. ..

2007
1

:
.., ,
.., , .
.., , .
.., , .
.., , .
.., , .
.., , .
.., , .

:
, ..
, ..

,
..


25 2006 ., 8

: / .. , .. , ..
. . .. . .: , 2007.

,
, 30 2004 .
- ,
- ,
- .
, , , ,
.

 , !
,
,
, ,

.
,
, ,
, ,
,

.

,
2007 .
-
.
. -, ,
,
; , ,
.

, .
,
,
,
, .
.
.

1. , ,

2. -

3.
4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.
12. , -,

13.



.
- .


. ,
.

, - ,
,
.
,
- .
, -
, -
,
.
,
-
- .
-
. ,
XX XXI .

, , ,

,

- - .
.

,
, , -
,
,
, , .


.
. , ,

.
. .

. ,
, , ,
.
,
, .
- ,
30 2004 . 179.
-
- , .
,
. ,
-
, , . ,
(,
,

.),

 ,
.
, - -
.
, , ,

. , ,
.
. ,
- ,
.
- ,

, - ,
.

,
. ,

.
-
,

, .

,
,
.
.
,
.
-

, .
- .
,
, ,
.
-
, .
,
, ,
.
.

,
- .
,
,

.

,
.
, -,
,

- .

1. ,

,


++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

- , "
",
- .
3 .
,
, .
-
.

,
, .

I.
1.1. . ,
, . .
- . .
.
.

.
.
.
.
1.2. .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
- .
.
. .
.
. - .
. .
. - .
1.3. . .
.
: ,
. .
. .
7

 . .

.
1.4. .
. . .
.
. .
. .
. . ,
, .

. -,
.
. , , . .
: .
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
1.5. .
. -
. . .
. .
.
.
. . .
.
. .
. .
1.6. . .
.
. , , .
.
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
1.7. .
(, , ).
.
.
-
.
(. ). .
.

.

8


.
1.8. . .
(, , , .).
.
- .
.
. .
.
.
.
. , ,
.
.
.

.
II. -
2.1. . .
, .
: , .
. . .
.
2.2. . .
. .
. .
. -
. . ,
.
.
.
, .
.
2.3. .
, . .
. .
.
. .
. .
.
.
- . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
9

 .
. . .
2.4. .
. .
- .
. . .
.
.
.
. . ()
. . ,
. :
, , , . :
, , , - ,
.
. (,
, , .).
(, .).
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
, , ,
, , ;
.
2.5. . .
.
- - ().
, : , .
. .
. .
. .
.
.
.
. .
. .
. .
, , .
.
. .
. . -
. :
-, , , .
2.6. .
. .
.
. .
.
10

 .
. .
.
.
III. -
-
3.1. .
.
. ,
. .
: .
.
.
. ,
, . .
.
: XIX
.
, .
. ,
.
.
.
, ,
.
.
.
. .

. : .
3.2. .
.
.
.
. . ,
. .
. XXI .
. .
.
,
. - .

. . .
. . -
.

11

 .
.
. ,
. .
.
. .
: .
.
3.3. - .
- . ,
: .
- .
- . (
) ( )
. .
-,

.
.
: , , . : .
. - :
. . .
-
. . ,
.
- .
.
- .
.
: .

- .
.
XX XXI
.
. : -
. .
.
- .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
. ,
.

12

- .
.
.
.
.

(120 )

24

20

()
4

20

16

40

20

XX XXI

12

60

16

120

44

48

-
. ,
- .
(
, , ..)
, - ,
,
.
,
- ,
.


.


( , )

,
. , ,

13

 .
,
, , ,
-
. ,
,
- .
,

.

14

INTRODUCTION
Modern tendencies in the development of education focus the mastering of specialized
educational programs at post-graduate level. According to the native traditions such programs are
being done in the process of training of scientific and pedagogic stuff. The necessity to adapt the
educational experience and progressive innovational technologies accumulated in the leading
universities poses a number of challenges modern post-graduate courses face today. First of all it is
the problem of unification of the profound professional training and the ways of its social and
cultural adaptation. The point is to form and to develop in post-graduates the need to gain skills in
scientific and pedagogic work, to solve actual scientific and research problems effectively, as well
adequately evaluate the role and significance of new scientific ideas for the social development, to
determine their value and anthropological dimension. This strategy in the development of
specialized education meets with the main tendencies of the modern science dynamics; integrate
which intensively instrumental, technological, social and cultural parameters of the scientific
cognition.
With the above in mind, it is in principle to organize the study and research process at postgraduate level in such a manner, that they can organically combine specific scientific problems with
general methodological training, which assume adequate perception and reflexive evaluation of
ones own professional priorities.
Because of this it is necessary to positively evaluate the tradition existing in the national
Universities, according to which the successful training of scientific and pedagogic stuff
presupposes a systematic study of philosophy and the shaping on this background skills of reflexive
and methodological thinking.
In present-day situation the role and meaning of philosophical and methodological training
of post-graduates and young scientists increases greatly. It is determined by the complex of
objective factors which takes place in the society and forms the social dynamics problematic at the
turn of the XX-XXI centuries. The frontal implantation of the science and modern information
technologies in the most important spheres of the social activities, the globalization of the worlds
development, permanent worsening of the ecological problems, rise of the multiply centers of
regional tension connected with the processes of transformation and modernization of postsocialistic and developing states, phenomenon of the culture popularization and formation of
nonlinear and virtual models of the life of consciousness these and many other phenomena rise
the problems of philosophical, world outlook, logical and methodological level. Their professional
and creative comprehension requires serious and accentuated trainings of future scientists and
teachers.
The course Philosophy and methodology of science is summoned to contribute to the
solving of this cardinal problem and according to the resolution of the High Certificating
Committee it is recommended for studying in post-graduate courses and is oriented, in the first
place, on the problems of philosophical and methodological ensuring of scientific and professional
work of post-graduates and competitors, their creative understanding of appropriate philosophical
problems, directly connected to the problems of logics, methodology, sociology of science and
education.
The change to the multilevel system of education realized today in the high educational
establishments of Belarus determined the orientation of the board of philosophy and methodology
of science to the following model of philosophy teaching.
The first level. The course Philosophy given at this level has to lay the foundation of
students grounding in philosophy and provides him with the possibility of the worlds classical
philosophical tradition systematic mastering.
The second level training of the professionally qualified specialists. The course
Philosophy in the modern World. A distinctive feature of this course is an accented orientation on
a problem and substantial features of modern philosophical way of thinking. The course main goal
15

consists in getting the students acquainted with the most considerable ideas and concepts of
postclassical philosophy on the basic knowledge of philosophy which is already available for them.
The third level is oriented on the problems of post degree education within the limits of
magistracy and postgraduate studies; it supposes the studying of the course Philosophy and
science methodology. This course is developed according to the Program-minimum of the
candidate examination in philosophy and methodology of science, adopted by the HAC order of the
30th of December 2004 179. First of all it is focused on philosophical and methodological
maintenance of the future professional pedagogical and research activity of holders of masters
degrees, post-graduate students and competitors. The prior attention in it is given to the problems of
creative understanding of the corresponding philosophical problems directly related to the questions
of logics and methodology of science. Because of this, the conceptual and theoretical basis of a
course offered in the given manual is interpreted by authors, first of all, as a philosophy and
methodology of scientific knowledge. However, as the modern understanding of a science assumes
obligatory disclosing of its various measurements and implications (social and ecological,
anthropological, social and cultural, etc.) so far the epistemological problem area is closely
connected with questions of social philosophy, philosophical anthropology and other parts of
philosophical knowledge. As a result the course gets complete and systematic character, but in its
substantial and thematic accents distinctly dominates the logical, methodological and scientific
range of problems.
It is necessary to admit, that not only in Belarus, but also in a number of other post-soviet
republics, similar processes of search and grounding of the differentiated technologies of the
philosophical education development take place. So, in the Russian Federation, there is a decision
to teach the course History and philosophy of science at the level of post-degree educational
programs. In the Ukraine this course is positioned as Philosophy and methodology of science. In
other words, availability and urgency of such orientation in the development of world outlook,
philosophical and methodological training of masters degree holders, post-graduate students and
competitors find their convincing confirmation.
The purpose of the given edition is the publication of the teaching and methodical complex,
called for optimization of the studying of the new course Philosophy and methodology of science
at the level of post-degree education, and also to render the scientific and methodical assistance for
masters degree holders, post-graduate students and competitors in the process of preparation to and
passing the candidate minimum examination in the given discipline.
While working out of the given manual the group of authors was guided by the considerable
experience in teaching of philosophy and philosophical disciplines at post-degree educational level
which was accumulated for many years on the sub-faculty of philosophy and methodology of
science BSU. It is natural, that this experience is comprehended through the prism of its adaptation
to a modern level of the development of philosophy and its forms of interrelation with a modern
science and culture.
One of the distinctive features of the given teaching and methodical textbook is its complex
character assuming the presence of concrete substantial and methodical recommendations for
students at all the stages of training for postgraduate study entrance examinations in philosophical
disciplines, and then to examinations of a candidate minimum as well. Proceeding from the reasons
of expediency of the unified conceptually proved schedule of a lecture course on philosophy for
post-graduate students of humanitarian and natural-science specialities, authors of the textbook
consider essentially important to specify seminars, discussions and practical works on actual
problems of philosophy taking into consideration the type and features of the humanitarian and
natural-science knowledge. This approach has its full reflection in the given textbook. One can find
in it the elaborated scenarios of philosophical practical work on various topics and trends of modern
philosophy and methodology of science; besides the extensive philosophical literature is given and
carefully classified.
The special attention is given to scientific and methodical recommendations for writing
16

projects in philosophy in order to direct post-graduate students towards the creative and innovative
attitude to the choice of the philosophical project topic, and to the forms of its substantial
disclosing.
In the textbook structure seven basic substantial and functional blocks are represented. The
first of them contains the course curriculun of Philosophy and methodology of science, adopted
by HAC of Belarus, and also some necessary methodical recommendations and explanations, made
to emphasize the most important and debatable aspects of the given program.
The second part represents structural and substantial reconstruction of a lecture course on
the given discipline which shows the author's version of interpretation of its major problems and
positions.
The third part contains methodically and thematically grounded complexes of questions and
problems that are offered to post-graduate students and competitors to think them over at seminars,
colloquiums, while discussions. Thus, concrete recommendations are given and necessary materials
are picked up for the organization of practical works at the post-graduate students of natural-science
and humanitarian specialities option.
The fourth part of the edition proposes topics for projects and analytical reviews of the
major and most actual problems of the course Philosophy and methodology of science, and is
made with taking into consideration a profile of scientific and professional work of post-graduate
students of various faculties and specialities.
The fifth part contains the materials, which allow to organize the practical works and
seminars on studying and analyzing of carefully selected sources and original texts, presenting the
most considerable achievements in the field of native and foreign philosophy and methodology of
science.
In the sixth part of the edition one can find the referential list of control questions for the
course Philosophy and methodology of science, made to optimized the preparation of postgraduate students and competitors for examination of a candidate minimum in the given discipline.
In the seventh part there is a representative selection of the educational, I&R, basic and
additional literature which is recommended for those who study the given course in order to
understand the offered material on philosophy and methodology of science at various substantial
levels and with various teaching and methodical purposes.
1. The program requirements for post-graduate students and competitors from the
humanitarian and natural-science specialities, who are going to pass the candidate
examination on philosophy and methodology of science
Those who are passing the candidate examination in philosophy and methodology of science
is to show high level of philosophical and methodological culture, a profound knowledge at a
specialized course "Philosophy and methodology of science", skills in research thinking and ability
of philosophical understanding of actual problems natural sciences and humanities.
The examination card includes 3 questions. Formulas of two questions correspond to a
problem area considered on lectures and seminars at the course of philosophy and methodology of a
science, studied at magistracy and post-graduate courses. The third question will be set on the topic
of the presented project and assumes quality check of philosophical and methodological preparation
of the post-graduate student and his skills of analytical thinking.
Examinee in philosophy and methodology of science must show the sufficient knowledge of
original philosophical texts and the monographic works which are listed as the literature
recommended for preparation for practical works in each part of the educational course.
Part I.
PHILOSOPHY AND VALUES OF THE MODERN CIVILIZATION
17

