2010/cs/172 10001727 Operational Amplifier Operational Amplifier is most useful compacted single item in the circuit board.

Op-Amp has differential inputs but all the outputs coming out with only single- ended output. And it generates output voltage that hundreds of thousands times larger than its input voltage difference. Op-Amp Widely using for analog signal processing tasks. As an example LM741 is one of useful amplifier in general-purpose operational Amplifiers series which made for perform over industry levels like the LM709. It comes with many important features like overload protection on the input and output, no latch-up when the common mode range is exceeded, as well as freedom from oscillations. Negative feedback Operational amplifier can perform several ways & and each of way have own connecting type. Each of connecting type gives the different results (different voltage gains, change positive wave to a negative wave ... etc). Operational amplifiers have two main input lines called Non-inverting input and inverting input. These two line are use for give the voltage signals that we need to change (gain) with the amplifier. Normally voltage difference between these two input lines is equal to few millivolts. And the operational amplifier requests some voltage to active. And this voltage received by two voltage rail lines. When voltage of the inverting input (-) is higher than the non-inverting input (+), the output voltage goes low so op-amp can give the negative feedback as the output. If we connect the output of an op-amp to its inverting input and apply a voltage signal to the non-inverting input, we find that the output voltage of the op-amp closely follows that input voltage. As voltage-in increases, voltage-out will increase in accordance with the differential gain. However, as voltage-out increases, that output voltage is feedback to the inverting input, thereby acting to decrease the voltage differential between inputs, which acts to bring the output down. What will happen for any given voltage input is that the op-amp will output a voltage very nearly equal to voltage-in, but just low enough so that there's enough voltage difference left between voltage-in and the (-) input to be amplified to generate the output voltage. The circuit will quickly reach a point of stability (known as equilibrium in physics), where the output voltage is just the right amount to maintain the right amount of differential, which in turn produces the right amount of output voltage. Taking the op-amp's output voltage and coupling it to the inverting input is a technique known as negative feedback, and it is the key to having a self-stabilizing system (this is true not only of op-amps, but of any dynamic system in general). This stability gives the op-amp the capacity to work in its linear (active) mode, as opposed to merely being saturated fully "on" or "off" as it was when used as a comparator, with no feedback at all. References: http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_8/4.html , LM741 data sheet