Department of Mechanical Engineering

Geeta Institute of Management & Technology, Kanipla (Kurukshetra)

(An ISO: 9001-2008 Certified Institute)

TUTORIAL SHEET-1(HEAT & MASS TRANSFER)

CONDUCTION Q.1 Obtain the general heat conduction equation in rectangular co-ordinates from first principle. Q.2 Prove that for a cylindrical co-ordinates the general heat conduction is 2t 1 t 1 2t 2t qg 1 t

---- + --- + ----- + ---- + ----- + ----- + ---- = --- --r2 r r r2

2

z2

Q.3

Drive an expression for General heat conduction equation in spherical co-ordinates.

Q.4 A furnace wall comprises three layers: 15 cm thick inside layer of fire brick, 8.5 cm thick middle layer of insulating brick and 13.2 cm thick out side layer of red brick. The interface temp. of the middle layer of insulating brick are 770 0C and 1900C are found while furnace is under operating conditions. Assuming close bonding of layers at their interfaces, find the rate of heat loss from the furnace and the fired temp. of the furnace and the outlet temp. of the furnace. The wall measures 6m x 3m and the data on thermal conductivities is :Fire brick K1= 1.25 W/m-deg Insulating brick K2 = 0.15 W/m-deg Red brick K3 = 0.09 W/m-deg Q.5 Saturated steam at 1250C flow inside a copper pipe (thermal conductvity 460 W/m-k) having an internal diameter of 12 cm and external diameter of 15 cm. The surface resistance on the steam side is 13250 W/m2 and that on the out side surface of pipe is 18 W/m 2k. Find out the heat loss from the copper pipe if it is located in space at 350C. How this heat loss

PREPARED BY : Er. ANU MITTAL

APPROVED BY: Er. ISHBIR SINGH

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Geeta Institute of Management & Technology, Kanipla (Kurukshetra)
(An ISO: 9001-2008 Certified Institute)

would be affected if the pipe is lagged with 6cm thick insulation of thermal conductivity 0.28 W/mk. Q.6 A guest house has a multilayer composite wall constructed as shown in fig. given below. The temperature of air inside the room is 25 0C and the surface coefficient of heat transfer between the room air and the wall is 6.05 W/m 2-deg. The out side temp. is 150C with an out side surface coefficient of heat transfer 18.25 W/m 2-deg. The wall measures 2.5 m high and 4.25m deep. The different wall thickness are as indicated in figure and thermal conductivities of wall materials are :Ka = 0.17 W/m-deg Kb = 0.25 W/m-deg Kc = 0.06 W/m-deg Kd = 0.18 W/m-deg Calculate the heat transfer rate across the wall in steady state condition. Q.7 Hot air at temp. of 500C is flowing through steel pipe of 10 cms diameter. The pipe is covered with two layers of different insulating materials of thicknesses 4 cms and 3.2 cms and their corresponding conductivities are 0.15 and 0.38 W/m-k. The inside unit conductance is 55 W/m2-k and out side unit conductance is 12W/m2-k. Assuming the atmospheric temp. of 120c. Find the heat lost from 45 meters length of pipe. Neglect the resistance of steel pipe. Q.8 An insulated steam pipe having outside diameter of 4cms is to be covered with two layers of insulation each having a thickness of 3.0 cms. The average thermal conductivity of one material is 6 times that of the other. Assuming that the inner and outer surface temperature of composite insulation are fixed, how much will the heat transfer be reduced when the better insulating material is next to the pipe than it is outer layer? Q.9 In the furnace of a steam boiler, the gas temperature is maintained at 1408 0C and the air temperature in the boiler room is 400C. The furnace walls are made of layer of refractory material of thickness L1 = 32 cm and thermal conductivity K1 = 0.32 (1+0.935 x 10-3T) W/m0C and a layer of diatomite brick with a thermal conductivity K2 = 0.118 (1+0209 x 10-3

PREPARED BY : Er. ANU MITTAL

APPROVED BY: Er. ISHBIR SINGH

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Geeta Institute of Management & Technology, Kanipla (Kurukshetra)
(An ISO: 9001-2008 Certified Institute)

T) W/m C. The heat transfer coefficient from gases to refractory walls is 35 W/m2 k and by radiation from the out side surface to surrounding air is 15 W/m2.k.