The status and mission of philosophy in the life of society. Philosophy, outlook, culture.
The nature of the philosophical problems. Philosophy as personal knowledge and rational and
critical form of outlook. A problem of scientific character of philosophy.
Cultural traditions of the East and the West and types of philosophical thinking. Philosophy
and national consciousness.
The basic research strategies in post-classical West European philosophy.
Multidimensionality of a philosophy phenomenon. Social and cultural status and functions
of philosophy in the modern world of cultural variety. The role of philosophy in forming of
persons valuable orientations and principles of biosphere thinking.
Philosophical understanding of the problem of being. The search of the metaphysical
bases being in various philosophical systems.
Ontology as the teaching of being and its interpretation in philosophy. The basic forms of
being and their interrelation. Ontology of human subjectivity and culture in non-classical
philosophy.
Being and matter. Evolution of ideas about matter. Modern science about matter structure.
The topological and temporal organization of a material world. Substantial and relational
concepts of space and time. Specificity of biological space and time. Being of man and the Time.
Nature as a subject of philosophical and scientific knowledge. Self-organization and
development of Nature. System-evolutionary paradigm in modern natural sciences.
Nature as an inhabitancy of Man. Biosphere and noosphere. The idea of co-evolution of
Man and Nature. Social and ecological strategy of nature management.
Philosophy of global evolutionism. Dynamism of being and the concept of development.
Dynamics and development.
Understanding of dialectics in the history of philosophy: ontological, gnoseological and
logical aspects of dialectics. Dialectics as the philosophical theory of development. Modern
discussions about the value of dialectics. Features of social dialectics.
Dialectics and synergetics. A role of synergetic in understanding of evolutionary processes.
Heuristic potential of global evolutionism and problems of the development in modern
scientific picture of the world.
The problem of Man in philosophy. Man as a subject of the philosophical and scientific
analysis. Multidimensionality of Man phenomenon. The basic approaches to its understanding.
Images of Man in the history of philosophy and culture.
Origin of Man. The basic concepts of anthroposociogenesis. Man as a biosocial
phenomenon. Corporality and spirituality of Man. The basic qualities of Man as a biosocial being.
The problem of essence and existence of Man. Individual, individuality, personality.
Consciousness as a subject of philosophical understanding. Multidimensionality and polyfunctionality of consciousness. Existential and phenomenological, social and cultural, and
psychoanalytic traditions in the research of consciousness. Philosophy and cognitive sciences about
the structure and functions of consciousness. Consciousness, language, communications.
Consciousness and intelligence. A problem of an artificial intelligence: transhumanism forecasts.
Axiological parameters of Mans being in the world. A phenomenon of subjectivity and
existential experience of Man. A personal choice and a problem of life meaning of Man.
Philosophical understanding of death and immortality phenomena. Freedom and responsibility as
existential opposition in Mans being.
Man in the system of social communications. Man and values of mass culture.
Anthropological crisis as the phenomenon of a modern man-caused civilization.
Specificity of a social reality. A place of social philosophy in the system of philosophical
knowledge. Social philosophy and social sciences and humanities in the study of society. The
concept of social reality. Society as a system. Concept of social structure of the society. Types of
social structures. Modern concepts of social stratification.
18

The basic research strategies of social reality in modern philosophy. The Marxist concept of
society. M.Webers concept of social action. Society as a product of social rationalization. Society
model in the T. Parsons concept of structural functionalism. Social rationality and communicative
action in J. Habermas theory.
The basic problems of social dynamics. Society as a developing system. The problem of
sources and motive forces of social dynamics. Base factors of social evolution. The nature of social
contradictions, conflicts, revolutions and reforms.
The status and functions of the social subject. Transformation and modernization in the
conditions of a transition period.
The basic concepts and stages of the development of philosophy of history. Variability in
social development. Historical alternatives and a choice of ways of development of society.
Linear and nonlinear interpretations of historical process. Formational and civilizational
paradigms in the philosophy of history.
The basic concepts of social progress and their alternatives. Criteria of progress. Humanism
as a measure of spiritual and valuable dimension of a social progress.
Society development as a civilizational process. Concept and civilization types in the
history of society (pre-industrial, industrial, postindustrial). Deadlocks and contradictions of the
man-caused civilization. Prospects and problems of an information-oriented society.
Local civilizations and the problem of preservation of cultural and civilizational identity in
the modern world. A polilog of cultural traditions or clash of civilizations (S. Hantington).
Globalization phenomenon.
East Slavic people between the West and the East. The basic preconditions and factors of
consolidation of the East Slavic people. The problem of historical self-identification of Belarus and
the basic vectors of the development of modern byelorussian society.
Philosophy of culture. Concept of culture. The basic paradigms of the philosophical
analysis of culture (axiological, semiotic, functional, game, etc.).
Traditions and innovations in the dynamics of culture. The problem of unity and variety of
cultural and historical process. Globalization of the social and cultural space and dialogue of
cultures.
Culture and spiritual life of the society. Spirituality and value forms of consciousness.
Morality as the form of standard regulation of human behavior. Art and specificity of Mans
aesthetic attitude to the world. Religion as the form of spiritual assimilating of the reality.
Spirituality metamorphoses in a modern society. Social mythology, utopia, ideology as
forms of social consciousness. A problem of social and cultural identification of Man in a modern
society. Values common to all mankind and universal values of modern humanism.
The newest tendencies in social and cultural development of the world community and the
form of their philosophical understanding.
Part II. The PHILOSOPHICAL and METHODOLOGICAL ANALYSIS of the
SCIENCE
Science as the major form of cognition in the modern world. Concept of science. Science
as activity, social institute and system of knowledge. Forms of reflective understanding of scientific
knowledge: cognition theory, methodology and logic of a science. Problem area of philosophy of
science. Scientific and non-scientific knowledge. Specificity of scientific knowledge. A role of
science in the life of modern society and in forming of personality.
Science in its historical development. Problem of the beginning of a science. Science and
types of civilizational development. Proto-science in the structure of traditional civilizations. An
antique ideal of a science. The process of first scientific programs taking shape in ancient culture.
Origin of empirical sciences. Registration of the disciplinary-organized science in the culture of
Renaissance and Modern time. Concept of scientific rationality. Classical, non-classical and postnonclassical types of scientific rationality. The basic social, cultural and methodological
19

preconditions of modern science forming. Science functions in industrial and postindustrial society.
Para-science phenomenon, conditions of origin and formation. Esotherism and deviant
science.
Structure and dynamics of scientific knowledge. Empirical and theoretical levels of
scientific knowledge, their unity and distinction. Structure of the empirical research. Concept of the
empirical basis of scientific discipline. The fact as the form of scientific knowledge. Specificity of
empirical generalizations and laws.
Concept of the scientific theory. Abstract objects of the theory and their system
organization. Ideal objects in the structure of the scientific theory. Functions of the scientific
theory. A problem and a hypothesis as forms of scientific search and knowledge growth.
The meta-theoretical bases of a science. A scientific picture of the world as the characteristic
of subject-ontological structures of scientific research. Ideals and norms of a science. Style of
scientific thinking concept. The philosophical bases of science and a problem of integration of
scientific knowledge into the culture of an epoch.
Dialectics of a developing science. Cumulative and anti-cumulative theories of scientific
progress. Problems of rational reconstruction of scientific knowledge dynamics and the system
nature of scientific progress. Science development as unity of processes scientific knowledge
differentiation and integration.
Extensive and intensive stages in the development of scientific discipline. The nature of
scientific revolution. Types of scientific revolutions. Modern strategy of scientific knowledge
development.
Methodological toolkit of modern science. Concept of method and methodology.
Multilevel concept of methodological knowledge. Specificity of the philosophical and
methodological analysis of science. The status and functions of general scientific methodology of
knowledge. Partial scientific methodology. Method and techniques of scientific research.
Essence of the system approach as general scientific methodological program. Forming of
nonlinear methodology of knowledge.
Scientific research in methodological understanding. Object and subject of research. The
aim and objectives in the structure of scientific research. Alternatives (hypothesis) of achievement
of aims and their estimation. Means and methods of research. Structure, mechanisms of grounding
and criteria of a scientific method. Methods of empirical research: observation, description,
measurement, experiment. Methods of theoretical research: idealization, formalization, mental
experiment, a hypothetic-deductive method, a method of a mathematical hypothesis.
Grounding of the research results. Grounding types (the proof, acknowledgement,
interpretation, an explanation, etc.). Methods of scientific knowledge systematization
(classification, type research, etc.).
Science language. Definitions and their role in forming of scientific terminology. Objective
language and a meta language.
Information technologies in modern scientific cognition. Pluralism of methodological
strategies and methodological innovations.
The dialectical logic as methodology of scientific cognition. Methodological sense of basic
laws of dialectics. The contradiction a source of development of scientific knowledge. Categories
of the general and especial, whole and parts, essence and the phenomenon, abstract and concrete,
necessities and accidents, historical and logic; their methodological meaning.
Science as social institute. Evolution of organizational forms of science. Science as a
system of fundamental and applied researches. Phenomenon of the social need and strategy of
science and research, experimental workings out (SREWO). The academic, branch and high school
science: the purposes, problems and development prospects. Science and education. Schools in a
science. Problem of continuity and alternation of generations in scientific community. Science in
the culture of Belarus.
Scientists in the organizations. Concept of scientific community. Stratification structure of
20

scientific community and a problem of "scientific democracy. Scientific hierarchy and an elite
phenomenon in a science. Social mobility and change of the status of the scientist in a modern
society.
Communication and its specificity in a modern science. Forms of scientific communications.
A competition in a science. Conflicts in a science and a way of their settling. Problem of a dialogue
in scientific community. Polemic and discussion as forms of communication in science. The
argument, its structure, kinds and a role in scientific discussion. Culture of conducting scientific
discussion.
Science and social technologies in a modern society. A science and the power. A science
and a politics. A science and ideology. A problem of social regulation of research activity.
Praxeological function of science and basic types of social technologies: economic, political,
administrative, and educational.
Science in the system of social values. Science as value in modern culture. Tool and world
outlook value of a science. Scientism and anti-scientism in an estimation of the presence and future
of the science.
Social values and norms of scientific ethos. Ambivalence of scientific consciousness.
Problems of motivation and recognition in science.
Possibilities and borders of the science. Creative freedom and social responsibility of the
scientist. Ethics of a science and its role in forming of modern type of scientific rationality. The
social control over science.
Prospects of development and new valuable reference points of a modern science.
Part III. PHILOSOPHICAL and METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS of the
DISCIPLINARY-ORGANIZED SCIENCE
The basic paradigms in the development of natural-science knowledge. Specificity of
natural-science knowledge. Typology of system objects and their understanding in developing
natural sciences. Features of object, a method and cognition means in natural sciences. Specificity
of language of natural-science knowledge.
Classical natural sciences: forming of the first scientific programs. Physics and its place in
the structure of natural-science knowledge. The general scientific status of a mechanistic picture of
the world in cultural space of a classical science.
Origin of disciplinary natural sciences. Features of interrelation of physics, chemistry, and
biology. A problem of scientific knowledge unity. Interaction of natural and technical sciences.
Non-classical natural sciences: revolutionary changes in the physics at the end of XIX first
half of XXth century. Philosophical aspects of the special and general theory of relativity, the
quantum mechanics and cosmology. Genetic revolution in biology and forming of the synthetic
theory of evolution. Cybernetics and the general theory of systems, their role in the change of style
of scientific thinking. Functioning approach as a methodological basis of non-classical natural
sciences.
Post-nonclassical natural sciences and search of a new type of rationality. Historically
developing, anthropo-dimensional objects, complex systems as objects of research in postnonclassical natural sciences. Possibilities and prospects of interdisciplinary methodology. The
interdisciplinary status of synergetics and its place in cultural space of a post-nonclassical science.
Phenomenon of sciences ecologization. Ecology in the system of culture. Humanitarian and
ethical examination of scientific projects as feature of a post-nonclassical paradigm in natural
sciences. Historical development of natural-science knowledge: from value-neutral to ethically and
axiologically loaded knowledge.
Philosophy of technics and technical rationality. Technics as object of a philosophical
reflection. Historical evolution of technics concept and its modern interpretations.
Subject and structure of philosophy of technics. Historical and theoretical preconditions of
philosophy of technics origin. A problem of a technical reality. Technics functions, its role and the
21

status in civilisation history. Genesis and social dynamics of the technosphere.

