protocol is demand priority protocol.
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Ethernet
Originally, CSMA/CD was 10 Mbps. Then 100 Mbps was introduced. Most NICs sold today are 10/100 Mbps. Then 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps) was introduced. 10 Gbps is now beginning to appear.
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Ethernet
1000 Mbps introduces a few interesting wrinkles:
Transmission is full duplex (separate transmit and receive), thus no collisions. Prioritization is possible using 802.1p protocol. Topology can be star or mesh (for trunks).
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Ethernet
A few more interesting wrinkles:
Cabling can be either UTP or optical (but 10 Gbps Ethernet may not work over UTP due to radio frequency interference). Where 10 Mbps Ethernet has less than 30% utilization due to collisions, 1000 Mbps is limited only by traffic queueing. Distance with 10 Mbps is limited by CSMA/CD propagation time, whereas 1000 Mbps is limited only by media.
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Ethernet Standards
Very good throughput under heavy loads. More expensive components than CSMA/CD. Losing (lost!) ground quickly to CSMA/CD.
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FDDI Reliability
Wireless Ethernet
As we have already seen, IEEE has created the 802.11b, 802.11a, and 802.11g wireless standards IEEE 802.11n (100 Mbps) will be ratified soon and should start appearing in product form in 2006 (maybe?) Latest wireless Ethernet is using MIMO technology (multiple input multiple output)
Sender and receiver have multiple antennas for optimum reception
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100VG-AnyLAN Topology
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