Statistic Test-1 Sheet

Mean= The average of all of the sample #s (n) in a given survey Median= The middle # (n) in all of the numbers in your sample. The numbers must first be places in ascending order, then the middle number selected. When there is an even number of samples, you will average the two middlemost numbers and round up in the event that it is a decimal. Mode= The most commonly used number. If 5 is used 10xs in a survey and the other numbers once, 5 is your mean. It is possible to have more than 1 mean. Percentiles= Any numeric value (ex: weight, grade, height, cost, etc) that is collected from a sample can be compared with others in that sample to determine its relation to the other results. It is a value below which a certain number of the population falls. Steps: (1) Arrange data in ascending order, (2)

P= The percentile you are looking for, N= the number of samples in the set (in ascending order). ** The resulting answer is NOT the final answer. That number is the number in your set that is your answer. Quartile= of the population being sampled. 1st quartile= 1st 25% of the population being sample. 2nd= the 2nd 25% (or median), third= 75%, etc. Calculating the Variance= The variance shows how spread out the numbers in a given set are. *This is different from the mean- the mean really only shows the numbers in the middle. *Usually used to study a population.

(1) Subtract the mean number from each number in the set.

(the middle value) (2) Square each of the resulting numbers, (3) Add up all of the results, (4) Divide the sum of the numbers by the number of samples (n)

X= the number from the sample, M= the mean, N= the number of samples in the set Standard Deviation: The standard deviation is the average of all the averages of several sets of data. This shows how close to the mean specific data is (*especially test scores.) (1) Calculate the mean of the data set. (2) Calculate the deviance (as shown above) from each piece of data (each number minus the mean), (3) Square each of the individual deviations and then add them all together. (4) Divide the resultant answer by ONE LESS THAN THE NUMBER OF THE DATA SET (N-1). (5) Take the square root of this resultant answer. Xi= Each of the sample numbers, X= the mean, N= numbers in the sample.

COVARIANCE= Covariance is a measurement of how related the variances between two variables are. If the two variables both tend to increase together, it is a positive covariance, while if one tends to increase when the other decreases, it is a negative covariance. Zero covariance would indicate that the two variables are independent of each other. (1) Calculate the mean of the first variable, (2) Do the same for variable Y. (3) Multiply the data points from one sample by the corresponding data points of the second sample. (4) Calculate the mean of data set XY. (5) Multiply Mean X by Mean Y, (6) Subtract the difference between Mean X and Mean Y from Mean XY. The resultant answer is the covariance. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT= A measure of the interdependence of two random variables that ranges in value from 1 to +1, indicating perfect negative correlation at 1, absence of correlation at zero, and perfect positive correlation at +1. Correlation coefficient values can range between +1.00 to -1.00. If the value is exactly +1.00, it means that there is a "perfect" positive relationship between two numbers, while a value of exactly -1.00 indicates a "perfect" negative relationship. 1,.Calculate the mean of Set X (X bar) and the mean of set Y (Y bar.) (2) Add up the values and divide by n. (3) Calculate the standard deviation of each (Each number the mean) SQUARED. Add up ALL of the SQUARED values and divide by N-1= your correlation coefficient. Do this for each set (you want Sx and Sy.) (4) In your Fifth column, Multiply EACH Xi-Xbar value by each Yi-Ybar value. Add the results. (5)Covariance (the number from step 4)/ n-1. (6) Resulting answer over Sx X Sy *You should have 5 tables: (Xi), (Xi)2, (yi-y), (yi-y)2, LAST (Xi)(yi-y)

Z-SCORES:A standardized value showing how many standard deviations you are away from the mean.

S= Sample Standard Deviation S2= Variance The mean is always the middle of the bell-curve. On a bell-curve you have +/- 1,2,&3. Chebyshevs Theorem= * NOT a bell-shaped curve. 1-1/Z2 At least (1 - 1/z2) of the items in any data set will be within z standard deviations of the mean, where z is any value greater than 1. +/- 1=---------------------+/- 2=At least 75% +/-3= 89% +/-4= 94% Empirical Rule: -1- +1= 68.26% of the bell-curve. -2-+2= 95.44% of the bell-curve. -3-+3= 99.72% of the bell-curve. PROBABILITY= Always between 0 and 1. (1) Classical Methods- Equal probability of each event happening. 1/n (n being the number of possible outcomes. (3 coin tosses will have 8 outcomes, 2 X 2 X2), EVENT= A collection of sample points. Probability of an event = the sum of the probabilities of the sample points of the event. COMPLEMENT= All of the sample points NOT in the event. Intersection= intersection (denoted as ) of two sets A and B is the set that contains all elements of A that also belong to B. UNION= union (denoted as ) of a collection of sets is the set of all distinct elements in the collection * All sample points in A, B or BOTH. Probability of a Union= P(AB)= P(A)+P(B)- P(AB)