Man in technosphere. Formation techno-structure of the XXI-st century. Globalization of
technical systems. Concept of technopolises and technopopulations. Nano-technologies and
biotechnologies.
Problem of estimation of economic, social and cultural, social and ecological consequences
of technics development. Information and computer revolution in a foreshortening of the
philosophical and methodological analysis.
Engineering thinking and forming of technocratic ideas about society development.
Scientific discovery. Intentional and rationalizational activity. Projection. Design. Philosophical and
methodological aspects of designing of difficult anthropotechnical complexes.
Virtual reality as a social and cultural phenomenon of an information-oriented society.
Problem of an intellectual property. Computer revolution in a social context. Information,
mediatization of modern society and the social control over the person. The information and
knowledge.
Philosophical understanding of an artificial intelligence problem. Computer representation
of knowledge as a problem of information epistemology. The information and knowledge.
Correlation of science and technics: linear and evolutionary models. Technical sciences and
applied natural sciences.
Philosophy of social and humanitarian knowledge. Social philosophy and social and
humanitarian knowledge. Social and humanitarian, technical and natural-science knowledge: the
comparative analysis.
Society as a subject of social and humanitarian knowledge. Specificity of object and the
subject of social and humanitarian knowledge. Nominalistic (methodological individualism) and
realistic (methodological universalism) traditions in social science. Monologism and dialogism as
modi of social and humanitarian cognition. Subject and practical, cognitive and value standard
orientations of social and humanitarian cognition.
Research programs in social science. The naturalistic program and its basic versions:
methodological reductionism, ethnocentrism, organicism. The cultural and historical research
program: the reality as the world of meanings. A phenomenon of historical method. Psychological,
social and psychological programs: the general and specific. Sociologism in social science.
Materialistic understanding of history.
Problem of synthesis of research programs of social and humanitarian cognition and variants
of its decision. Problem of truth in social and humanitarian cognition. Truth and value, truth and
plain truth.
Concept of scientific discipline of social and humanitarian cognition. Problem of
classification of social sciences and humanities.
Historical sciences as a subject of philosophical and methodological understanding. Political
science and jurisprudence in aspect of methodological understanding. Philosophy and economy:
methodological regulatives of modern economic cognition.
Problems and prospects of understanding of interdisciplinary methodologies of thinking in
social and humanitarian cognition.
AS THE CONCLUSION.
PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE AT THE TURN OF XX AND THE XXI-ST
CENTURIES
Problem of the end of philosophy in the past and the present. The project of Modern as
a subject of critical discussion. Postmodernism philosophy: spiritual and theoretical sources and the
basic stages of formation. Values and aims of philosophy in a postmodern epoch.
Philosophy and futurology. Globalization as a process of formation of a new world order
22

and object of social and philosophical understanding. The basic models and globalization scenarios.
Social and cultural globalization parameters.
Communicative paradigm in modern social philosophy. The global market of information
technologies and network structures of communications. Ethics of communication and discourse.
Philosophy and ecological imperatives of a modern civilization. Man and the nature in the
man-caused culture. Prospects of a sustainable development and co-evolution of man and
biosphere. Ethics, economy and the right as necessary components of ecological culture of
postindustrial society.
Spiritually-ecological civilization as an ideal and the goal of mankind development. An
epoch of globalism and a problem of development of the Belarus national culture and state system.
Philosophy as methodology of interdisciplinary synthesis of knowledge. Integrative
tendencies in science and prospect of the synergetic style of thinking development. A problem of
scientific rationality and the form of its evolution in modern philosophy of a science.
Approximate long-term plan of subjects for
PHILOSOPHY AND METHODOLOGY OF SCIENCE
(120 hours)
Lection Seminars
Controllable
and practical
independent work
s
work

Table of contents

Part 1

Philosophy and values of the

modern civilization

24

20

48

Part 2

Philosophical and
methodological analyses of
Science

20

16

40

Part 3

Philosophical and
methodological problems of the
disciplinary organized science
Philosophy and Science at the
turn of the XX and XXI
centuries

20

12

TOTAL

60

16

120

For the
summa
ry

44

Total

23

3.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
I.
1.

1.c . .
2.c . .
3.c : , , .
4.c - .
5.c .
6.c .
7.c : .
8.c .
9.c .
10.c .

1.

1.c
2.c
3.c
4.c

.
. .
.
.
.

1.c .
2.c .
3.c .

.. . ., 2002.
.. . ., 2001.
.. : . ., 2000.
.. . /. 1995.
.. i i i. ., 1999.
. ., 1990.

.. . ., 1990.
.. . ., 1997.
. // . : . ., 1995.
. ?. ., 1997.
.. . ., 1996.
.. . ., 1994.
.. , , . ., 1991.
.. . ., 1992.
.. // ? .
., 1990.
-- . ? ., 1991.

24

 . ?// 1993. 8.
2.

1.c
2.c
3.c
4.c
5.c
6.c
7.c

. .
- .
.
. .
- .
. .
- .
.
8.c .
9.c .
10.c . - .

1.

1.c .
2.c .
3.c .

1.c .
2.c .
3.c .

.. . . ., 1998.
. ., 1996.
.. . , 1983.
. ., 1997.
. ., 2001.

.., .. . ., 2000.
.. . . ., 1997.
. // - . 1988. ., 1988.
.. . ., 1999.
.. . ., 1990.
.. . , 2002.
: . ., 1996.
. ?// . . ., 1993.
. ., 1995.
.. // 1990, 10.
2. .

1.c .
2.c .

25

3.c .

1.c , .
2.c : , , .
3.c - .

.. . ., 1988.
.. .// 1988, 7.
.. . ., 1989.
.., .. . ., 1987.
: . ., 1995.

. . 1-4. ., 2003-2006.
: . ., 1994.
.., .. . ., 1997.
.., .. . ., 1988.
.. . ., 1995.
.. . ., 1990.
. ., 1997.
., . . ., 1996.
. . ., 1993.
. . ., 1987.
. ., 2000.
3.

1.c : ,
.
2.c .
3.c . .
4.c .
5.c .

1. .

1.c . .
2.c .
3.c .

1.c : .
2.c .
3.c .

. ., 1994.

26

 .. : . ., 1993.
. , 2003.
.. - . -/., 1992.
.. . ., 2003.

.. . ., 1998.
.. : . , 2001.
.. . /., 1988.
.., .. . ., 2002.
., . . , 1986.
.. . // . ., 1997.
. ., 1999.
.. . ., 1985.
.. . ., 1995.
.. (- ). , 1987.
4.

1.c
2.c
3.c
4.c
5.c
6.c
7.c
8.c

.
.
.
, , . .
. .
.
, .
-,
.
9.c . .
10.c : - .

1.
1.c .
2.c . .
3.c . .

1.c .
2.c .
3.c .

.. . ., 1988.
.. - . ., 1997.
.., .. . , 2000.
.. . ., 1997.
.. . ., 1997.

. . ., 1992.
. // . ., 1995.
. . ., 1994.

27

 . ., 2001.
.. . . ., 1995.
. . ., 1991.
: . ., 1993.
. ., 1996.
: . ., 1991.
: , . . 1, 2. ., 1991, 1995.
2.
1.c - .
2.c : .
3.c . .
c

1.c .
2.c : .
3.c .

. ., 1991.
.. // . 1990. 10.
.. : XIX-XX .
, 1994.
. ., 1996.
- . ., 1990.

.., .., .. : //
. 1988. 4.
.. . ., 1987.
.. . ., 1991.
. . ., 1999.
. ., 1996.
. . ., 2000.
. ., 1994.
. . ., 1990.
. // ., . . . 20.
.-. . ., 1995.
. ., 1995.
5.

1.c , .
2.c . .
3.c . .
4.c .
5.c ..
6.c ..
7.c ..
8.c - : .
9.c . .
10.c : .

1. .

28


1.c .
.
2.c . .
3.c : .

1.c - .
2.c .
3.c : .

.. . . ., 1999.
(XIX 1- XX .)/ . .. . ., 2005.
.. . ., 1997.
: . ., 1999.

.. - . ., 1995.
. . ., 1993.
. / -. ., 1991.
. . ., 1990.
.. . ., 2002.
.., .. . ., 1996.
(, ). ., 1996.
. ., 1996.
.. // . 2002. 1.
. . . . ., 1995.
. . . ., 2001.
.. . ., 1992.
6.

1.c .
2.c .
3.c .
4.c .
5.c .
6.c .
7.c . .
8.c .
9.c .
10.c .

1.

1.c , .
2.c . .
3.c .

1.c .

29

2.c
.

.. . ., 1993.
.. . ., 2002.
: / ., . . .. . ., 1995.
/ : / . .. , .. .

.. . ., 1995.
. : . , 1987.
.. . ., 1990.
.. . , 1996.
... . ., 1993.
.. : . ., 1980.
.. // . 2001 6.
.. . , 1980.
. . ., 2004.
.., .., .. :
/ : 7 . .1. ., 2001.
. . ., 2001.
. ., 1996.
. - / . ... ., 2003.
. . ., 2004.
. . ., 1996.
. . ., 1991.
7.

1.c : .
2.c , .
3.c : .
4.c : .
5.c .
6.c .
7.c .
8.c . .
9.c .
10.c I .
11.c
1.

1.c . .
2.c , .
3.c .
.

1.c , :
.
2.c
.

30


. : . ., 1999.
: . ., 1999.
. ., 1986 (2000).
. . ., 2002.
.. . ., 2001.

.. - ? //
. 2002. 5.
. . XXI . ., 2003.
: .
. , 2003.
. ., 2004.
. ., 2001.
. // . 2003 3.
. : , . ., 2000.
.. . ., 1972.
. . ., 2000.
.. . ., 2002.
. . . . ., 1992.
.. . . ., 2002.
: (
) // . 2000. 1.
.. // . 2003. 6.
. . ., 2003.
.. : . . . ., 2005 (.3).
8.
:
1.c :
.
2.c .
3.c : . .
4.c . .
5.c . .
6.c . - .
7.c ; .
8.c : .
9.c , .
10.c . .

1.
1.c
2.c
3.c

, .
.
. , , .

1.c
2.c
3.c

, .
: , .
. .

31

4.c :
.

. . . ., 2005.
.. . ., 1996.
.. . ., 1996.
: . ., 1996.
. . ., 1994.
. . ., 1998.

. ., 1989.
.., .. XXI .:
// . ., 2001. N 6. . 131 139.
.. , //
. ., 2001. . 61 71.
. . ., 1997.
.., .. . . . ., 1992.
.. : ? // . . ., 2001. N 3. . 52 67.
: . ., 1996.
. // : 2 . ., 1981. . 2. . 220 227.
.. . ., 1999.
. ., 1985.
:
:
1.c
XX .
2.c
:
.
3.c
.

. . , 1990.
B.C. // . . 2. ., 1996. .
? ., 1997.
. . ? ( ) //
. 1986. 5.
, . ., 1996.
.. . /., 1995.
. . ., 1994.
- . . ., 1996.
-- X. ? .,1991. . ., 2001.
. . : ? ., 1993. . ?//
. 1993. 8.
2. -
9.

1. . .
2.
.
3. , .
4. . .

32

5. .
6. .
7. .
.
8.
.
9. .
10. .

1.
1. .
2. .
3. .

1. : ?
2. , .
3. : .

.. . ., 1995.
.. ? // . . . -.
. 5. 1995. 3.
.., ..
// . ., 1982.
: . , 1999.
.. // . . -. . 7. . 1997. 6.

.. . ., 1980.
: . ., 1991.
.., .., .., ..
// .
1994. 9.
.. . , // . 1993. 2.
.. : //
. ., 1996.
.. . ., 2000.
.. // .
1995. 11.
.. //
. . ., 2000.
. // . 1992. 2.
.. . . . ., 1997.
.. . . . ., 1997.
10.

1. .

33

2. .
3. .
4. .
.
5. .
6. . -
.
7. .
8. - .
9. .
10.
.

1.
1. .
2. ,
.
3. .

1.
.
2. .
3. .

. . ., 1956.
.. . ., 1973.
.. .
., 2000.
.. . ., 1997.
.. : : . . ., 2004.
.. : .
. . . 2004.

.. // . 1991. 3.
.. . ., 1982.
, , . .1 2. , 2002.
.. . ., 1998.
.. // . -. .7. . 1996. 3.
, . . 2000.
. . .,1993.
.. . ., 2004.
- . ., 1997.
.. . ., 2000.
11.

1. , .
2. . .
3. .

34

 .
4. , .
5. : .
6. . .
7. .
8. .
9. . .
10. .

