Analysis Design of Tension Member

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CHAPTER
04
4.1
ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBER
INTRODUCTION
Tension member is a structural steel member subjected to axial tensile load. Tension member occur usually at roof trusses, truss bridge, suspension cable, stayed cable, lateral bracing, threaded road etc. Tension member is connected with bolt or rivet, welded using gusset plate at the end of member.
This chapter describes the analysis and design procedure of tension member such as tension member with bolt end connection, tension member with weld end connection, threaded road usually used in roof and tension member with pin connection.
4.2
NET AREA OF TENSION MEMBER

4.2.1 GENERAL If tension member is connected with bolt fastener its gross section is reduced because of the holes of bolt. Based on the theory of elasticity there is tensile stress concentration in the holes area, the stress becomes 3 times of the average stress on the net area.
FIGURE 4.1
STRESS DISTRIBUTION ON NET AREA
4.2.2
BOLT HOLES
The most usually method to cut the bolt holes are by punch the holes 1.6 mm (1/16 inch) larger than the bolt diameter.
The diameter of bolt holes then becomes : dh = db + 2(1.6 ) = db + 3.2 where : dh db = diameter of holes = diameter of bolt
[4.1]
4-1
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4.2.3
UN-STAGGERED HOLES
FIGURE 4.2
NET AREA WITH UN-STAGGERED HOLES
A net area of tension member with un-staggered holes is :
A n = A g (dht ) where : An Ag t dh
4.2.4
[4.2]
= net area = gross area = thickness of hole (usually same as plate thickness) = diameter of holes
STAGGERED HOLES
If the staggered holes are used then there is more than one potential failure. The critical section is in the section has the minimum net area.
The net length of failure section is :
Ln = L dh +
s2 4g
[4.3]
where : Ln L dh s g dh = net length perpendicular to tensile load = gross length perpendicular to tensile load = diameter of holes = bolt spacing parallel to tensile load (longitudinal spacing)
= bolt spacing perpendicular to tensile load (transverse spacing) = number of holes in a failure section
4-2
FIGURE 4.3
NET AREA WITH STAGGERED HOLES
For example see the figure above, the net length of section AB and AC is : Ln AB = L AB dh Ln AC = L AB 2(dh ) + s2 4g
[4.4]
The term
s2 is used as correction length between transverse length perpendicular to tensile load and 4g
inclined length. The plus sign indicates that the inclined length is greater than the transverse length.
The net area then becomes :
s2 t A n = L dh + 4g where : An t = net area = plate thickness
[4.5]
or the net area can be written as :
A n = A g (dht ) +
s2 t 4g
[4.6]
4-3
4.2.5
ANGLE, CHANNEL AND FLANGE SECTION
If angle, channel or flange section is used as tension member the calculation of net area is also use the
same equation. The difference is in the determination of transverse spacing g.
TABLE 4.1 TYPE TRANSVERSE SPACING OF ANGLE, CHANNEL & FLANGE SECTION SECTION TRANSVERSE SPACING
t t g = ga + gb 2 2 g = ga + gb t
ANGLE
g = ga + gb t
CHANNEL
g=
gb t + ga f 2 2
FLANGE
4.2.6
EFFECTIVE NET AREA
Effective net area is used to account the effect of non-uniformity of tensile load acts at the member
connection (member end). The non-uniformity of tensile load occurs when the tension member is not
connected at all sides. The simple example of this condition is if the angle section is only connected at one leg, the tensile stress distribution is concentrated at the leg being connected. Lengthening the connected region will reduce this effect.
4-4
FIGURE 4.4
DETERMINATION OF X
The effective net area is computed using the reduction factor U as follows :
U = 1
x p 0.90 L
[4.7]
where : U x L = reduction factor = distance from center of connected member to plane of connection = length of connection parallel to load
L is the distance from center to center of end bolt in the direction of loading for bolt end connection and the distance of weld to end of connection.
x also can defined as eccentricity of the loading in the connection.
Determination of x is shown in the figure above. The effective net area then becomes :
TABLE 4.2 EFFECTIVE NET AREA FOR BOLT & WELD CONNECTION WELD CONNECTION Load transmitted by longitudinal weld, or by combination of longitudinal & transverse weld Load transmitted by transverse weld Load transmitted by longitudinal weld along both
BOLD CONNECTION
A e = UA g A e = A con
A e = UAn
side of plate Lw w 2w > Lw 1.5w 1.5w > Lw w
U = 1.00 U = 0.87 U = 0.75
A e = UA g
4-5
FIGURE 4.5
LENGTH OF WELDS
where : Ae An Ag Acon U Lw w = effective net area = net area = gross area = area of directly connected element = reduction factor = length of pair of welds = distance between longitudinal welds
The length of connection for bolt end connection and weld connection is shown in the figure below :
FIGURE 4.6
LENGTH OF CONNECTION
4-6
Approximately the reduction factor can be determined based on the AISC Commentary, as follows :
TABLE 4.3
APPROXIMATE REDUCTION FACTOR U CATEGORIES BOLD CONNECTION WELD CONNECTION
WF section with
bf 2 > 3 d
U = 0.90
U = 0.90
Connected at the flanges, (Minimum three bolts per line in the load direction) All shapes including built up shape (Minimum three bolts per line in the load direction) All shapes (Minimum two bolts per line in the load direction)
U = 0.85 U = 0.75
U = 0.85
4.3
ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBER BOLT END CONNECTION

