1/19/12 I. George Bancroft: Philosophical Ideas a. Romanic Nationalism i. Progress ii. Liberty iii.

Anglo-Saxon destiny/ racist/ white superiority b. The History of the Formation of the Constitution of the US Charles Beard: Economic Determinism a. Progressive historian: early 20th century b. An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the US i. stands people on their heads ii. Constitution was written by rich white guys who want more money Fredrick Jackson Turner a. Frontier has defined America Dower is making a prediction from October about the fighting that will break out in March in Iraq a. Yes, we can learn from the past, but must make adjustments for the differences b. Nationalism/Religion are common characteristics i. Faith ii. Pride iii. Symbols iv. Leadership figure Historical Analysis a. Social b. Political c. Economic d. Cultural Social Analysis a. Race b. Class c. Gender

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1/24/12 I. Panic of 1873 a. Finance Civil War bonds i. Jay Cooke and Co. finance 25% of these bonds Economy after War a. High price for grain b. Franco-Prussian War i. Fields are not growing wheat because farmers are not there to farm c. Inflation of the dollar i. Inflation: decrease in the purchasing power of the dollar Railroad Boom at the end of the Civil War a. South RR all torn up b. Public is buying bonds that RR is distributing c. Jay Cooke and Co. launches Northern Pacific RR i. Sells bonds to build it ii. Exaggerates their ads iii. Entices Europeans to come over Depression a. Worldwide b. Is not caused by the failure of the N. Pacific c. No US central bank d. Drop in US exports

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e. Distrust in the dollar; people was gold f. Falling grain prices g. RR overbuilt h. N. Pacific defaults- Cooke goes bankrupt i. RR bond worth nothing Speculation a. Country banks have seasonal surpluses b. NY banks take country bank money and pay interest on it i. Lend the money to investors buying RR bonds ii. Protect themselves by: 1. Holding the loans 2. Callable loans: can trade back bond for money c. Bonds the NY banks are holding are losing value i. Banks call in bond buyers to buy back the bonds ii. Buyers have no money Major Points a. West has gold vs. East has greenback/silver b. Throughout the depression, US still grows c. US is part of a global economic system i. Becoming more obvious Reconstruction a. Andrew Jackson (Democratic) does not push reconstruction in South b. Radical reconstruction (lead by Republican congress) Impediments to Reconstruction a. Immense task (4 million freed slaves, widows, soldiers coming home) b. Radical attitudes (more so in South) c. Economic opportunities deter peoples focus Black Codes: restricted black freedoms a. Challenged federal authority because they were local regualtions Republican Power a. Demanding to call all of the shots because i. Won the war ii. Saved the Union iii. Freed the slaves Top Priorities for Free AA a. Get land b. Education c. Minor priorities i. Marriage ii. Change names Freedman Bureau a. Too underfunded and understaffed to be any good b. Negotiated labor contracts between masters and slaves c. Established schools Southern Court System a. Whites were acquitted of violence because blacks could not testify b. Compulsory labor sentences: fines/punishments for blacks Constitutional Amendments a. 13th: abolished slavery b. 14th: citizenship/due process c. 15th: states forbidden to interfere with voting rights i. Local governments and political parties able to work around this

1/26/12

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Agriculture a. Gang labor b. Share cropping c. Tenancy: rent the land; best option because land owner is hardly involved Black Self Help a. Churches b. Established their own schools c. Land ownership Redemption White Reaction a. Restoration of white control these efforts called redemption b. Restore control with violence (militias, KKK) c. Shift of control from Republicans to Southern Democrats Reconstruction Demise a. Whites controlled land and labor b. Compromise of 1877 i. Republicans in White House, so South gets: 1. Removal of troops 2. Federal support for RR 3. Local control of race relations (fed. Not dictating) Historians Consensus a. No economic base to absorb 3 million free people b. Race over class: whites ruled blacks, not powerful ruling poor c. The black family turns out good- education, love, nurture i. Many people surprised because under slavery families were not allowed d. Black religious and social organizations i. Intelligent black spokesmen/leaders in church Fredrick Douglass argues that slavery did not go away, white power just changed Opening in the West a. RR: makes farming possible because shipment is possible b. Indians defeated c. Liberal land distribution to individuals and RR d. Pioneers and capitalists Changes in farming a. Inventing machinery b. RR= shipping and bringing in c. Scientific advances Agricultural Sector Influence a. Corporate farms b. Smaller percentage of labor force is engaged in agriculture i. Loosing influence c. Smaller contribution to national wealth Global Perspective a. In Europe: i. Population growing ii. Manufacturing growing iii. Importing more food because not enough land to farm on 1. This is good for Americans iv. Investing in US 1. Ag enterprises 2. RR b. Competition in agriculture i. Russia ii. Argentina iii. Canada