1.
1. .
.
2. .
3. .

1.
.
2.
.
3. .

.. . ., 1981.
.. : : . .
., 1998.
: . / . /. 2004.
.. : . ., 2002.
.. : . .
. ., 1999.
.. - //
- . ., 1982.
: . // . .. ., 2004.
.. . ., 1978.

.. . ., 1978.
.. . ., 1983.
.., ..
// . 1990. 1.
.., .., .. . ., 1973.
.. . . 3. 2001
., 1982.
.. // . . . ., 2004.
.. . ., 1976
.. . ., 1991.
.. : , . ., 1999.
. :
. ., 1999.
.. , ,
. ., 1999.
. // .
1995. 10.

35

 2.
1. .
2. .
.
3.
.

1. .
2. .
3. .

.. //
. ., 1993.
.. .
., 1987.
.. . ., 1992.
.., ..
. ., 1994.

.. // . .
. ., 2004.
: . , 1993.
. ., 1981.
.. // : ,
. . ,1996
.. . , 1993.
.. .
. 2000.
. ., 1993.
. ., 1987.
. . ., 1993.
.. // . . -. . 7. . 1996. 3.
.. - //
. ., 1998.
. ., 1991.
12.

1. .
.
2. .
.
3.
.
4. .
5.
.
6. : , ,
, .
7. .
8. . .
9. .

36

10. .

1.
1. - .
2. .
3. .

1. .
2. .
3. case studies

.. . ., 2001.
.., .. . ., 1994.
.. . ., 1993.
.., .. : . , 1992.
: . / . .. ., 1996.

.. : , , ( ) ., 1996.
.. // . ., 1997.
.. . , 1991.
.. : .
. 2000.
.. .., 1997.
. ., 2000.
: . ., 1994.
. ., 2004.
.. : . ., 2003.
.. . . . ., 1997.
2.
1.
( ).
2. .
3. .
.

1. .
2. .
3. .

.. // . , 2001, 3.

37

 .., .. . ., 1989.
.. . ., 1990.
.. . ., 1999.
/ .. . . 1996.
.., .. . ., 1974.

.. . ., 1992.
.. . ., 2002.
. ., 1984.
., 1995.
, , . . . 1993.
.. -- . ., 1970.
.. . ., 1998.
.. . ., 1978.
.. . ., 2001.
. ., 1995.
13.

1. .
2. - - .
3. . .
4. .
.
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. - .
10. .

1.

1. .
2. , : ,
.
3. : .

1. :
.
2. . .
3.
.

. ., 1965.
. , // . ., 1968.
. ., 1996.

38

 : . / . .. ., 2004.
. ., 1977.

. // .
. ., 1990.
.. . ., 1998.
: : . . ., 1980.
., . . ., 1973.
. . . ., 1969-2002. . 1-13.
..
// .
., 2001.
.. : . ., 1983.
.. . , 1987.
2.
1. .
2. .
3. .

1. : .
2. .
3. .

. ., 1976.
. ., 1990.
. ., 1990.
. . . ., 1988.
. ., 1986.

.., .. . ., 2002.
.. ., 1997.
- . . . ., 2002.
. ., 1998.
. ., 1995.
.. , ., 1997.
.. . ., 1992.
14.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

39

10. .

1.
1. .
2. : .

1. .
2. .

. ., 1995.
. . 1990.
. . 1987.
.. // . 1989. 10.

.. . ., 1997.
.. // . 1991. 3.
.. . , 1998.
.. . ., 1990.
XXI . ., 1999.
. ., 1998.
. ., 1990.
.., .., ..
. ., 1996.
2.
1. .
2. .

1. :
?
2. :
.

. . ., 1998.
.. . ., 2003.
. ., 1991.
.., .. . . ., 1986.
. ., 1992.

: , , . ., 1998.
. ., 2000.
. . ,1994.
. ., 1999.
. . ., 1998.

40

 .. : //
. .1992. 3.
. ., 1995.
.. // .2000. 5.
2 :

1. .
2. .
3. .

.. . ., 2003.
. .. , , . ., 2002.
.. : ,
, // . . . ., 2004.
.. . ., 1989.
. 2- . ., 1995.
- . // . 1990. 9.
. //
- .1997. 1.
.. // .
. 5. ., 1999.
.. . ., 1995.
.. ( ) ., 1999.
. ., 1995.
: 2 . ., 1999.
. . 1992.
.. // . 1992, 6.
III. -
-
15.

1. .
2.
.
3. : .
4. -
.
5. ..
6.
.
7.
.
8.
.
9. .
10. : -
.

41

 1.
1. .
2.
.
3.
.

1. .
2. : .
3.
.

. . ., 2003.
.. . -/., 1999.
.. . -/., 1998.
.. . ., 2003.
/ . .. . ., 2004.

. . ., 1956.
.. . ., 2000.
. , 1988.
.. . ., 1994.
. ., 1990.
.. . . . ., 1985.
.. . ., 1982.
.. . ., 2004.
. , 1985.
.. XIX-XX . ., 1995.
.. . ., 2000.
2.
1. XIX - XX .
2. -
.
3.
.
4.
.

1. .
2.
.
3. : .

.. . ., 2002.
.. . ., 2004.
., 2005.

42

 / . .. . ., 2004.

. : .
., 2004.
.. // . .
2. ., 1996.
.. , . .,1997.
.. // . . . . 18.
.., .. // . 1980, 5.
. ., 1987.
.. //
. ., 1989.
.. . ., 1999.
: . ., 1998.
.. . 3 . . 1. . ., 2002.
.. . ., 1984.
3.
1. .
2.
.
3.
.

1.
.
2. .
3. : .

.. . . -/., 2004.
.., .., .. . ., 1996.
.. . ., 2003.
.. // . .3. ., 2001.
.. //. . . .,
2004.

.. I . ., 2002.
. . 1, 2 ., 1996.
.., .., .. // . 2005,
11.
.., .. . . ,1989.
.. . . ,1995.
. . ,1997.
.. . ., 1986.
: . , 1989.
.. . //
.. ., 1992.
. ., 1992.
3 :

43

1. .
2.
.
3. :
.

.. . ., 1999.
.. : . , 2001.
.. . ., 2003.
.. . ., 1998.
.. : . ., 1993.
.., .. .. . ., 2003.
.. . ., 1986.
.., .. . ., 2002.
.. : . ., 2003.
: (, , ). . ,2001.
: . . ,2000.
: . ., 2002.
.. . ., 2003.
. . : . ., 2003.
. 16

1.

. .
2. .
3. .
.
4. . XXI .
5. , ,
.
6. .
.
7. .
.
8. - .
9.
.
10. - . ,
.

1.
1. .
2. , ,
.
3. : .

1.c .
2.c .
3.c .

44


.., .. : . ., 1996
.. // . . .,
1997. . 13.
.. : . . /. 1995.
: . ., 1997.
.. . ., 1998

.. .- ., 1995
. . - ., 1996
. . ., 1995.
. // . ., 1995.
.- ., 1986.
-- . //. . ., 1997.
.. - //
1996. 3.
. . . .-/., 1999.
: . - ., 1997.
. . ., 1997
.-., 1989
. .// . . ., 1993.
. // . : . ., 1995
2. - -
1. -
.
2. .
3. -
.

1.
.
2. .
2. : - .

, . ., 1996.
.., .. . ., 1997.
.. . ., 1993.
. . / . .. ., 1993.
.. . . 2001.

.. . ., 1992.
: . . ,1997.
.. // . . 1997. 5.
. - ., 1999.
.. . , 1993.
.. // . ., 1997.
.., .. . ., 1997.

45

 . ., 1995
.. . ., 1994.
.. . ., 1997.
., 1984.
.. ..1981.
17. - .

1.c - : .
2.c .
3.c .
4.c . .
5.c .
6.c .
7.c : .
8.c - .
9.c .
10.c .
1. -
1.c - . -
.
2.c -
3.c - . , .

1.c .
2.c , , : .

.. - . ., 1995.
. / -. ., 1991.
.., .. . ., 1988.
.. . .,1988.
: 4 . .4. . ., 1995.

., . . . ,1995.
.. . ., 1987.
.. 20- , , 1994.
. . ., 2002.
. / XIX-XX . ., 1987.
. . . ., 1990.
.. . , 1990.
.., .. . ., 1997.
. . ., 1993.
- . ., 1989.
. . ., 2002.
.. . ., 1991.
.. . ., 1992.
. . ., 1991.
. . ., 1993 (1997).
. // . 1990. 4-5.

46

 2. - -
1.c - .
.
2.c - .
.
3.c - .
4.c : .

1.c .
2.c .
3.c -
.

. : . ., 2004.
.. . . . ., 1994.
. ., 1984.
. . ., 1998.
: 4 . .4. . ., 1995.

.. . ., 1997.
. : . ., 1995.
.. . ., 1999.
.-. : . ., 1988.
.. . ., 2001.
.. . ., 1991.
- . . ., 1985.
.. . ., 1997.
.. . ., 1997 (2000).
.. . ., 1996.
. . . . ,1995.
.. . ., 2003.
. . ., 1994.
. : . ., 1994.
. ., 1996.
4 : : -


1.c : .
2.c . .
3.c :
- .

.. : . ., 1999.
.. . ., 1999.
. . . . .. . ., 2003.

47

: . ., 2002.
/ XXI : .
.., . ., 2001.
.. . ., 1999.
.. . .,
1999.
., . . ., 1986.
/ .. : .
. ., 2005.
. . ., 2000.
. : . ., 1985.
5 :
c
:
1.c
.
2.c .
3.c .

. ? . .: -,
2001.
.. : // . . ., 2001. N 1. . 3342.
. . .: ,
2001.

..

//
: . ., 1999. . 29-30.
. : : . ., 2002.
. // - XXI :
- i i. . - . 45-64.
.. //
. 2004. 4. . 58-69.
. : , . .: , 2000.
.. / .. // . . 12.
. 2002. N3. . 104-112.
.. .- .: , 2001.

..

//
.
.
.,
2001.
N
..
58-71.
. . . .: , 2000.
.. :
/ . . , -. .: . ., 1999. 158 .
.. : . .: -, : , 2002.
.. : . .: , 2001.
. //
. / . .. . .: Academia, 1999.
.. . .: , 2001.
.. // : , ,
. ., 1997. . 4. . 15-27.

48

4.

I. -
4.c
5.c
6.c
7.c
8.c
9.c

.
.
.
.
: .
-

.
10.c - .
11.c - .
12.c .
13.c .
.

.. : - . ., 1978.
.. // . 1989. 7.
. ., 1999.
. . 1993.
.., .. // .
1997. 3.
.. // , , : . . ., 1999.
.. . ., 1997.
. . . ., 1985.
.. S- //
. ., 1999.
: . ., 1998.
. ., 1995.
.. . ., 1992.
.. . ., 1995.
. . ., 1972.
:
.
: .
.

.. ( ). ., 1984.
.. . ., 1996.
..
// . . 3. 2001. 3.
. . ., 2001.
.. . ., 1995.
.., .. . ., 1994.
. . ., 2000.
.. : 3- . . 3: . .,
2004.
. ., 1996.
XIX-XX . . ., 1992.

49

 : . ., 2000.
II. -
11.c . ,
.
12.c .
.
13.c - .
14.c - .
15.c .
.
16.c . .
17.c , .
.
18.c - .
.
19.c . -.
20.c .. , .
. .

.. . ., 2001.
. ., 2003.
: , , . ., 1998.
.. . ., 2004.
.. : . .
., 2001.
.. . ., 2002.
.. // . 1999, 4.
.. . ., 2001.
. : . ., 1994.
.. - //- :
. ., 1989.
.. . ., 1998.
: (, , ). ., 2001.
. ., 1987.
.., .. . ., 2000.
. ., 1991.
.. . 3 . . 1. . . ,2002.
.. . 3 . . 2. . . ,2002.
.. . , 2001.
.. . ., 1984.
.. . ., 2002.
.. . ., 2004.
.., .. . ., 2003.
.., .. . ., 2004.
:

11.c .
12.c .
13.c .
14.c .

50

 .. : , . ., 1986.
.. . ., 2002.
.. // . 1995, 1.
., . . . ., 2003.
- . ., 2002.
. ., 2004.
.. . 3 . . 1. . ., 2002.
. . ,
. ., 2001.
. : . ., 2002.
.. . ., 1984.
.. ( ). ., 1985.
III. -
4.c . .
.
5.c .
6.c - .
7.c . .
8.c . .
9.c .

