____ 1. Biology is the study of a. minerals. c the weather. . b life. d energy. . . ____ 2. All organisms are composed of a. diatoms.

c cells. . b cellulose. d None of the above . . ____ 3. Dr. Ross knew that the parasite Plasmodium was always found in the blood of malaria patients. He thought that if the Anopheles mosquitoes were responsible for spreading malaria, then Plasmodium would be found in the mosquitoes. This idea was a a. prediction. c theory. . b hypothesis. d scientific "truth." . . ____ 4. Scientists usually design experiments ____ 5. Which of the following associations between an SI base unit abbreviation and its base quantity is incorrect? a. A area c s second . b m length d mol amount of a substance . . ____ 6. Atoms that have gained energy a have protons and neutrons that move farther apart. . b lose neutrons from the nucleus. . c. have electrons that move to higher energy levels. d absorb electrons into the nucleus. . ____ 7. Which of the following states of matter contain(s) particles that are tightly linked together in a a with a good idea of the expected experimental results. . b. based on wild guesses. c. in order to develop new laboratory tools. d. All of the above definite shape? a. solid b . liquid

c . d .

gas solid and liquid

____ 8. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the atoms is chemically stable? a. Atom "A" c Atom "C" . b Atom "B" d None of the above . . ____ 9. Refer to the illustration above. If Atom "B" interacted with Atom "C" to form an ionic bond, Atom "B" would a. gain 6 electrons. c lose 2 electrons. . b lose 4 electrons. d move 2 electrons into the nucleus. . . ____ 10. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond? a Atoms held together by ionic bonds separate when placed in water while atoms held together by covalent bonds do not . separate in water. b Ionic bonds hold together atoms of two different types, while covalent bonds hold together atoms of the same type. . c. Electrons are exchanged between atoms held together by an ionic bond, but they are shared between atoms held togeth a covalent bond. d Ionic bonds form between atoms that carry opposite charges, while covalent bonds form between uncharged atoms. . ____ 11. A reaction in which the products have less energy than the reactants is a. an endergonic reaction. c a filamentous reaction. . b an exergonic reaction. d impossible. . .

____ 12. Refer to the graph above. Reaction "1" in the graph a is an energy-storing reaction. . b requires a greater activation energy than Reaction "2." . c. may use the same initial reactant condition needed to form Product "B." d All of the above .

____ 13. Refer to the graph above. Reaction "3" in the graph a probably occurred in the presence of a catalyst. . b requires a greater activation energy than Reaction "2." . c. is the same as Reaction "1," but faster. d takes longer than Reaction "2." .

____ 14. Refer to the graphs above. Which graph illustrates what happens during an exergonic reaction? a Graph "A" . b Graph "B" . c. Both graphs; they each show a different stage of an exergonic reaction. d Neither graph shows an exergonic reaction. . ____ 15. When a molecule gains an electron and an accompanying hydrogen atom, it has been a. oxidized. c digested. . b reduced. d inactivated. . . ____ 16. Buffers a are of relatively little importance in living things. . b are formed when a large number of hydroxide ions are released in a solution. . c. are formed when a large number of hydronium ions are released in a solution. d tend to prevent great fluctuations in pH. .

____ 17. A molecule that has a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other side is called a a. nonpolar molecule. c charged molecule. . b polar molecule. d bipolar molecule. . .

____ 18. Water is important to life because it a surrounds all cells. . b is found inside cells. . c. influences the shape of the a membrane. d All of the above . ___ 19. Water is a polar molecule because a it contains two hydrogen atoms for each oxygen atom. . b it has a charge. . c. different parts of the molecule have slightly different charges. d it does not have a charge. . ____ 20. Which three elements are often found in organic compounds? a. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen c nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen . b carbon, hydrogen, and neon d nitrogen, chlorine, and phosphorus . . ____ 21. Which of the following is not true of alcohols? a They contain a hydroxyl group ( OH). . b They are polar molecules. . c. They can affect processes in living things, either positively or negatively. d They are the only kind of functional group in organic molecules that contain oxygen. . ____ 22. Animals store glucose-containing fragments in the form of a. cellulose. c wax. . b glycogen. d lipids. . . ___ 23. All of the following are examples of carbohydrates except a. sugar. c steroids. . b cellulose. d glycogen. . . ____ 24. Amino acids are monomers of a. disaccharides. c nucleotides. . b proteins. d steroids. . . ____ 25. Long chains of amino acids are found in a. carbohydrates. c proteins. . b lipids. d sugars. . . ____ 26. Amino acids are monomers of a. disaccharides. c nucleotides. . b proteins. d steroids. . .