4.3.1 GENERAL
Tension member with bolt end connection is a tension member connected by bolt at the end of member. The bolt holes reduces the section area at the connection and this area is a critical section of failure.
The strength of tension member with bolt end connection based on the LRFD is the minimum of three categories below, as follows :
Yielding of Gross Section, yielding of tension member over the member length away from the connection. Fracture of Effective Net Section, fracture of tension member in the connection region. Block Shear Rupture, tearing out the connection these is combination of tension and shear failure.
4.3.2
YIELDING OF GROSS SECTION
The nominal strength of tension member based on the yielding of gross section or section area
without holes is :
Tn = Fy A g where : Tn Fy Ag = nominal strength of tension member = steel yield strength = gross section area
[4.8]
The design strength of tension member then becomes : T Tn = T Fy A g T = 0.90
[4.9]
4-7
where : T = strength reduction factor of tension member
Yielding of gross section occurs over the member length away from the connection.
4.3.3 FRACTURE OF EFFECTIVE NET SECTION
The nominal strength of tension member based on the fracture of effective net section or section
area with holes is :
Tn = Fu A e where : Tn Fu Ae = nominal strength of tension member = steel tensile strength = effective net section area
[4.10]
The design strength of tension member then becomes : T Tn = T (Fu A e ) T = 0.75 where : T = strength reduction factor of tension member
[4.11]
Fracture of effective net area occurs at the connection through the holes. When the member yield at
gross section, the connection may deform with large elongation and reach the strain hardening
region with its tensile strength.
The strength reduction factor is lower than when yielding occurs because when the large elongation condition in net section is more dangerous.
4.3.4
BLOCK SHEAR RUPTURE
The block shear rupture (BSR) occurs when the bolt end connection is tearing out. The block shear strength of the section is provided by the tensile yield strength and shear rupture strength.
Combination of shear and tension tearing is uncommon in tension member design, it is useful when we design the bolt end connection to determine the minimum distance of end bolt to edge of gusset
plate.
The block shear rupture controls for short connection.
The following figure shows the block shear rupture of bolt end connection.
4-8
FIGURE 4.7
BLOCK SHEAR RUPTURE BOLT END CONNECTION
LRFD provides two modes of block shear failure, as follows :

Fracture of Tensile Plane followed by Yielding of Shear Plane Fracture of Shear Plane followed by Yielding of Tensile Plane
TABLE 4.4 BLOCK SHEAR STRENGTH BOLT END CONNECTION SHEAR YIELDING TENSION FRACTURE SHEAR FRACTURE TENSION YIELDING
CONDITION
Fu A nt 0.6Fu Anv 0.6Fu A nv Fu A nt
Rn = 0.6Fy A gv + (Fu A nt )
Rn = (0.6Fu A nv ) + Fy A gt
T = 0.75 where : Rn Fu Fy Agt Agv Ant Anv = block shear strength = steel tensile strength = steel yield strength = gross section area at tension plane = gross section area at shear plane = net section area at tension plane = net section area at shear plane
The fracture is occurs after yielding has taken place, so the equation used has the greater ratio of
fracture strength to yield strength.
4.4
ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBER WELD END CONNECTION