. .
10.c .
.
11.c . .
12.c .
.
13.c . .

.. // . 2004, 4.
: , , . ., 1988.
. ., 2002.
.. . ., 2003.
. : . ., 2004.
.. . ., 2004.
.. , .. . ., 2002.
.. . ., 2003.
.. : 1 . ., 2003.
.. . , 1991.
.. . ., 1978.
.. . - ., 1998.
.. . 2- . ., 2003.
.. . ., 1992.
: . ., 1991.
.. . ., 1985.
.. . , 1993.
.. . ., 2004.
.. . ., 2003.
. . ., 1974.
.. . ., 2002.
:
:
5.c , ( ,
, ..).

51

6.c .
7.c .

.. . ., 1989.
.. : . ., 1993.
.. // . 2001, 3.
.. . ., 1996
.. . ., 1998.
.. . ., 2002.
.. : . ., 2003.
.. . ., 2001.
. ., .. . . ., 1984.
. , 1975.
. ., 1994.
IV. -
11.c . .
12.c . .
13.c . .
14.c . .
15.c . .
.
16.c .
.
17.c - .
18.c . , .
.
19.c - . .
20.c - . .
.

.. . ., 1970.
.., .. (, , ). , 1883.
.. // .
.2. ., 1996.
.. . ., 1980.
.. . ., 2003.
.. . . ., 2001.
.., .. . ., 2001.
.. . . ., 1989.
.., .. . . ., 1984.
.., .., .. . ., 1996.
.., .. . ., 1991.
.., .. // . 1980, 5.
. , 1981.
. ., 1987.
.., .. . . ., 2000.
.. // . . -. .
7. . 2005, 6.
., . . ., 2003.
., . . ., 2005.
: : 10 . .1. . ., 2000.
.., .., . . ., 1994.
.. ., 1989.

52

 . ., 1986.
: . ., 2003.
:
:
4.c
5.c
6.c
7.c

: .
.
. .
.

.. . . . ., 1985.
.., .. . ., 2004.
.. . . ,, 1989.
., . . . ., 2003.
.. . ., 1982.
.., .. . ., 1985.
.. . ., 1981.
.. . 4 . ., 2004.
: : 10 . . 1. . ., 2000.
. ., 1986.

53

5.

I. -

8.c .
9.c : .
10.c .
: .
11.c-
.
12.c
.
13.c
.
14.c .
15.c
.
16.c .
17.c : .
:

: .
.
- : -
.

.

21.c .. . ., 1998.
22.c . . .,1999.
23.c : . ., 2003.
24.c .. . ., 2000.
25.c . . ., 2001.
26.c . /
. . ., 1999.
27.c .. . .. 1998.
28.c .. . . .,1998.
29.c . : , . ., 2000.
30.c .. . ., 1972.
31.c . . ., 2000.
32.c . . / . .
., . 13.
54

33.c : XXI . ., 2002.

34.c . ., 1986.
35.c . ., 2000.
36.c .. . ., 2003.
37.c XXI : . . . .. .. . ., 1998.
38.c . . ., 2002.
39.c

( ) // .
2000. 1.
40.c .. . ., 1997.
II. -

14.c : .
15.c .
.
16.c :
.
17.c
.
18.c (.,
., ..).
19.c (., .-. , .
).
20.c (
).
21.c . . .
22.c ..
23.c ..
: :


15.c
.
16.c
.
17.c- .
18.c .
19.c : .

.. . ., 1984.
. , . ., 1986.
.. : . ., 1999.
55

 / XXI :
: . ., 2004.
: . . . ., 2002.
.. . ., 1995.
.. : . ., 1993.
. . /, 2000.
/ XXI : :
. . . ., 2004.
. . . . ., 1982.
.. . /, 1995.
. ., 2002.
. . ., 2002.
.. . .1. . ., 2002.
- . ., 2000.
: 4 . . 4. . ., 1995.
. . . . .. . ., 1999.
. . . ., 1977.
.. : . ., 1997.
III. -

21.c :
.
22.c - ; .
23.c .
24.c : , ,
.
25.c : .
26.c, , . .
27.c XX : -,
- .
28.c
.
29.c :
.
30.c
.

. . ., 1989.
. ., 1998.
. . . ., 1992.
. ., 1997.
. . . ., 1997.
. ., 1999.
56

 : . ., 1999.
. ., 1992.
. ., 1993.
. . .
. ., 1994.
:
1. , : .
2. (
).
3. : ?

. . ., 1993.
. ? . .,
2001.
. . : . .,
1997.
. -. ., 1997.
. . ., 2003.
. . . ., 1998.
. . . ., 2000.

57

6.



. ,

,
- , .
-
,
.

()
.
,
.

.

( ).
,
.
,
-
.
.
.
,
, ,
, .
- :
1. 25-30 ( -4; 2,5 ;
Times New Roman, 14 ; ; ; 1,25
). .
2. 1.
3. , , .
(, ) 2 .
, ,
- , .
( ) ,
. , ,
,
.
.
4. , ,
, , .
5. .
,
.
- (
), .
,
:
/

58

2
3

4
5

,
.
.
,
.
.
-

.

,
.

, ,

- .

,
( ,
,
).

16
12
24

20
16

12

,
, ,
, .
,
:

35
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75-84
85-94
95-100

4
5
6
7
8
9
10

,
, .


.

. ( )
.

59

7.


I.c

1.c .
2.c .
3.c .
4.c .
5.c : .
6.c .
7.c : .
8.c .
9.c . .
10.c .
11.c : .
12.c . .
13.c. .
14.c .
15.c .
16.c .. .
17.c.. .
18.c .
19.c .
20.c .
21.c : .
22.c .
23.c .
24.c .
25.c .
26.c .
27.c .
28.c .
29.c - .
30.c .
31.c .
32.c .
33.c .
34.c .
35.c .
36.c .
37.c .
38.c .
39.c .
40.c .
41.c .
42.c ..
60

43.c ..
44.c . .
45.c . .
46.c .
47.c .
48.c .
49.c .
50.c .
51.c .
52.c ? .
53.c .
54.c .
55.c .
56.c .
57.c .
58.c ..
59.c .
.
60.c ..
61.c . .
62.c ..
63.c ..
64.c : .
65.c : - .
66.c
.
67.c - ..
68.c .
69.c ..
70.c ..
71.c ..
72.c ..
73.c ..
74.c .
.
75.c ..
76.c :
.
77.c
.
78.c- .
79.c : .
80.c -
.
81.c .
82.c - .
83.c . XXI .
84.c
.
85.c .
86.c . .
61

87.c .
88.c : .
89.c .
90.c .
91.c. .
92.c .
93.c .
94.c : .
95.c .
96.c .
97.c : .
98.c : .
99.c - .
100.c : .
101.c : .
102.c .
103.c .
104.c .
105.c .
106.c .
107.c - .
108.c .
109.c .
110.c .
111.c - .
112.c : .
113.c
.
114.c .
115.c .
116.c .
117.c .
118.c .
119.c .
120.c .
121.c .
122.c .
123.c : .
124.c : .
125.c . .
126.c : -
.
127.c .
128.c -
.
II.c ,

.

62

129.c .
130.c. .
131.c. .
132.c ..
133.c ..
134.c ..
135.c ..
136.c ..
137.c . .
138.c - ..
139.c ..
140.c ..
141.c.. .
142.c ...
143.c ...
144.c ...
145.c .. .
146.c ...
147.c ...
148.c ..
149.c. .
150.c .
151.c .. .
152.c .. .
153.c ..
154.c . .
155.c.. XIX-XX .
III. -

156.c : .
157.c : .
158.c- .
159.c .
160.c .
161.c
.
162.c .
163.c :
.
164.c .
165.c-
.
166.c .
167.c .
168.c : .
169.c .
170.c .
171.c-
.
63

172.c- .
173.c .
174.c .
175.c .
176.c -
.
177.c .
178.c .
179.c - .
180.c .
181.c - .
182.c . .
183.c .
184.c .
185.c- .
186.c .
187.c .
188.c .
189.c .
190.c- .
191.c .
192.c - .
193.c .
.
194.c .
195.c .

64

8.


c

I. ,

1.c .
2.c .
3.c .
4.c .
5.c : .
6.c .
7.c : .
8.c .
9.c . .
10.c .
11.c : .
12.c. .
13.c. .
14.c .
15.c .
16.c .. .
17.c.. .
18.c .
19.c .
20.c .
21.c : .
22.c .
23.c .
24.c .
25.c .
26.c .
27.c .
28.c .
29.c - .
30.c .
31.c .
32.c .
33.c .
34.c .
35.c .
36.c .
37.c .
38.c .
39.c .
40.c .
41.c .
42.c ..
65

43.c ..
44.c . .
45.c . .
46.c .
47.c .
48.c .
49.c .
50.c .
51.c .
52.c ? .
53.c .
54.c .
55.c .
56.c .
57.c .
58.c ..
59.c .
.
60.c ..
61.c . .
62.c ..
63.c ..
64.c : .
65.c : - .
66.c
.
67.c - ..
68.c .
69.c ..
70.c ..
71.c ..
72.c ..
73.c ..
74.c .
.
75.c ..
76.c :
.
77.c
.
78.c- .
79.c : .
80.c -
.
81.c .
82.c - .
83.c . XXI .
84.c
.
85.c .
86.c . .
66

87.c .
88.c : .
89.c .
90.c .
91.c. .
92.c .
93.c .
94.c : .
95.c .
96.c .
97.c : .
98.c : .
99.c - .
100.c
: .
101.c
: .
102.c
.
103.c
.
104.c
.
105.c
.
106.c
.
107.c
- .
108.c
.
109.c
.
110.c
.
111.c
-
.
112.c
: .
113.c

.
114.c
.
115.c
.
116.c
.
117.c
.
118.c
.
119.c
.
120.c
.
121.c
.
122.c
.
123.c
: .
124.c
: .
125.c
.
.
126.c
: -
.
127.c
.
128.c
.
II. ,
67


129.c
. .
130.c
.-. .
131.c
..
132.c
..
133.c
.134.c
. .
135.c
..
136.c
..
137.c
..
138.c
.
.
139.c
-
..
140.c
..
141.c
..
142.c
..
143.c
..
144.c
..
145.c
.. .
146.c
...
147.c
...
148.c
...
149.c
.. .
150.c
...
151.c
...
152.c
. .
153.c
(.-.).
154.c
..
155.c
.
.
156.c
...
157.c
.
.
158.c
..
159.c
..
160.c
..

III. -
-
161.c
.
162.c
- .
163.c
.
164.c
.
165.c
:
.
166.c
.
68

167.c
.
168.c
- .
169.c
.
170.c
: .
171.c
.
172.c
- .
173.c
:
.
174.c
-
.
175.c
: -
.
176.c
-
.
177.c
: .
178.c
:
.
179.c
.
180.c
:
.
181.c

- .
182.c
: .
183.c
:
.
184.c
: .
185.c
.
186.c
..
187.c
.
188.c
, , : (.).
189.c
: .
190.c
.
191.c
.
192.c
.
193.c
.
194.c
.
195.c
.

69

9.



1.c , , . .
2.c .
3.c
.
4.c .
.
5.c
.
6.c . -
.
7.c .
.
8.c .
9.c .
10.c .
11.c . ,
.
12.c . .
13.c
. .
14.c . .
15.c . .
16.c .
.
17.c .
.
18.c . .
19.c - .
.
20.c . .
21.c .
22.c :
.
23.c .
24.c .
.
25.c .
.
26.c .
.
27.c :
.
28.c , .
29.c .

70

30.c .
.
31.c
- .
32.c . .
33.c .
- .
34.c . , ,
.
35.c . .
36.c . , , .
37.c . ,
.
38.c . .
39.c .
40.c . .
41.c . ,
.
42.c .
.
43.c .
44.c .
45.c . .
46.c .
47.c . .
48.c . .
49.c .
.
50.c .
51.c
.
52.c .
53.c .
54.c . .
55.c . .
56.c .
.
57.c .
- .
58.c -
.
59.c
.
60.c .
: , , .

71

10.