____ 27. All of the following are examples of lipids except a. saturated fats. b . starch.

c . d .

cholesterol. earwax.

____ 28. Liquid fats called oils contain a long CH2 chains linked by double covalent bonds. . b fat molecules lined up side-by-side. . c. many glucose molecules. d more hydrogen atoms than hard fats. . ____ 29. Which of the following is not an organic macromolecule? a. carbohydrate c lipid . b ice d nucleic acid . . ____ 30. Which organic molecule below is most closely related to nucleic acids? a. amino acids c nucleotides . b CH2 chains d sugars . . ____ 31. Nucleic acids include a. chlorophyll and retinal. c lipids and sugars. . b DNA and RNA. d glucose and glycogen. . . ____ 32. The smallest units of life in all living things are a. cells. c cytoplasm. . b mitochondria. d Golgi apparatus. . . ____ 33. One difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that a nucleic acids are found only in prokaryotes. . b mitochondria are found in larger quantities in eukaryotes. . c. Golgi vesicles are found only in prokaryotes. d prokaryotes have no nuclear membrane. . ____ 34. Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic cell? a. amoeba c bacterium . b virus d liver cell . . ____ 35. A protein that fits into the cell membrane

____ 36. A particularly active cell might contain large numbers of a. chromosomes.

c . b vacuoles. d . . ____ 37. In which of the following organelles is a cell s ATP produced? a. mitochondrion c . b endoplasmic reticulum d . .

mitochondria. walls.

Golgi apparatus lysosome

____ 38. The double membrane surrounding the nucleus is called the a. nucleolus. c . b nuclear wall. d . .

nucleoplasm. nuclear envelope.

____ 39. Refer to the illustration above. The cell uses structure "3" a to transport material from one part of the cell to the other. . b to package proteins so they can be stored by the cell. . c. as a receptor. d to produce energy. . ____ 40. Refer to the illustration above. Structure "1" is a. the endoplasmic reticulum. c a mitochondrion. . b a Golgi apparatus. d the nucleus. . . ____ 41. The organelles in plant cells that contain a green pigment are the a. mitochondria. c chloroplasts. . b bilayer lipids. d Golgi apparatus. . . ____ 42. Plant cells have large membrane-bound spaces in which water, waste products, and nutrients are stored. These places are known as a. mitochondria. c Golgi apparatus. . b chloroplasts. d vacuoles. . .

____ 43. Which of the following is the correct order of organization of structures in living things, from simplest to most complex? a organ systems, organs, tissues, cells . b tissues, cells, organs, organ systems . c. cells, tissues, organ systems, organs d cells, tissues, organs, organ systems .

____ 44. Which of the following is not a specialized activity found in cells of Volvox colonies? a. photosynthesis c movement . b transmission of messages d reproduction . . ____ 45. Diffusion takes place a only through a lipid bilayer membrane. . b from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. . c. only in liquids. d from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. . Concentration of Water and Solutes in Four Adjacent Cells

____ 46. Refer to the illustration above. Which cell is most likely to lose both water molecules and solute molecules as the system approaches equilibrium? a. cell "A" c cell "C" . b cell "B" d cell "D" . . ____ 47. Which of the following is not characteristic of facilitated diffusion? a It requires a carrier protein. . b It moves substances against a concentration gradient. . c. It requires no energy input. d It involves a change in the shape of its carrier. . ____ 48. Which of the following is true of ions and their transport across cell membranes? a The "gates" for ion channels are always open. .

b . c. d .

Ions are very small and thus can cross cell membranes readily. Electrical or chemical signals may control the movement of ions across cell membranes. Because they are charged particles, the movement of ions across cell membranes requires energy input.

___ 49. Refer to the illustration above. The process shown is called a. osmosis. c active transport. . b facilitated diffusion. d diffusion. . . ____ 50. The sodium-potassium pump usually pumps a potassium out of the cell. . b sodium into the cell. . c. potassium into the cell. d only a potassium and sugar molecule together. . ___ 51. proton pump : protons :: a. ATP : protons c sodium-potassium pump : ATP . b channel : protons d sodium-potassium pump : sodium . . ____ 52. Molecules that are too large to be moved across a cell membrane can be removed from the cell by a. diffusion. c lipid carriers. . b exocytosis. d osmosis. . . ____ 53. endocytosis : exocytosis :: a. phagocytosis : bacteria c cold : hot . b secrete : exocytosis d white blood cell : bacteria . . ____ 54. The process whereby plants capture energy and make complex molecules is known as a. homeostasis. c photosynthesis. . b evolution. d development. . . ____ 55. biochemical pathway : energy :: a. barrier : reaction c carrier : protein . b match : burn d assembly line : workers . .