4.4.1 GENERAL
Tension member with weld end connection is a tension member connected by longitudinal and transverse welds at the end of member. Because there are no bolt holes then the section area is not reduced so the gross section is used to determine the tensile strength.
The strength of tension member with weld end connection based on the LRFD is the minimum of three categories below, as follows :
4-9
Yielding of Gross Section, yielding of tension member over the member length away from the connection. Fracture of Effective Section, fracture of tension member in the connection region. Block Shear Rupture, tearing out the connection these is combination of tension and shear failure.
4.4.2
The nominal strength of tension member based on the yielding of gross section or section area
without holes is :
[4.12]
The design strength of tension member then becomes : T Tn = T Fy A g T = 0.90 where : T = strength reduction factor of tension member
[4.13]
4.4.3 FRACTURE OF EFFECTIVE SECTION
The nominal strength of tension member based on the fracture of effective section or section area
with holes is :
Tn = Fu A e where : Tn Fu Ae = nominal strength of tension member = steel tensile strength = effective net section area
[4.14]
The design strength of tension member then becomes : T Tn = T (Fu A e ) T = 0.75 where : T = strength reduction factor of tension member
[4.15]
4 - 10
Fracture of effective area occurs at the end of connection. When the member yield at gross section, the connection may deform with large elongation and reach the strain hardening region with its tensile strength.
The strength reduction factor is lower than when yielding occurs because when the large elongation condition in net section is more dangerous.
4.4.4
BLOCK SHEAR RUPTURE
As in bolt end connection, LRFD provides two modes of block shear failure, as follows :
Fracture of Tensile Plane followed by Yielding of Shear Plane Fracture of Shear Plane followed by Yielding of Tensile Plane
The following figure shows the block shear rupture of weld end connection.
FIGURE 4.8 TABLE 4.5
BLOCK SHEAR RUPTURE WELD END CONNECTION
BLOCK SHEAR STRENGTH WELD END CONNECTION SHEAR YIELDING TENSION FRACTURE SHEAR FRACTURE TENSION YIELDING
CONDITION
Fu A gt 0.6Fu A gv 0.6Fu A gv Fu A gt
Rn = 0.6Fy A gv + Fu A gt
) (
)
(
Rn = 0.6Fu A gv + Fy A gt
) (
T = 0.75 where : Rn Fu Fy Agt Agv = block shear strength = steel tensile strength = steel yield strength = gross section area at tension plane = gross section area at shear plane
The fracture is occurs after yielding has taken place, so the equation used has the greater ratio of
fracture strength to yield strength.
4 - 11
4.5
ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBER THREADED ROD

4.5.1 GENERAL Threaded rod is a tension member commonly used in the roof structure to stiffened the purlin.
Threaded rod is a round section with thread at the end of the member, the thread reduces the gross
section area.
4.5.2
TENSILE STRENGTH
The nominal strength of threaded road is : Tn = 0.75 A g (0.75Fu ) T = 0.75 where : Tn Ag 0.75Ag Fu = nominal strength tension member = gross section area of rod = effective section area of rod (stress area) = steel tensile strength
[4.16]
The equation above also can be used to design the tension cable.
FIGURE 4.9
TRIBUTARY AREA OF SAG ROD
As previously mentioned that rod commonly used in roof truss its called sag rod. The sag rod is assumed resist the entire load below the rod. As shown in the figure above the sag rod (thick line) is designed due to load based on the shaded tributary area.
4.6
ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBER PIN CONNECTED MEMBER