1.c , , . .
2.c
.
3.c
.
4.c .
.
5.c
.
6.c . -
.
7.c .
.
8.c .
9.c . ,
.
10.c . .
11.c
. .
12.c . .
13.c . .
14.c
.
15.c .
.
16.c .
.
17.c . .
18.c - .
.
19.c . .
20.c, .
21.c :
.
22.c .
23.c .
.
24.c .
.
25.c .
.
26.c
.
27.c , .
28.c .
72

29.c .
.
30.c
- .
31.c . .
32.c .
- .
33.c . , ,
.
34.c - .
.
35.c .
36.c : .
37.c .
.
38.c . , , .
39.c . ,
.
40.c . .
41.c . .
42.c . .
43.c . ,
.
44.c .
.
45.c .
46.c .
47.c . .
48.c .
49.c .
50.c . .
51.c .
.
52.c .
53.c
.
54.c .
55.c . .
56.c . .
57.c .
.
58.c .
- .
59.c
.
60.c .
: , , .

73

11.
-


,
-
,
.
42


,
,
-
.




. ,
( , 30
40 .)
-
, ,
.
,

. ,
( 1,5-2 .) ,


. -
,
, .
,

.
,

,
.

1. .
c
c
c
c
c

, . , ?
. ?
. ?
. ?

74

 . . . 1999.
. 147-167.

. ., 2000. . 190-195.
.. : .
// . . . 1999. . 180-191.
. . .
<, 1999. . 153-156>
|
c

c
, .
, ,
, . - - .
, ,
; -, , ,
. , ,
, , , ,
; , ,
, ,
,
. ,
, , , ,
-- . , ,
, , , .
, .
,
.
.
. , ,
. .
, - ,
- .
, ,
,
, .
,
.
.
,
, . ,
, . ,
, (
) . , , ,
, ,
, .
, , ,
, , ,

75

_c
c c
ccc cc
 c 
cc   c

cc

2. .
?

?
?
.
?

. . ., 1987. .2840.

. . // . . ., 1987. .5--27.
. . . ., 1996.
. . .
<., 1987. . 38--40>

. , ,
, , ,
, ,
.
(
, , ;

;
, .
, .
;
; ;
, ; ,
, .
, ,
, ? ,
. ,
, -
. . ( )
, ,
. , , ,
, ,
, . ,
.
,
, . , ,
76


. , , ,
; , . ,
,
,
- .
,
, .
* * *
, , ,
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
. ,
, . ,
,
.

, .
,
.

.

: , ,
. ,
.
, ,
,
? , ,
, , , , ,
, , ,
.
.
, ,
. ,
, , XVIII
XIX XX .
,
, .
_c
c   c c 
 cc
 c  c 
c c  c    c  

c c c  
 c
  c  

c

77

3.
.
c . 1951 ?
c .
?
c . ?
c . ?
c . ?

. . ., 1975. .626

. ., . . .
// . . ., 1975.
. . : . ., 1998.
. . .
<., 1975. . 16--18>
_c
 !c c
, , ,
, .
( )
,
,
.
. , , ,
,
,
. ,
.
, ,

, ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
, , .
, , ,
. , ,
, . ,
, ,
78

 .
, .

,
. ,
, , ,
, , ,
.
, ,
, .

,
. , ,
,
,
, , .
, ,
, ,
, . , ,
, , ,
, , .
, .
,
.
. ,
,
, ,
, .

. , ,

,
. ,
,
, .
_c 
c    c "  !c  # #c  c c c c  c 
c
c
$  c c  c c c  c   !c c 
c c
c  c
 c c%c
& c % c

4. .
c , . ?
c . ,
?
c , . ,
c . ?
c .
c . ?
79


. ., 1983. . 325378.

. . - . // .
. ., 1983. . 5--32
. . . // . . , ,
. .,1982. .143--166.
. . .
<., 1983. . 364--366>
c'c % cc  cc
()***c
,
, (
, . X).
, ?
: ,
, , ,
, , ,
. ,
, ( ad hoc
). ,
, .
. : ?
, , ,
, ,
, .
.
. , ,
(,
),
( ), (,
), (, ).
, , , -, . , , ,
, ,
, . ( ,
, ,
; ,
,
, ,
.)
. 1,
1
. [31, . 3146].
,
.
, ,

80

 .
,
( . [27]). ,
, ,
( ),
, .
, , ,
ad hoc, ,
. , ,
( )
.
,
. ,
, : , , , , ,
, .
, ,

. ,
,
. ,
.
- ,
. :
.
Y  c c % cc  cc c
 cc+ c
+ 
c  c  c c  c  c c c c c c  c  c c
% cc%!c
c

5.

. ?
?
?
?
?

. . ., 1985. .103--140.

. . // . .
., 1985. .515.
. (, )
, , -,
n ( ,
).

81

 . . - . // . ,
1986 2. .136--144.
. . .
<., 1985. .128--130>
c$!cc!cc
*c' cc
c
,
,
, ,
, .
.
,
, :
(1) ,
, , , .
.
(2) , ,
,
, .
(3) ,
. , : ()
, ;
() ,
. (), () ,
.
(1)
,
. ,
2
, .
: , -- , ,
, 3.
.
,
4. , ,
, , ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
2
.: Topitsch E. The Sociology of Existentialism. In: Partisan Review, 1954, p. 296.
3
. - . ., , 1958, 6.54.7.
.
. . (Heath P.
L. The Appeal to Ordinary Language. In: Philosophical Quarterly, 1952, 2, p. 112).
4
. . . : ,
. , , -
(Whitehead A. N. Essays in Science and Philosophy. London, 1948, p. 73).
(Part Three, ch. 8).

82

 ,
.
, , ,
. ,
,
.
. , ,
, .
, , .
, ,
. , ,
, .
, , ,
( ), .
c c  c % c "c !
c  
ccc

c c$c+ c

_c
c   c c    !c  
cc

6. .
c , , .
, ?
c
?
c ?
c ?

. . ., 1981. 1.
. . 19 45.

. . .
// . . ., 1981. . 357370.
. . : . ., 2001. . 342347.
. . .
<., 1981. . 9--11>
,
, , ,
, .
, ,
, .
1.
, ,
, ,
83

 .
, , ,

, ,


, ,
, , , ,
. .
2. ,
, .
, ,
, ,
, .
3. , , ,
, , , . ,

- . ,
,
,
.
, , ,
. ,
,
, , ,
.
, ; ,
, , , - ,
. ,
,
, ,

, , .
4. ,
, ,
, ,
. , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
. ,
,
, , ,
, , .
***

,
84

 , ;
. ,
,
, ,
,
- .
Y c c  %  c  c c   %  c c 
 c
c
_cc % cc 
 c ! cc 
 
ccc

7.
.

c ?
c . ?
c .
?
c . ?
c ?

. // . . .
. ., 1986. . 126159.

. . : : . . .,
2001.
. . : . ., 1998.
. . . . ., 1987.
. . .
< . . . . ., 1986. . 153-154; 158--159>
1
,
. ,
, (anything goes).
, ,
,
. ,

, . ,

, . , ,
. ,

, , ,
, ( ,
85

, , ), ,
,
, .
:
, . ,
,
, ,
. , ,
, ad hoc, ,
,
, ,
, . .5
,

( , , , ,
. ., , ,
, , .
- ,
. , ,
.
.
,
. .
, .
, , ,
.)
,

.
, , , , ,
,
, .

.
+ 
c c c c +c ,%c  % 
c  !c
  
c
# cc 
c
+ 
c
cc

 c  
 !c 
cc%
c
c
8. .
5
1 , , . . ...
, ,
.
.
,
, , ( . . .)
, . .
,
, , . , ,
() .

86


?
?
?

?
. // . ., 1996. . 295342.

. .
// . ., 1993. .10--46.
. ., - . . . // .
.1986. 5.
.

< . ., 1996. . 295--297>
I. :



. , ,
, -
.
, .
, , ,
, , , . ,
, ,
.
4050-
. , ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
, .

, . 6070- , ,
.
70-.
, .
,
. ,
, ,
.
, , ,
,
. ,
. ,
87

 - . ,
, .
.
, ,
, .
4050- , , , ,
,
. , ,
, , ,
,
, .
, :
) ,
; )
, ,
, ; ) , . I
, , ,
, .
, , , ,
.
40 50-
?
?
.
-

, . -,
,
?
, . -,
(. ., ) ?

, . -,
?
. -?
- . // : ,
, : . ., 1996. . 246265.

. . (
) //. . 1987. 7.
. .
// : , ,
: . ., 1996. . 199208.
. -

< : , ,
: . ., 1996. . 249--253>

- , ,
88


, , .
,
:
1. , .
2. ,
, , 2 1.
3. 2 1.
4. 1 2.
, 1 2 ,
, 2 .
.
,
.
,
,
(. . , . .),
.
,

, ,
, . ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, . ,

,
, (Zahar, 1973),
(Feuer, 1974, h. I). , , .

; - .
, .

.
,
, ,
, , .
.
. ,
, ,
.
, .
. ,
, . , ,
, ,

,
, ,
, - , : 89


. , (, , )
, , ,
, , , ,
,
. ,
.
( , .)
,
,
. , ,
- ,
.

. ,
,
.
:
. - (. .
)?
.

?
.
?
?
. . // . .
., 1990. . 707--735.

. ., . . .
. ., 1991.
. . // .
. ., 1990. . 736--769.
.
.
<., 1990. . 707-709; 728-731>
,
, , ,
, . ,
, -
. ,
,
, , --
,
,
,
. ,
, , - ,
, . ,
.
, , , ,
90

 ,
. , .
, ,
, , ,
, , --
, - .
, < >
, : ,
?
. -, , , , ,
,
. , . .
-, ,
, . , ,
: , , .
, . , ,
; - ,
. , , .
, . ,
,
.
, ,
. , ,
, .
.
? .
, . , , :
- ,
, , ,
.
,
. ,
. ,
, . ,
,
.
: -
, ,
- ( , ,
, ), . , ,
, .
,
. .

. , (
),
.
, . < >
,
,
, ,
91

 . , ,
, ,
.
, . ,
? ?
?

.

. ?
?
?
. ?
. ?
. // . :
2 . . 1. ., 1994. . 83, 110--113. 128--130.

. . . // .
: 2 . . 1 ., 1994.
. . . ,
1994.
.
.
< . : 2 . . 1. ., 1994. 119--128. .
129--130>
119. ,
, .
.
120. (, . .),
. , ,
? , ? ,
- ! , ,
( - , ) . ,
[] (uerliches). , ?
;
, !
.
; , .
: , ;
, , . ,
. , . ( :
.)
121. :
, .
; , , ,
.
122. ,
. .
92

 (bersichtliche Darstellung) ,
. .
(der bersichtlichen Darstellung)
. ,
. ( ?)
123. : .
124.
, .
- .
, .
, ,
.
, .
125. ,
- . ,
, . (
.)
: , ,
, , , . ,
, .
, .
(Meinens).
, , . , ,
: .
, ,
.
126. , .
, . , .
,
.
127. [] .
128. - , ,
, .
, . , :
?
. ?

. .
- ?
- .
, .
.

( , , ).
. . . ., 1978. . 96116.

. ., . . . ., 1973.
. . . ., 1997.
..
.
93

<. 1978. . 98--101>

,
, .
, .

. ( )
, .
-
, .
. , .
,
.
; ,
, , . ,
.

.

-
. . , . ,
. . , . . , . .
.
.
, ,
,
(
, , , ) .
,
. , ,
.

. ,
.
, ,
,
. .
. -
, , . .

.
-
. :
1) , ,
. .; 2) , (
, . .),
; 3) () ; 4)
, , ,
; 5) ,
, ; 6) ,
. . ,
94

 .
;
, ,
, . .

:
, .
, , ,
. .
. , ,
.
,
.
,
, .


.

,
, .

,
.
.
?
(
) ,
.
,
.
.


, .
.
,
, .
, , ,
() . ()
.

, , ,
(- ),
(- )
. ,
()
, . . .

?
?
95


?
?
( : . .
. , , ).
?

.
?
:
( : . . , . . . ).
. ., 1976. . 93109; 112113; 335350.

. .
. ., 1987.
. . -
// . 1995. 7.
.

< . ., 1976. . 112-114>

1. .
( )
, .
2. ().
, , ,
.
,
. ,
,
, . , , ,
.

.
.
3. . ,
, ,
, . , , . -,

, , ,
. ,
, , ,

.
4. .
,
,
96


.

,
. , ,
, , , , ,
.
5. . ,
,
.
, ,
,
. . , ,
, , .
,
, .
,
, .
6. .

.
.

.
.
,
.