____ 56. The sun is considered the ultimate source of energy for life on Earth because a all organisms carry out photosynthesis. . b all organisms carry out cellular respiration. . c. either photosynthetic organisms or organisms that have eaten them provide energy for all other organisms on Earth. ____ 57. The energy stored in food molecules in living cells is gradually released in a series of linked chemical reactions called a a. reactant. c chemical equation. . b ATP generator. d biochemical pathway. . .

____ 58. While energy absorbed by one type of chlorophyll molecule is used to form molecules of ATP, electrons from a second kind of chlorophyll molecule are used a in forming molecules of NADPH. . b to migrate to another proton pump. . c. in the second kind of thylakoid. d as a fuel for forming another chlorophyll molecule. . ____ 59. When photons of light strike an object, the light may be a. reflected. c transmitted. . b absorbed. d All of the above . . ____ 60. Flower petals have a variety of colors other than green because they possess a. chlorophyll. c pigments that reflect green. . b carotenoids. d chloroplasts. . . ____ 61. chloroplast : grana :: a. photosystem : pigment molecules c thylakoids : grana . b chlorophyll : pigment d chlorophyll : green . . ____ 62. The source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis is a. carbon dioxide. c the air. . b water. d glucose. . . ____ 63. During the third stage of photosynthesis, carbon-containing molecules are produced from a ADP. . b carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, and oxygen atoms from glucose. . c. carbon atoms from carbon dioxide in the air and hydrogen atoms from water. d carbon atoms from carbon dioxide in the air and hydrogen atoms from NADPH.

. ____ 64. Which of the following cannot be produced from the products of the Calvin cycle? a carbohydrates . b lipids . c. proteins d All of the above can be produced from Calvin cycle products. .

__ 65. Refer to the illustration above. Taken together, these graphs demonstrate that a photosynthesis is independent of environmental influences. . b increases in light intensity cause increases in temperature. . c. as the rate of photosynthesis increases, the temperature of the plant eventually decreases. d the rate of photosynthesis is affected by changes in the plant's environment. . ____ 66. When cells break down food molecules, energy a is released all at once. . b is released entirely as body heat into the environment. . c. is temporarily stored in ATP molecules. d causes excitation of electrons in chlorophyll molecules. . ____ 67. ATP a contains five phosphate groups. . b is essential for a cell to perform all the tasks necessary for life. . c. is found only in bacteria. d All of the above . ____ 68. The process of cellular respiration a is performed only by organisms that are incapable of photosynthesis. . b breaks down food molecules to release stored energy. .

c. occurs before plants are able to carry out photosynthesis. d occurs only in animals. . ____ 69. photosynthesis : light :: a. light bulb : glass b . trunk : clothing

c . d .

automobile : gasoline country : nation

___ 70. When glycolysis occurs, a a molecule of glucose is split. . b two molecules of pyruvate are made. . c. some ATP is produced. d All of the above . ____ 71. The name of the process that takes place when organic compounds are broken down in the absence of oxygen is a. respiration. c fermentation. . b oxidation. d All of the above . .

____ 72. You have been growing some animal cells in culture. The cells grow well for several weeks, and then don t seem to grow as well. You conduct some tests and determine that there is a lot of lactic acid in the culture fluid. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the poor condition of the cells? a There is too much glucose in the culture fluid. . b There is not enough glucose in the culture fluid. . c. There is too much oxygen in the culture fluid. d There is not enough oxygen in the culture fluid. . ____ 73. Cellular respiration takes place in two stages: a glycolysis and fermentation. . b Stage 1 and Stage 2 of photosynthesis. . c. glycolysis, then oxidative respiration. d oxidative respiration, then reductive respiration. . ____ 74. With oxygen present, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain a provide organisms an alternative to glycolysis. . b produce most of the ATP needed for life. . c. break down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. d All of the above . ____ 75. Water is an end product in

a.

lactic acid formation.

b fermentation. the electron transport system. . C6 H12O6 + 6O2 + ADP + P n 6CO2 + 6 H2O + MOLECULE A ____ 76. The molecule referred to as Molecule "A" in the equation above is a. NADPH. c NADH. . b ATP. d ADP. . .

c . d .

the Krebs cycle.