4.6.1 GENERAL Pin connected member is tension member that connected using massive steel pin at the connection,
this pin is placed through the holes. Pin connection is a moment free connection. Design of pin connected member is based on the gross section.
The strength of pin connected member based on the LRFD is the minimum of four categories below, as follows :
4 - 12
Yielding of Gross Section, yielding of tension member over the member length away from the connection. Fracture of Effective Net Section, fracture of tension member in the connection region. Shear on Effective Section, tearing out the connection these is a shear failure. Bearing, bearing strength of the gusset plate.
4.6.2
The nominal strength of pin connected member based on the yielding of gross section or section
area without holes is :
[4.17]
The design strength of tension member then becomes : T Tn = T Fy A g T = 0.90 where : T

4.6.3
[4.18]
= strength reduction factor of tension member
FRACTURE OF EFFECTIVE NET SECTION
The nominal strength of pin connected member based on the fracture of net section or section
area with holes is :
Tn = (2beff t )Fu b eff = 2t + 0.63 b where : Tn Fu t = nominal strength of tension member = steel tensile strength = thickness of connected member
[4.19]
The design strength of pin connected member then becomes : T Tn = T [(2beff t )Fu ] T = 0.75 where : T = strength reduction factor of tension member
[4.20]
4 - 13
FIGURE 4.10
FRACTURE OF EFFECTIVE NET SECTION
4.6.4
SHEAR OF EFFECTIVE SECTION
The nominal strength of pin connected member based on the shear of effective section is : Tn = (2tLh )0.6Fu where : Tn Fu t Lh = nominal strength of tension member = steel tensile strength = thickness of connected member = distance from edge of member to center of hole
[4.21]
The design strength of pin connected member then becomes : T Tn = T [(2tLh )0.6Fu ] T = 0.75 where : T = strength reduction factor of tension member
[4.22]
FIGURE 4.11
SHEAR OF EFFECTIVE SECTION
4 - 14
4.6.5
BEARING STRENGTH
The bearing strength is based on the strength of connected part due to bearing load. If the strength
of pin is greater than strength of connected part, the connected member will be deformed.
FIGURE 4.12
BEARING STRENGTH
The nominal strength of pin connected member based on the bearing strength is : Tn = 1.8Fy dht where : Tn Fy t dh = nominal strength of tension member = steel yield strength = thickness of connected member = diameter of hole
[4.23]
The design strength of pin connected member then becomes : TTn = T 1.8Fy dht T = 0.75 where : T = strength reduction factor of tension member
[4.24]
4.7
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBER

4.7.1 GENERAL
Design is a state of the art (SOA) rather than a science. In a design process a structural engineer combine the ability of analysis, engineering judgment, experience, construction method, economic design etc.
The design procedure is similar as analysis, we try to find the required steel section for a tension member. Design cannot be done if engineer do not know the basic concept of analysis. There are two consideration when a tension member is designed, as follows :
Strength, the tension member must adequate to resist the ultimate axial tensile load. Stiffness, the tension member must not fail due to serviceability requirements.
4 - 15
4.7.2
STRENGTH CONSIDERATION
The basic equation of tension member design is : T Tn Tu where : Tn Tu T

TABLE 4.6
[4.25]
= nominal strength of tension member = ultimate axial tensile load = strength reduction factor of tension member
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBER STRENGTH CONSIDERATION BOLT END CONNECTION WELD END CONNECTION THREADED ROD
CONDITION
Yielding of Ag
Ag
Tu Tu = TFy 0.90Fy
Ag
Tu Tu = TFy 0.90Fy Ag
Fracture of A e / Ag
Ae
Tu Tu = TFu 0.75Fu
Ae
Tu Tu = TFu 0.75Fu
Tu T [0.75(0.75Fu )] Tu 0.75[0.75(0.75Fu )]
Ag
After a preliminary section area is known, we can choose a steel section and then check the strength if the basic equation of tension member is not achieved try another section.
For preliminary design the maximum net section area is can be taken as : A n 0.85 A g
[4.26]
The maximum net section area reduced by bolt holes is not permitted less than 85% of gross section
area. 4.7.3 STIFFNESS CONSIDERATION
The stability effect is not major in the tension member but it is still necessary to limit the length of tension member to prevent the following items, as follows :
Erection Purpose, if the tension member too flexible it may be deform during erection. Vibrate, to prevent the tension member is vibrating. Sag, if the tension member is too long it may be sag excessively due to its self weight.
To control the stiffness of tension member the slenderness ratio is used. This control is used to
provide enough bending strength during fabrication, shipping and erection.
The maximum slenderness ratio of tension member is :
L 300 r
[4.27]
where : L r = length of tension member = minimum radius of gyration
4 - 16
The minimum radius of gyration of principal axis is defined as :
ry =
Iy A
[4.28]
where : Iy A = minimum moment of inertia = gross section area
The following consideration above is cannot applied to design a tension rod. For tension rod to the minimum of rod diameter for stiffness consideration is :
dr min = dr min
5 inch 8 = 16mm
[4.29]
4.8
STEP BY STEP PROCEDURES