What should be the thickness of the diatomite layer of the setting so that the loss of heat to surroundings by radiation should not exceed 800 W/m2? Q.10 A steam pipe 16 cm out side diameter is covered with two layers of insulation, each having a thickness of one material is 4 times that of the other and the surface temp. of the insulated steam pipe are fixed. Examine the better insulating layer position relative to steam pipe if heat dissipation from steam is to be minimum. What % age saving in heat dissipation results from that arrangement. Q.11 A centrifugal pump which circulates a hot liquid metal at 5000C is driven by a 3600 rpm electric motor. The motor is coupled to the pump impeller by a horizontal steel shaft 25mm in diameter. If the temp. of the motor is limited to a maximum value of 60 0C with the ambient air at 250C, what length of the shaft should be specified between the motor and pump. It may be presumed that the thermal conductivity of the shaft material is 35 W/mk, and that the convective film coefficient between the steel shaft and the ambient air is 15.7 W/m2. Q.12 In a chemical process the heat transfer from a surface to distilled water is increased by proving a number of fin each 52 m long and 2.5 mm thick. The metal fins are coated with 0.18 mm thick layer of plaster to prevent Ionization of water and the ends of the fin are attached to an insulated wall. The temp at the base of fins is 800C, mean water temp. is 200C and the heat transfer coefficient between the water and plastic coating is 250 W/m2k. Determine the temp. at the tip of fins, and the fin effciency. Thermal conductivity for the fin material and theplastic are 205 W/m.k and 0.55 W/mk

PREPARED BY : Er. ANU MITTAL

APPROVED BY: Er. ISHBIR SINGH

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Geeta Institute of Management & Technology, Kanipla (Kurukshetra)
(An ISO: 9001-2008 Certified Institute)

TUTORIAL SHEET-2 CONVECTION Q.1 Explain the physical significance of following in the subject of heat transfer:(a) Stanton number (b) Sherwoods number (c) Grashofs number (d) Prandtl number (e) Nusselt number. Q.2 A nuclear reactor with its core constructed of parallel vertical plates 2.5 m high and 1.75 m wide has been designed on free convection heating of liquid bismuth. Metallurgical considerations limit the maximum surface temp. of the plate of 9850C and the lowest allowable temperature of his mouth is 3300C. Estimate the maximum possible heat dissipation from both sides of each plate. The appropriate co-relation for the convection coefficient is N = 0.13 (Gr. Pr) 1/3 Where the different parameters are evaluated at the mean film temperature. Q.3 1000 Kg/hr of cream cheese at 150C is pumped through 1.5m length of 8 cm inner diameter tube which is maintained at 950C. Estimate the temp of cheese leaving the heated section and the rate of heat transfer from the tube to cheese. The relevant thermo physical properties of cheese are :P =1150 Kg/m3 Cp=2750 J/kg-deg = 22.5 Kg/ms k =0.42 W/m-deg

Use the following co-relation for laminar flow inside a tube : hd N = ----- = 3.65 + K 0.067 [(d/l) Re Pr] -------------------------1 + 0.04 [(d/l) Re Pr]1/3
APPROVED BY: Er. ISHBIR SINGH

PREPARED BY : Er. ANU MITTAL

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Geeta Institute of Management & Technology, Kanipla (Kurukshetra)
(An ISO: 9001-2008 Certified Institute)

Q.4 Drive the two dimensions momentum equation for the hydrodynamic boundry layer on a flat plate. Also mention the boundry cnditions when the fluid is approaching the plate with a free stream velocity U using.

U --- = 0.099 at = [Y ------] = 5 U 3x

As the solution of hydro dynamic boundry layer equation show, that boundry layer thickness at a distance x from the leading edge is given by5.0 --- = ----x Rex

Q.5 Atmospheric air at 300C flows parallel to flat plate at a velocity of 3.5 m/s. Use the exact Blasius solution to estimate the boundry layer thickness and the local skin friction coeffcient at x= 1m from loading edge of the plate. How these values would compare with the corresponding values obtained from the approximate von-karman integral technique? Assume cubic velocity profile. Q.6 Air at 250C flows past a flat plate at 2.5 m/s. The plate measures 68cm x 35cm and is maintained at a uniform temp. of 950C. Calculate the heat loss from the plate if the air flows parallel to the 68 cm side. How would this heat loss by affected if the flow of air is made parallel to the 35 cm side? Q.7 A circular tube having a diameter 18 cm and length 160 cm carries air at 22 0c and flowing with an average velocity of 25 m/s. The tube is heated externally so that its surfaces are maintained at 1700C temp. Determine the amount of heat transferred from the tube surface to the air flowing inside it. Consider the flow to be turbulent and use the Reynolds interrelationship between the energy and momentum transfer. Take the following properties of air :-V= 22.10 x 10-6 m2/s K= 3.127 x 10-2 W/mk

PREPARED BY : Er. ANU MITTAL

APPROVED BY: Er. ISHBIR SINGH

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Geeta Institute of Management & Technology, Kanipla (Kurukshetra)
(An ISO: 9001-2008 Certified Institute)