, . , ,
: ...;
; ?
. . , . .

< . ., 1976. . 335--336>
, ,
, ,
.
XVII ,
. ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
: ,
, , , .
, , ,

.
,
97

 , ,
, , .
-
.
. ,
. ,
,
,
.
, , .

?
, .
.

?
. ?
?
. ?
. . ., 1956. . 17 38.

. .
// - . ., 1978.
.
.
<., 1956. . 18--21; 26--27>
, ,
, . XX

. - , ,
,
.
, .

, .
(science) .
(scientist) 1840 .
.
. :
,
, ,
. :
, ,
. , , ,
, , ,
, , . ,
, .
,
, ,
98

 .
,

.
,
, ,
, , .
,
,

, , .
,
,
. .
, ,
,
.
,
, ,
. ,
,
, , ,
, , . ,
,


,
.
. ,
, . ,
, -,
. , ,
. ,
, ; , -
. ,
. . ,
, . , , , , .
. , ,
, .

, , , . ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
, .
, ,
. ,
, , ,
, .

99

.
, ,
- .
, .
, , , , ,
, .
?
, , , ?
. .

. . ?
, . . ,
?
. . , ?
, . . ,
- ?
.. .
// . . ., 1981. . 214227; 229242.

. . .. . // .
. . ., 1981. . 532.
. .
.
<., 1981. . 238--241>

, , . , XVII XVIII ,
, XIX ,
,
.

,
- .
,
- .
; , ,
, perpetuum mobile, ,
. ,
, .
, , .

, .
XX
.
-,
, ,
.
, ,
;
.
100

-,
,
.
, , , ,
. ,
, , .
, XVII
XIX ,
, ;
, , .
.
,
, -,
; ,
, .

. , , ,
,
. ,
, ,
,
Homo Sapiens
, - , ,
. .

,
, -
. , ,
.
,
, , .
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
. .

, , .
, . . ,
?
. . . .

?
?
, ,
. . ,
?

?
. . . . . ., 1973. . 77 104.

101

 . . . . . . .,
, 1986.
. .: //. . 1997. 10.
. .
. . .
<.: . 1973. . 101-103>
)

.
, , .
; ,
, :
.
.
, , ,
. ,
. ,
, , .
, .
, -
, .
- , -
.

, , ,
,
. ,
.
,
.
, ,
, (,
,
),
, ,
.

. , ,
, , , ,
, , .
,
, .
, , ,
, ,
, .
, ,
.

, .
102

 , ,
, ,
.
,
, , , ,
,
,
, .
, ,
,
, . ,
, ,
, . ,
, ,
. .
- ,

,
.
,
. . ,
,
,
, - .

?
?
. . . . -

?

?

?

?
. ., . . : . ., 1986. . 357
395.

. . ., 1998.
. . //
. ., 1991.
. . , . .
:
<., 1986. . 377--382>

,
,
103

 .
- , ,
, , ,
. . , ,
.
.


, ,
. ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
. ,
,
.
,
, ,
, ,
,
. ,
,
, , ,
.
, , , ,
.

. ,
, .
, ,

,
, ,
,
. .
, ,
,
, , ,
. ,

, ,
,
. ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
,
.
104

 ,
,
. , ,
, ;
, ,
, , ,
.
, , ,
, ,
. ,
.
,
.
,

, . ,
, - , .
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
.
, . , ,
,
,
. , ,
.
,
?
. .

. . ?

?
, . . ,
?
. .
?
. . . ., 1995. . 28-40; 5167.

. . . ., 2000.
. . // . :
. . 1998.
. .
.
<., 1995. . 58--60>

, , ,
, ,
, , . .
( , ).
! , ,
105

 .
,
,
, , . ,
,
. , ,
, .
, .
, ,
,
(, ).
: ? ,
, .

, ,
( )! ,
, ,
,
,
.
, ,
XVIII ,
,

, .

, ,
.
, , ,

, , . ,
! ,
,
, homo sapiens,

.
,
. ,
,
. , .
, , ,
!..

. .
, ,
,
,
, . ,
,
106

 ,
, ,
! ,
, , , , ,
, .

.
,
(, ),
.
, ( )
- ,
.
,
, .
, ,
.
,
, -
. , ,
, XX .
, . . ,
?

( . .
)

?
.
?
,
.

. . XIX
,
.
. . ?
?
., . . ., . 3-. ., 2001. . 68;
140148; 159163.

. . . ., 1999.
. ., 1994.
. , .
.
<., 2001. . 6--8>

, .
. ,
. ,
. , ,
107

 . ,
. , , ,
, .
. , . , ,
.
, , ,
, , , ,
. ,
, ,
, .. ,
.
. ,
,
. ,
.

,
. ,

,
.
,
, ,
. ,

,
. .
.
, , :
, , ,
, ,
, , , . ,

.
.
,
, , , ,
,
, ,
.
,
, :
, .
.

.

. ,
.
, , . . .
108

 ,
.
, .
,
.
.
. ,
, .
? ?
. ,
.
, .
, .
, . , ,
.
. ?
? ,
.
, .
. , , ,
, ,
.
. : ,
.
?

?
-
. .
, .. ,
?
, .
- ?
-
?
. . . ., 1978. . 3.
. 247252, 283285, 306310, 32328, 334342, 362373.

XIX XX . , , . ., 1995. . 65657.
. . -
//. . 1976. 6.
. .
.
<., 1978. . 367--370>

,
.
,
109

 -
,
,

,
,
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
, , ,
. ,
, , ,
,
, , .
,
. ,
, ,
,
, .

-

,
, .

, ,

.
, ,
, , , ,
,
,
,
. :
, ,
,

, .


, .
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
, , ,
.
, ,
,
, ,
110

 .
,
, . , ,
. ,
.
, ,
, , ,

,
( ), -

, ,
,
.
?
?

. .
, ?
?
?

?
. . . ., 2000. . 610 636.

. , . ., 1999.
. . //. . 2001. 3.
. ,
. . //. . 2001. 1.
. .
.
<., -. 2000. . 619, 632--635>
:

,
.
, .
,

,
,
, .
(
);
( ) .
,
111

 ,
,
.
,
- . -- (
- ,
), ,
,
.
, ,
,
, .
- .
, , ,
,
.
.

:

(
)

[]

()

()

.
- .
-
,
(, ).
:

112

(.

(
)

()

()

.
, - .
,
.
:

[(
(
)

)]

()

()

,
,
(, ,
).
,
.
, . , .
,
(,
,
).
113

 . ,
.

?
?

-
.
.
. ?
?

?
?
?
?
?
?
.: . . ., .
. . 7. . ., 1986. . 275 297.

.. ,
// . 1998. 8.
. //. 1990. 1.
. . // .,
. . ., 1986. . 295 297.

c h.
,

, .
.
, (t) t,
, . ,

( ).
1908 .,

.
.
.
114

 , ,
.
,
: m
.
:
( ), .
.
.
, ,
, -.
-,
. (), ).
, .
,
. ,
, , .
, ,
- .
, ,
.
? , ,
.. 1966 .
.
,
,


.
, ,
.
.
. ,
, .
,
h,
.
, ,
, (,
1030 ). , ,
, ,
, .
.

,
.
, ,
.
, . , ,
,
.
,
, .
115

, , ,


, ,
.
, ,
, , ,
.

. ,
: ,

. ,
.
,

, .
?
?

.

?
. ?
. ?.
. . ., 1983 ( . .7--9, 41, 89--90; .
. 155--158, 180, 258).

. ., . XX . ., 1990.
.., . ., . . XX //
. . ., 1983. . 521558.
.
.
<., 1983. . 79, 180>

: , , ,
< >
, , , ,
. , ,
, .
. ,
, : .
, ,
; , ,
. , : ,
, ; ,
, , , , ,
, .

116

 . ;
,
. ,
; ,
, . ? ;
. ,
, , . , , , ,
.
,
.
, . , ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
. < >
? ,
? , ,
-
. ,
.
,
,
. ?
?
, , ; , ,
, , , , ,
- ,
.
, , .
? ? ,
, , .
? , ,
, .
? , . ,
; ,
( ),
.
,
, , -
. ;
. ;
. ,
, , ;
, .
, , , . < >
.
,
. , ,
. , ,
117

 . ? ,
; ,
. , ;
,
, . , ,
, ,
? .
?
?
.
- ?
, .,
?
, .
?
. // . . ., 1987. . 226240.

. . -.XX // . . .,
1987. . 5-22.
. . . ., 1971. . 132--154.
.

<., 1987. . 226--228; 231--232; 235, 238, 240>
, ,
, , ,
. , , ,
, , ,
.
,
. , , ,
,
?
-
? , , ,
?
, ,
. , ,
.
;
. , -
, , , . ,
, ,
. ,
, , ,
. < >
118

 , ,
, , . ,
, , -,
, ,
, - .
,
, . XII ,
. , ,
. , , ,
. <...>

, - ; , ,
. , ,
, ,
XVI XVII . <...>
, , , ,
. ,
, , ,
. <...>
,
, , ,
.
,
.
, .
,
. ,
, , :
? ?
:
? ,
, .
. ,
, ,
, . ,
. <...>
, . . ,
.
.
?
, ,
, XII ?
.

. . ?

?

. ?
. . ., 1971. . 26. . 327--339.

119

 .., ..
// . . ., 1971. . 5--32.
.. . ., 2001. . 240--275.
.
.
<., 1971. . 327--329; 333--334>
, ,
, ,
,
.
, .
,
. <...>
,
, , , ,
, ,
. ?
, .
. . .
?
?
,
,
? ,
, ?
,
. .
, ,
, , , .
,
,

,

,
.
,

. , ,
, .
? ,
, ,
, , ?
,
?
,
.
,
. , ,
. ,
, . <...>
,
, 120

 . , .
,
, .
, ,
,

. ,
, . ,
, , .
,
, ,
.
.
. , , ,
, , .
. , .
. ?
?
. .


.
. ?
?
, . . ,
?
?
. . ., 1970.

. . : - .
., 1978. . 194209.
. . . ., 2000. . 619626.
. .
.
<., 1970. . 14--17; 19--20>



, .
( ), .
,
. ,
, . ,
,
,
. , ,
;
.
. ,

(
121

 , ).

,
:
,
.

,
(, , ), ,
), :
(,
),
.
,
, . .
. ,
(,
) , .
, ,
,
, (,
). (
) ;
- .

,
,
. ,
, , .
,
,
.
,
, .

,
. , , ,

,
.
, . . ,
?
-
-

.

122


?
?

?

?
. . . .-., 1997. . 10-38

.

.

. ., 1999
- . ., 1997
. . .-., 1997. . 10-17.
1. .
300
. , .
.
.
. ,
,
.

.
,
, , ,

,
, .
- .
,
,
,
.
..., ,
,
. .
, ,
.
. .
, .
, ,
, , .
. ,
, , ,
. 1965 , 50%
.
123


. .
. .
- . .
.
. ,
.
, .
.
. ,
, , ,
.
,
.
, ,
, , .
, , .
, .
,
. ?
?
.
?

?
..

,
.. ?

, ?
(
)

?
. .. . ., 1992. . 104-122.

. . ., 1994.
. . . ., 1998.
.. . ., 1992. . 104-105, 121, 122.
( ).

124

 : , , -,
. ,
. , , ,
, ,
. , , , ,
. ,
,
.
, , ,
. ,
,
. , , ,
.
XVIII - XIX ( )

. , ,


. ,
-.
, ,
, , ,
.
. ,

. , , , , .

,
. .
. , ,
, ,
. , ,
, ,
(. :
).

.
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
, .

(
.
.
(. .
125

, ), ,
. ,
.

.

.
: , , ,
, .
,
, - . : . - ,
.
?
?
.

.
, ?
, , . ,
?
, . ,
?
- ?
.: . // . 1990. 1.
. 90-97.

.. .
. 1990. 1.
.. . . 2003.
. // . 1990, 1. . 91-96.

//

,
; ,
, ,
. . ,
,
, , ,
, .
,
,
.
,
126

 .
, ,
,
, .
.
.
.
,
, ,
. , , ,
,
, ,
, ,
(.: White M. Toward Reunion in Philosophy. Cambridge, 1956).
.
,
, . :

.
,
, , .
, , . ,
, ,
, .

. , -,

, .
, ,
,
.
;
. , ,
:
.
, , .
: ,
.
,
, : ,
; ,
; ,
.
,
: , , .