The followings are step-by-step procedure can be used as a guide for design of tension member with bolt end connection, as follows : Determine the ultimate axial tensile load Tu from elastic structural analysis. Choose the steel section, calculate the gross section area Ag and effective net area Ae. Calculate the nominal and design tensile strength based on the yielding of Ag and fracture of Ae.
NOMINAL STRENGTH
CONDITION Yielding of Ag Fracture of Ae
Tn = Fy A g Tn = Fu A e
0.90
0.75
Calculate the block shear rupture at the end of connection. Check for the stiffness consideration, this is the maximum slenderness ratio.
L 300 r
Repeat the design process until the basic equation is achieved. T Tn Tu
Appendix B shows the nominal strength and design strength of tension member for many of steel profile usually used for tension member such as angle section, C-channel section and Uchannel section.
4 - 17

Analysis Design of Tension Member

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ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBER

NET AREA OF TENSION MEMBER

STRESS DISTRIBUTION ON NET AREA

NET AREA WITH UN-STAGGERED HOLES

A net area of tension member with un-staggered holes is :

The net length of failure section is :

NET AREA WITH STAGGERED HOLES

The net area then becomes :

s2 t A n = L dh + 4g where : An t = net area = plate thickness

or the net area can be written as :

ANGLE, CHANNEL AND FLANGE SECTION

EFFECTIVE NET AREA

side of plate Lw w 2w > Lw 1.5w 1.5w > Lw w

U = 1.00 U = 0.87 U = 0.75

APPROXIMATE REDUCTION FACTOR U CATEGORIES BOLD CONNECTION WELD CONNECTION

ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBER BOLT END CONNECTION

YIELDING OF GROSS SECTION

The design strength of tension member then becomes : T Tn = T Fy A g T = 0.90

where : T = strength reduction factor of tension member

region with its tensile strength.

BLOCK SHEAR RUPTURE

The block shear rupture controls for short connection.

BLOCK SHEAR RUPTURE BOLT END CONNECTION

LRFD provides two modes of block shear failure, as follows :

Fu A nt 0.6Fu Anv 0.6Fu A nv Fu A nt

ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBER WELD END CONNECTION

YIELDING OF GROSS SECTION

BLOCK SHEAR RUPTURE

FIGURE 4.8 TABLE 4.5

BLOCK SHEAR RUPTURE WELD END CONNECTION

ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBER THREADED ROD

TRIBUTARY AREA OF SAG ROD

ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBER PIN CONNECTED MEMBER

YIELDING OF GROSS SECTION

The design strength of tension member then becomes : T Tn = T Fy A g T = 0.90 where : T

= strength reduction factor of tension member

FRACTURE OF EFFECTIVE NET SECTION

SHEAR OF EFFECTIVE SECTION

SHEAR OF EFFECTIVE SECTION

DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBER

The basic equation of tension member design is : T Tn Tu where : Tn Tu T

The maximum slenderness ratio of tension member is :

where : L r = length of tension member = minimum radius of gyration

The minimum radius of gyration of principal axis is defined as :

where : Iy A = minimum moment of inertia = gross section area

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURES

CONDITION Yielding of Ag Fracture of Ae

Repeat the design process until the basic equation is achieved. T Tn Tu

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