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Strip Products Continuous casting of slabs or thin slabs Thermomechanical rolling on HSM or CSM Cold rolling and batch or continuous annealing in general: well defined process routes Forging Products Semi-product: long products via numerous different process routes Forging: numerous different product forms and different temperature and deformation cycles difficult process control many constraints: tooling, forces limited control of cooling rates Niobium in Forging Steels
High C contents; Martensitic of Bainitic microstructure Transformation Kinetics; robust processes Grain refinement of austenite/martensite?/bainite? Enhanced mechanical properties
Introduction
TRIP-Forging Steels
BMWI-Project, IGF 374 ZN
Projects
Project 1: Case hardening steel for high temperature carburising processes Project 2: Al-reduced case hardening steel for high temperature carburising processes
High temperature carburizing decreases the production duration and costs of gear components. Grain size control of austenite is needed. Grain growth can be prevented by microalloying of case hardening steels. Prediction and optimization of particle size and amount is performed by numerical simulation of particle evolution.
STEM
STEM
STEM
STEM
Forging
Rolling
FP-Annealing
HT-Case hardening
STEM
NbC
100 nm
Nb
Different particles can be found: AlN, NbC and Ti(C,N) Shape factor for AlN >2 and NbC - Ti(C,N) ~ 1
AlN Ti(C,N)
Al
Ti
Faster ripening of Al-nitrides in comparison to (Ti,Nb)-carbonitrides Higher pinning force for (Ti,Nb)-carbonitrides in comparision to Al-nitrides
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Simulation Results
Prediction of pinning force using calculation of particle evolution along different process chains Small improvement of pinning force via shortening of austenitization time
Decrease of pinning force by increase of austenitization temperature up to 1200 C equal to increasing the case hardening temperature to 1100 C
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Simulation Results
Austenite initial grain size start microstructure, heating conditions, particle state Pinning force particle size, amount and distribution
surface energy , J / cm 2
f particle amount r particle radius, cm
Grain Size Control
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Al reduction is requested for cleanliness improvement. The same pinning force at 1050 C in Nb modified 25CrMo4 steel can be
obtained by an increase of Nb content to 850 ppm. Additionally, an increase in solution temperature is needed. Conclusion: a combined development of alloy and process parameters is needed in order to realize this new steel concept.
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Al
Nb
Ti
Ref
Mod
227 ppm
87 ppm
337 ppm
850 ppm
89 ppm
16 ppm
166 ppm
160 ppm
High grain stability of Al-reduced grade for 1050 C and 1100 C No abnormal growth at 1100 C
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C PHFP 1 PHFP-M 1 PHFP-M 2 HDB 1 HDB 2 0.38 0.36 0.30 0.30 0.22
Nb, V:
Cr:
B, Ti, N:
B decreases vcrit in solute state, therefore Ti is added to form TiN (refinement austenite grain) instead of BN
Si > 1% suppresses the formation of cementite
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Si:
Strength properties:
Increasing Nb content leads to increasing strength, especially yield strength
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Tounghness at RT in J
Total elongation in %
Strength in MPa
blocky M/A
Blocky M/A
bainitic ferrite
Transformation temperature in C
21
Lath width in mm
bainitic microstructure
+ MAE
amount retained austenite after continuous cooling: ~7,8% (measured by EBSD analysis)
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HDB
bainitic ferrite FB + retained austenite R + Nb (C,N)
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The variation of small amounts of Mn (+0,5 wt.-%) and Nb (+0,025 wt.-%) results in a change of transformation behavior Therefore the mechanical properties change dramatically especially at very slow cooling rates
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Simulation the Flow-Behaviour and Microstructure Evolution during Multi-Hit Forging of Microalloyed Steels
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=f(,T,)
Empirical Approaches
Hot-Deformation
Flow Stress
Dynamic/ Static Recovery and Recrystallization
=f(,T,S)
Microstructure
Internal Variable
=g(,T,)
Dislocation Density
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crit
fconv
Dm
kdyn,c8,c1,n
kstat
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Courtesy
GmbH
34
FEM-Simulation in FORGE
l=32 l=42
l=47 l PAG in m
Courtesy
GmbH
Courtesy
GmbH 35
FEM-Simulation in FORGE
Austenite Grain Size
Hot Forging: Process and Materials Simulation Simulation of the Flow Stress as Function of the Dislocation Density
Courtesy
GmbH
36
Short Processing
Applications
Multifunctional
Fast Precipitation
Crack Resistance
Grain Refinement
Alloy Design
Kinetics Hardening
Al,V
Nb
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