TUTORIAL SHEET-3 Q.1 RADIATION State and explain briefly the following laws of radiation : (a) (c) Plancks Law Wiens displacement Law (b)Stefan Boltzman Law (d) Kirchoffs Law

Q.2 An industrial furnace in the form of a black body emits radiation at 3000 0k. Calculate the following : Monochromatic emission power (radiant flux density) at 1 m wavelength. (b) Wavelength at which the emission is maximum. (c) Maximum emission power. Q.3 Prove that for a black surface, the emissive power is times the intensity of normal radiation.
(a)

Q.4 The sun emits maximum radiation at =0.55 . Assuming the sun to be a black body, calculate the surface temp. of the sun and the emissive ability of the suns surface at that temp. Also determine the maximum monochromatic emissive power of the suns surface. Q.5 A small surface area A1 = 0.0015 m2 emits diffusely, and measurements indicate that the total intensity associated with emission in the normal direction In=6500 W/m2sr. The radiation thus emitted is intercepted by three surfaces of areas A2 = A4 = 0.001m2 and A3 = 0.00125m2, which are art a distant of 0.6m from A1 and their orientation is as shown in the fig. Below determine. Intensity associated with emission in each of the three directions. Solid angles subtended by the intercapting surfaces, when viewed from the emitting surfaces, and (c) Rates at which radiation emitted by A1, is intercepted by the three surfaces A2 A3 and A4. Q.5 Consider radiation between two large parallel plans of emissivity 0.9 each. How many thin shields of emissivity 0.052 be placed between these two planes to reduce radiation by a factor of 75. (a) (b)

PREPARED BY : Er. ANU MITTAL

APPROVED BY: Er. ISHBIR SINGH

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Geeta Institute of Management & Technology, Kanipla (Kurukshetra)
(An ISO: 9001-2008 Certified Institute)

Q.6 The sun may be regarded as a black body with a surface temp. of 5650 K at a mean distance of 16 x 1010 from the earth. The diameter of the sun in 1.45 x 10 9 m and that of the earth is 12.9 x 106m. Make calculations for. (a)
(b)

(c)
(d)

The total energy radiated by the sun. The energy received per m2 just outside the earths atmosphere. The total energy the earth would receive if no energy were blocked by the earths atmosphere. The energy received by a 1.25 x 1.25 m solar collector whose prependicular in inclined at 350 to the sun. The energy los through the atmosphere is 35% and the diffuse radiation is 15% of direct radiation.

TUTORIAL SHEET-4 HEAT EXCHANGERS Q.1 Write short notes on the following (a) NTU method for heat exchanger (b) (c) Overall Heat Transfer coefficient Classification of Heat Exchangers

PREPARED BY : Er. ANU MITTAL

APPROVED BY: Er. ISHBIR SINGH

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Geeta Institute of Management & Technology, Kanipla (Kurukshetra)
(An ISO: 9001-2008 Certified Institute)

Q.2

Derive an expression for L.M.T.D. for a counter flow heat exchanger.

Q.3 A counter flow double pipe heat exchanger using superheated steam is used to heat water at the rate of 10500 Kg/hr. The steam enters the heat exchangers at 180 0C and leaves at 1300C. The 300C and 800C respectively. If the overall heat transfer coefficient from steam to water is 814 W/m2k. Calculate the heat transfer area. Q.4 Discuss the advantages of NTU method over LMTD method of heat exchanger design. Q.5 Explain the difference between parallel and counter flow heat exchangers and show how the temp. of the two fluids vary along the path of flow.Q.6 In a certain double pipe heat exchanger hot water flows at a rate of 5000 kg/hr and gets cooled from 950C to 650C. At the same time 50000 kg/hr of cooling water at 300c enters the heat exchanger. The flow conditions are such that over all heat transfer co-efficient remains constant at 2270 W/m2k. Determine the heat transfer area required and the effectiveness, assuming two streams are in parallel flow. Assume for the both streams Cp = 4.2 KJ/kg k. Q.7 A counter flow heat exchanger is employed to cool 0.55 kg/s (Cp=2.45 KJ/kg0C) of oil form 1150C to 400 C by the use of water. The inlet and outlet temp. of cooling water are 150C and 750c respectively. The overall heat transfer coefficient is expected to be 1450 W/m2 0C. Using NTU method, calculate the following. (a) (b) (c) The mass flow rate of water The effectiveness of the heat exchanger The surface area required.

PREPARED BY : Er. ANU MITTAL

APPROVED BY: Er. ISHBIR SINGH