Ch.

14 (SHM) Suggested Problem Solutions

14.4. I DENTIFY : The period is the time for one cycle and the amplitude is the maximum displacement from equilibrium. Both these values can be read from the graph. S ET U P : The maximum x is 10.0 cm. The time for one cycle is 16.0 s. E XECUTE : (b) (c) (d) E VALUATE : 14.11. I DENTIFY : After one cycle the motion repeats. Use Eq. (14.19) to calculate A. The initial position and velocity of the block determine and is (a) so

given by Eq. (14.13). S ET U P : is zero when E XECUTE : (b) Since (a) From Eq. (14.19), Eq. (14.14) requires

Since the block is initially moving to the left,

and Eq.

(14.7) requires that sin (c) E VALUATE : 14.14. I DENTIFY : S ET U P : E XECUTE : (b) The result in part (c) does give at and for t slightly greater than zero.

The motion is SHM, and in each case the motion described is one-half of a complete cycle. For SHM, and

(a) The time is half a period. The period is independent of the amplitude, so it still takes 2.70 s. at time and The elapsed time is and at time and

E VALUATE : It takes less time to travel from 0.090 m in (b) than it originally did because the block has larger speed at m with the increased amplitude. 14.16. I DENTIFY and S ET U P : E XECUTE : Use to calculate k: gives Use Eq. (14.12) for T and Eq. (14.4) to relate and k.

E VALUATE : 14.17. I DENTIFY : S ET U P :

is negative when x is positive. so is proportional to x so

has units of N/m and

has units of s.

goes through one cycle when the displacement goes through one extends from to so the period is

cycle. From the graph, one cycle of

From the graph the maximum acceleration is E XECUTE : (b) (c) (a) gives

E VALUATE :

We can also calculate the maximum force from the maximum acceleration: which agrees with our previous results.

14.19.

I DENTIFY : S ET U P : E XECUTE : (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) E VALUATE :

Compare the specific

given in the problem to the general form of Eq. (14.13). and

(a) so

so evaluated at gives

The maximum speed occurs when Velocity and position are related by

and the maximum force is when Acceleration and position are

14.27.

I DENTIFY : related by S ET U P : E XECUTE : (b) The speed is (c) For (d) (e) E VALUATE :

The maximum speed is at (a) For

and the maximum magnitude of acceleration is at and

The speed and acceleration at Use Eq. (14.21). when

are less than their maximum values. and when

14.30.

I DENTIFY and S ET U P : E XECUTE : (a)

(b) (c) E VALUATE : motion. 14.34.

so so The total energy E is constant but is transferred between kinetic and potential energy during the

I DENTIFY : The velocity is a sinusoidal function. From the graph we can read off the period and use it to calculate the other quantities. S ET U P : The period is the time for 1 cycle; after time T the motion repeats. The graph shows that T = 1.60 s and applies to the mass. E XECUTE : (a) (b) (c) Mechanical energy is conserved, so (from the graph). and Newtons second law

(d)

when

so so 1.2 s, and 1.8 s. so

so

From the The mass is at

graph in the problem, when and this occurs at

(e) Newtons second law gives

The acceleration is maximum when (f) E VALUATE : at 14.49. I DENTIFY : S ET U P : E XECUTE : E VALUATE : 14.65. The same pendulum on earth, where g is smaller, would have a larger period. Calculate x using Eq. (14.13). Use T to calculate implies that and to calculate and this occurs at the times given in (d). so The speed is maximum at when The magnitude of the acceleration is maximum

where Apply The period of the pendulum is

I DENTIFY and S ET U P : E XECUTE : Thus so at

The distance of the object from the equilibrium position is 0.353 m. E VALUATE : The problem specifies the object is moving in the 14.67. I DENTIFY : so

at

is the magnitude of the acceleration when

S ET U P : E XECUTE : (b) (c) (a)

(d)

and

so

(e)

is proportional to so

so

increases by a factor of 4500/7000, to

is increases by a factor of

proportional to (7000/4500)2, so

increases by a factor of 4500/7000, to 36.7 m/s, and increases by a factor of (7000/4500)3 and becomes

(7000/4500)2, to 302 J. In part (d), t decreases by a factor of 4500/7000 and K increases by a factor of

E VALUATE : For a given amplitude, the maximum acceleration and maximum velocity increase when the frequency of the motion increases and the period decreases. 14.72. I DENTIFY : In SHM, Apply to the top block.

S ET U P : The maximum acceleration of the lower block cant exceed the maximum acceleration that can be given to the other block by the friction force. E XECUTE : For block m, the maximum friction force is gives and Then treat both blocks together and consider their simple harmonic motion. and solve for A: and Set

E VALUATE : If A is larger than this the spring gives the block with mass M a larger acceleration than friction can give the other block, and the first block accelerates out from underneath the other block. 14.83. I DENTIFY and S ET U P : Measure x from the equilibrium position of the object, where the gravity and spring forces balance. Let be downward. (a) Use conservation of energy (Eq.14.21) to relate and x. Use Eq. (14.21) to relate T to k/m. E XECUTE : For and implies (b) I DENTIFY and S ET U P : E XECUTE : +x-direction is downward, so here (positive, so direction is downward) (c) I DENTIFY and S ET U P : go from to E XECUTE : Let Use Eq. (14.13) to relate x and t. The time asked for is twice the time it takes to just as for horizontal SHM. We can use the period to calculate Thus Use Eq. (14.4) to relate and x.

Then

Find the time t that gives

The time asked for in the problem is twice this, 0.700 s. (d) I DENTIFY : The problem is asking for the distance d that the spring stretches when the object hangs at rest from it. Apply Newtons second law to the object. S ET U P : The free-body diagram for the object is given in Figure 14.83. E XECUTE :

Figure 14.83 But (part (a)) and

E VALUATE : When the displacement is upward (part (b)), the acceleration is downward. The mass of the partridge is never entered into the calculation. We used just the ratio k/m, that is determined from T. 14.89. I DENTIFY : Use Eq. (14.13) to relate x and t. S ET U P : The motion of the raft is sketched in Figure 14.89.

Let the raft be at Then and

when

Figure 14.89 E XECUTE : Calculate the time it takes the raft to move from gives that

Write the equation for x(t) in terms of T rather than at m implies cos This is the time for the raft to move down from the raft is moving up from m to have to get off is E VALUATE : The time to go from to A and return is less than this. 14.91. rad

m to m. But people can also get off while m, so during each period of the motion the time the people and return is The time to go from to

I DENTIFY : During the collision, linear momentum is conserved. After the collision, mechanical energy is conserved and the motion is SHM. S ET U P : The linear momentum is the kinetic energy is and the potential energy is

The period is E XECUTE :

which is the target variable. Apply conservation of linear momentum to the collision: This is for the SHM. (given).

So

E VALUATE : This block would weigh about 2 pounds, which is rather heavy, but the spring constant is large enough to keep the period within an easily observable range.