____ 77. Which of the following is the best explanation for the presence of both chloroplasts and mitochondria in plant cells? a In the light, plants are photosynthetic autotrophs. In the dark, they are heterotrophs. . b If plants cannot produce enough ATP in the process of photosynthesis to meet their energy needs, they can produce it in . aerobic respiration. c. Sugars are produced in chloroplasts. These sugars can be stored in the plant for later use, converted to other chemicals broken down in aerobic respiration to yield ATP for the plant to use to meet its energy needs. d The leaves and sometimes the stems of plants contain chloroplasts which produce ATP to meet the energy needs of the . plant parts. The roots of plants contain mitochondria which produce ATP to meet the energy needs of these plant parts ____ 78. Chromatids are a dense patches within the nucleus. . b bacterial chromosomes. . c. joined strands of duplicated genetic material. d prokaryotic nuclei. . ____ 79. Which of the following is not a true difference between the chromosomes of eukaryotes and those of prokaryotes? a Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear, while those of prokaryotes are circular. . b Eukaryotic chromosomes are associated with histones, while those of prokaryotes are not. . c. Eukaryotes usually have more than one chromosome, while prokaryotes have only one chromosome. d Eukaryotic chromosomes contain DNA, while prokaryotic chromosomes contain a different form of genetic material. . ____ 80. A student can study a karyotype to learn about the a molecular structure of a chromosome. . b genes that are present in a particular strand of DNA. . c. medical history of an individual. d chromosomes present in a somatic cell. .

____ 81. Refer to the illustration above. The cell in diagram "1" is in a. metaphase. c . b telophase. d . . ____ 82. In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs when a the chromosomes make exact copies of themselves. . b spindle fibers are formed. . c. a new cell wall forms. ____ 83. Mitosis is a process by which a. DNA is replicated. c . b cytokinesis occurs. d . .

anaphase. prophase.

cells grow in size. a cell s nucleus divides.

Diagrams A and B show cells from an organism with a diploid chromosome number of 4.

____ 84. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the cells will be a diploid cell at the completion of division? a. "A" c Both . b "B" d Neither . . ____ 85. When crossing-over takes place, chromosomes a mutate in the first division. . b produce new genes. . c. decrease in number. d exchange corresponding segments of DNA. . ____ 86. The exchange of segments of DNA between the members of a pair of chromosomes a ensures that variation within a species never occurs. . b acts as a source of variation within a species. .

c. always produces genetic disorders. d is called crossing. . ____ 87. Which of the following are examples of fossils? a shells or old bones . b any traces of dead organisms . c. footprints of human ancestors, insects trapped in tree sap, and animals buried in tar d All of the above . ____ 88. The finches that Darwin studied differed in the shape of their beaks. According to Darwin, the finches probably a all had a common ancestor. . b had been created by design that way. . c. were descended from similar birds in Africa. d ate the same diet. . ____ 89. In order to fit into their habitat, the Galapagos finches had a. not changed. c evolved. . b been created as superior birds. d All of the above . . ____ 90. The major idea that Darwin presented in his book The Origin of Species was that a species changed over time and never competed with each other. . b animals changed, but plants remained the same. . c. giraffes and peppered moths changed constantly. d species changed over time by natural selection. .

____ 91. Which of the following is a vestigial structure? a. the human tailbone

b the bill of a finch fossil cast . ____ 92. The theory of evolution predicts that a closely related species will show similarities in nucleotide sequences. . b if species have changed over time, their genes should have changed. . c. closely related species will show similarities in amino acid sequences. d All of the above . A Comparison of Dolphins and Sharks

c . d .

flower color

___ 93. Refer to the illustration above. While the shark and dolphin are similar in appearance, they evolved independently. This is an example of a. cladistics. c convergent evolution. . b phenetics. d divergent evolution. . . ____ 94. Natural selection acts a. on heterozygous genotypes. c on phenotypes that are expressed. . b only on recessive alleles. d on all mutations. . . ____ 95. The movement of alleles into or out of a population due to migration is called a. mutation. c nonrandom mating. . b gene flow. d natural selection. . . ____ 96. Gene flow describes the a movement of genes from one generation to the next. . b movement of genes from one population to another. . c. exchange of genes during recombination. d movement of genes within a population because of interbreeding. .

____ 97. What type of population is most susceptible to loss of genetic variability as a result of genetic drift? a. large populations c small populations . b medium-sized populations d populations that fluctuate in size . . ____ 98. The type of selection that may eliminate intermediate phenotypes is a. direction selection. c polygenic selection. . b disruptive selection. d stabilizing selection. . . ____ 99. The large, brightly colored tail feathers of the male peacock are valuable to him because a they warn off potential predators. .

b they warn off potential competitors for mates. . c. they attract potential mates. d they attract people who provide them with food. . ____ 100. The hypothesis that evolution occurs at a slow, constant rate is known as a. gradualism. c natural selection. . b slow motion. d adaptation. . .