;
; , , ,
. ,
,
,
127


,
. ,
, ,
, , .
: (Medium) ,
.
, ,
,
, , .
, ,
. ,
.

, -
(Abwgung). .
, . , ,
, .
(Mndigkeit).
.
,
. , ,

, .
.
.
. -
:
. ?
.
. .
. :
.
. - .
.
.
. .
. . ., 1998. . 2132; 6580; 138149.

. //.
. 1980. 6.
.
.
<., 1998. . 27--29>
.
, , .
128

 ,
, .
,
, , , ,
; ,
.
. ,
: , ,
,
, ,
, .
,
.
.
,
. ,
,
,
:
.
, . -,
,
.
:
,
.
,
, ,
, ,
. -,
, , : ,
,
, ,
,
, .
-, ,
, ,

, ,
. ,
: , (
) ,
, , .
: ,
, , ,
. , ;
, ,
, .
, ?
.
129

 ?
.

, . ,
?

?

?
?
. // . ., 1966. .
149 177.
.
.
< . ., 1966. . 174--177>
,
, , ,
. ,
, .

,
- . ,
, , , , , , ,
. ,
,
.
,
, , .

, ,
, , , ,
. ,
, :
, ...

.
,
-
.
,
, ,
. ,
.
( , , , , , ,
),
, , , , .
, .
, ,
,
130

 ,
, ,
, ,
, -
. , ,
.

.
, -, ,
. ., ,
. , ,
.
, ,
, - ,
.
, ,
.
, . , : ,
. ( , )

, , ,
, .

,
, ,
.
, - ,
-
- .
?

?
. .
?
?
?
?
. . // . .3.
. ., 2003. . 13 29.

: . . . .,
2001.
. . // . ., 2001.
. .

< .. . . .3. ., 2003. . 17--19>
2. :

131

 .
, ,
, ,
,
... . - :

.

- ,
. ,
,
.
. ,
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
, ,

, .
, , , ,
, , -
.
: , , ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
-
, ,
. , ,
, -, , , ,
,
, , ; -, ,

, , (
) ,
.
,
,
, , , .
, - ,
, ,
. ,
; , , , .

-, , ,
132

 ,

.
,
, ,
, , ,
, , , ,
-
, . ,
,
, - ,

,
.
, , -
,
. ,
.
, , ,
, .
- ?
?
. :

. .
: .
: .
: , , .

.
. . . ., 1994. . 62; 101105,
111125; 168180.

. .
. ., 1977.
. ., 1998.
.
. .
<., 1994. . 34--36>
,
,
.
.
, , XVI
, : ,
, ,
, , ,
,
, ;
, ,
, ,
133

, ,
. , ; , , ,
, ,
;
a priori ,
, ,
, , , . ,
,
; ,
, ,
,
, , ,
, , ; , ,
,
. ,
- .

: -, , (
XVII ), -, , XIX
. , , , ,
, . ,
ratio, ;
,
- ;
XIX ;
; (
- ) , ,
, , ,
; ,
XVIII XIX .
, , ,
, , , .
, - , ,
, ,
, , ,
. , ,
( ? );
, : ,
, , ,
, .
, ,
, ,
. XIX
: ;
,
;
, ,
;
; ;
,
134

 . ,
, ,
,
. ,
, , ,
, , ,
, .
, , , ,
.
, , ,
, , ,
.

. .
,
.
(. -)
, , . -
, .
, ?
. - ,
- ?
?
. - , ,
, .
. -
?
- . . ., 1985. . 82; 26468.

. . . -:
// . 1984. 5.
. . . - // - .
. ., 1985. . 39721.
. -
.
<., 1985. . 9--10, 264--265>
[ ] ,
, , ,
(
, , ,
)
. (
).
; ,
( )
(
, ,
,
135

, ,
). , , -
,
,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
. .
, ,
, :
, . .
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
,
, , , , ,

.
.
. , ,
, , , ,
, .
, ( , )
. , , ,
,
.
:
; ; .
,
.
:
,
. ,
:
.
(, , ), (, , ) ,
, ,
.
,
:
.
- ,
,
,
, ,
.
, .
:
( ), , ,
, , .
136

: ; . ,
:
( ),
. ,
, , ,
.

. -
) )
?
. - ?
.-.
?
?
?
?
.-. . ., 1998. . 1428.

// . . ., 2002.
.-. . .: , 1998.
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
(convivialite)6,
,
, ,
.
, , , 60-
. , ,
,
, 7. ,
,
;
. ,
.

. ,
8.
, : - -
. ,
6
conviviality : Illich I. Tools for Conviviality. N.Y.: Harper & Row,
1973.
7
. : Jaubert A., Lvy-LeblondJ.-M. (ed.). (Auto)critique de
la science. Paris-Seuil, 1973. Partie I.
8

Habermas J. Legitimationsprobleme im Sptkapitalismus. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1973.

137

 . ,
: - ,
. ,
, , ( , )
,
.
. , .

. , ,
, ,
, . ,
, , : ,
, , ,
.
, ,
,
,
, , ,
. , ,
, : ,
, , ? ,
- .
?
?

138

12. , -,


-
.. . ., 2004.
.. : . ., 2007.
.. . . ., 2008.
: (). ., 1997.
.. . ., 2001.
: / . .. ., 2001.
: -- -- . . 4. ., 1999.
.. . : . . ., 2000.
.. . . ., 2007.
.. . . ., 2007.
.., .. . ., 2001.
.., .., .. : . .
/.; 2004.
.. : . . /., 1997.
.. : : . . ., 1998.
.. . . .,2007.
: 4 . ., 2001 2002.
. : . . ., 1998.
.. . ., 2003.
: , , : . .,
1996.
, :
. ., 2006.
. , , , , , , 1998.
: . . /, 2007.
.. . ., 2004.
XX : . ., 2003.
: . /, 2002.
. . ( . ..), ., , 2004.
: / . .. ., 2006.
. . .,2006.
. ., 1994.
.. : , , . ., 1988.
.., .. : . . , 2009

: (). ., 1998.
. : . . ., 1994.
.. 20- . , 1994.
. .
. . . ., 2000.
. : . ., 1999.
.. . ., 1990.
. . XXI . ., 2003.
. // . . ., 1990.
. : . ., 1994.
. . . 1. ., 1994.
.- . : . ., 1988.
. // , 1992, 4.
. . , 1994.
. . .,2002.
. . ., 2000.
. // XIX-XX . ., 1987.

139

 . . ., 2003.
. . ., 1990.
. . .2003.
.. . . ., 1982.
. ., 1976.
. . ., 1975.
. - . ., 1995.
- . . ., 1985.
.. // .. . . ., .18.
.-. . ., 1998.
.. . ., 1992.
. . ., 2004.
. . ., 1993.
. . ., 1994.
. . // ., . . . 13.
. - 1844 // ., . ., . 42.
. . . ., 1995.
. . ., 1999.
. ., 1986.
. . ., 1993.
. . . . ., 1986.
. . . , 1997.
. . . ., 1995.
. // . . ., 1995.
.-. // . ., 1990. . 319 344.
. . . . ., 1992.
. . ., 1978.
. . ., 1987.
. . . ., 1995.
. . ., 1986.
: . ., 1993.
. . ., 1995.
.. // .. . ., 1992.
. . ., 1990.
. : . ., 1994.
. // . 1990. -- 3.
. . ., 2000.
. . ., 2003.
. // . . ., 1993. . 238 253.
., . . ., 1997.
. , 1996.
. . . ., 1993.
. // . . . 21.
. . ., 1991.
. . ., 1994.

I. .
. : . .- ., 2000.
.. - . ., 1997.
.. . ., 1990.
.. . ., 1997.
.. . ., 2003.
.. . ., 1998.
. ., 1991.
: . ., 1994.
.. . ., 1996.
.. . . ., 1998.

140

 .. . ., 1997.
.. . ., 1986.
.., .. . ., 1997.
.. . ., 1991.
.. . ., 1994.
.. . ., 1991.
. . ., 1994.
.., .., .. : . ., 1995.
. . , , . ., 2000.
.. . ., 1996.
. : ,
- . ., 2001.
. ., 1996.
.. . /. 1990.
.. . ., 1999.
.. , , . ., 1991.
. . ., 1992.
.. . ., 1997.
. . ., 1994.
. . . ., 1991.
. 2001.
.. . ., 1990.
.. . ., 1997.
.. . ., 1990.
-- . ? ., 1991.
. ., 1997.
. . ., 1999.
. . // . .2. ., 1970.
.. . ., 1995.
. . ., 2002.
. ., 1996.
. . . 2000.
. ., 1987.
. . .. 2002.

/ .. .. , 2009.
: . ., 1996.
.. XX . .,2009.
. . ., 1987.
.. . ., 2002.
. . ., 2008.
. / . .. . ., 1999.
. ., 2000
. . : . ., 1993.
. ., 1999.
. ., 1995.
. ., 1990.
. . ., 2004.
. . . . ., 1995.
. . .,2006.
. . ., 1991.
. ., 1996.
: . ., 1991.
. - . ., 2002.
: , . . 1-2. ., 1991 1995.
II. -
. ., 1998.

141

 . . ., 1956.
.. . ., 2000.
- ( ) //
. 2007. 6
.. : . , 1990. ., 1993.
.. . . ., 2005.
.., .., ..
. ., 1999.
, .. . - ., 2005.
. ., 1981.
.., .., .. . ., 1997.
. ., 1976.
.. . ., 1997.
.. . ., 1990.
.. . ., 1999.
.. . ., 1987.
.. . ., 2007.
.. 80- . // . ., 1996.
.. . , 1995.
. ., 1992.
., 1998.
. ., 1995.
. ., 1990.
., 1990.
. , 1987.
. ., 1966.
: . . . ., 1980.
. ., 1987.
. . ., 1993.
., . . ., 1973.
. . , ..2002.
. . ., 2004.
.. ( ). ., 1999.
. , // . ., 1966.
. ., 2001.
XXI . ., 1999.
: , , ( ) // . 2006,
9.
. ., 1998.
.. // . 7. . 1997. 6.
.. . ., 2000.
. ., 1991.
.. . ., 1990.
: . ., 2007.
: ( ) // . 2006. 10
.., .. . . ., 1986.
.. : . ., 1983.
.. . ., 1978.
. ., 1977.
.. . . . ., 1997.
.. . . . ., 1997.
.. . ., 1997.
III. -
-
. ., 1990.
. : 2 . ., 1970 1971. . 2.

142

 . . ., 1963.
. . ., 1963.
.. . ., 1989.
, . ., 1996.
. . ., 1987.
.., .. : . . ., 1998.
.., .. . , 1998.
: . ., 1990.
.., .. . ., 1987.
.. . ., 2001.
.., .., .. . ., 1996.
. . ., 1995.
. ., 1995.
. // . ., 1991.
.. . ., 1999.
.. : . ., 1988.
-- . // , 1993. 10.
., . . ., 1986.
.. . ., 1993.
.. . ., 1995.
: . ., 2000.
: . ., 2000.
. ., 1989.
: . ., 1997.
. : . ., 1985.
.. . ., 1998.
. ? . ., 1972.
. . . . . . 4. ., 1967.
- -
. . ., 2000.
. . ., 1993.
.. . ., 1999.
. : . ., 1995.
.-. // . ., 2000. 1.
. // . .2. ., 1996.
. // . : . .,2008.
.., .. . ., 1997.
., . ., 2002.
. . ., 1998.
.. . ., 2002.
: , , . , 1995.
. ., 1995.
. // 4- . . 4. . ., 1995.
. . .,1994.
. . .1996.
.. . ., 1991.
. . ., 1991.
. ? . ., 2004.
. // . . . ., 1999.
: . / . .
... .,2000.
.
XX XXI
. . . .,2004.
. ? ., 2001.

143

 . . ., 2001.
.., .. : . ., 1993.
. ., 1999.
. ., 1990.
. ., 2003.
.. : . ., 2003.
. . ., 2000.
. : , . ., 2000.
. . ., 1997.
.-. : // . ., 1996.
.. . ., 2000.
.. . ., 2000.
. . ., 1994.
. . ., 2000.
.. . ., 2006.
. . ., 2003.
. . . ., 2003.
. . . 75- .. . ., 2004.

144

13.
1

+++
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

()/
_______________
_____________
...

2009
145

a &c -c

3
5
5
12
18
18
24
29
30

a
&c -c

1.

2.
-
3.

3
5
12
21
28
30

146