Farm Economics a. Mechanization: need to make more crops b. Borrowing money to buy tractors c. Over production d. Stuck with too much crops; no one buying XII. Fredrick Jackson Turner= Frontier a. Contributions to American exceptionalism i. Frontier helped shape Americas character and institutions ii. Taming the wilderness made Europeans into Americans iii. Rugged individualism promoted democracy XIII. Turners Frontier a. Not a fixed phenomenon b. Moved westward XIV. The Great Plains a. Cattle grazing b. Public lands c. Homestead Act of 1862: fencing for cattle d. Crop farmers have conflicts with cattle famers XV. Mining a. Gold in California (1848) b. Find silver, iron, copper, and lead c. Depletion of timber because used in RR and mines d. Environmental awareness: people started to notice the lack of timber, depletion of soil XVI. Native Americans a. Broken treaties (Indian Removal Acts) b. Forced relations c. Reliant on whites XVII. Native American Decline a. US army killing them b. Lots of conflicts between Indians and farmers c. US lost at Little Big Horn d. Valuable resources: i. US relocated Indians to Black Hills ii. Turned out there is gold in Black Hills XVIII. Buffalo a. NA used as source of food, clothing, shelter b. RR using their land c. Construction crews building on their land d. Sport shooting e. Wasteful practices i. Shooting buffalo on RR tracks, kill and only take tongues and skin XIX. Dawes Act of 1887 a. US authority of law extended onto reservations b. Give Indians 160 acre each i. Indians sell the land then spend all the money c. Tribal unity is lost XX. Significant Events a. Ghost Dance: spiritual vitality of Indians; demonstration of defiance b. Wounded Knee Creek: huge massacre of Indians XXI. Northern Capitalism Investment in New South a. Cotton production b. RR c. Urban expansion XXII. Southern Urbanization

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a. Birmingham: steel b. Memphis: lumber c. Richmond: tobacco d. Augusta: textiles XXIII. Southern Farm Economics a. Cotton prices falling because of overproduction b. Famers are buying supplies on credit c. In the red at the end of every year d. Merchants are selling stuff on credit i. If they dont get repaid, they now own the farmers land XXIV. Supreme Court Decisions Affecting Africans a. 1878: LA transportation statue b. 1882: KKK Act of 1871- government has no control over KKK c. 1883: Civil Rights Act of 1875 XXV. Disfranchisement of ability to vote a. Poll tax b. Literacy tax c. White primary XXVI. Jim Crow Laws a. Segregated schools and RR b. Extended to other public places (restrooms, parks) c. Plessy vs. Ferguson i. Could black sit in front of bus if back is full? ii. Separate, but equal was okay as long as places are offered for each color XXVII. Lynching a. Black people accused of crime were punished by locals XXVIII. African American Respond a. Separatism (already happening): living separate communities b. Colonization in Africa c. Pan-Africanism: colored people unite across the globe d. Education: get smart and get out XXIX. Booker T. Washington a. Tuskegee Institute i. Teaching trades and academic subjects ii. Training teachers to teach in black schools iii. WEB Dubois: 1st black Ph.D. to graduate from Harvard 1. Thinks Washington is short changing blacks XXX. Atlanta Compromise a. Washington v. Dubois XXXI. Farmers Raise their Voices a. National Grange i. Grain elevator operators are a monopoly- high prices ii. RR b. Farmers Alliance i. Broken by region and race: no unity of voice XXXII. Interstate Commerce Act a. Standard rates b. Outlaw rebates c. Interstate Commerce Commission: generally supported farmers XXXIII. National Alliance/Ocala Platform of 1890 a. Sub-treasuries i. Government will hold the grain then sell the grain b. Want to increase money supply c. Reclaim the RR lands and give to farmers- Doesnt happen

d. 1/31/12 I.

Reduce/eliminate tariffs and replace with graduated income tax

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Growth of manufacturing a. Leading source of economic growth b. Majority of work force is manufacturing in cities c. Unequal distribution of wealth and power Industry Size Increase from 1860-1900 a. Employing more people b. Companies are getting larger c. Character of manufacturing is changing immensely d. Shift form village producer to company Large Industrial Firms a. Raise capital b. Produce industrial good Changing Technology a. New steel making process: Carnegie all about controlling costs b. Steam power c. Electrical power The Efficient Network a. Trans-continental RR b. Telegraph lines c. National market d. Mass production e. Mass marketing RR: new business model The Big Business a. Divided responsibilities: manual jobs/office jobs i. Management separate from operations b. Timely and continuous information is important c. Management is a developing idea RR Finances a. Public lands b. High capital requirements c. Indebtedness d. Fierce competition i. Rate wars ii. Lower profits e. Improve profit by cost cutting i. Cutting workers ii. Wage reductions Methods of Growth a. Become incorporation b. Vertical integration: dont rely on others; follows product form raw material to finished good c. Horizontal integration: Company A buys company B so they can do more d. Trusts e. Interlocking board of directors for companies Raising Capital a. Foreign investors b. Investment banking i. JP Morgan Industrialization a. 2nd phase (late 19th) b. Mechanization: faster, cheaper production c. Applied science and technology

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International Factor: shipping to other countries a. Standard oil b. Farm machinery c. Sewing machines d. Locomotives Workplace Changes a. Expansion around the unskilled and semi-skilled b. Relentless pressure to produce c. Ethnic clustering d. Division of labor i. Single worker 1. Produces one component 2. Does one function ii. Part of larger finish product Workplace Conditions a. 10 hr/day; 6 day/week b. Unsafe, unsanitary c. Contributory negligence That worker was negligent and contributed to the problem d. No safety net if fired or hurt e. Working class unrest

2/2/12 I. Workplace Protesting a. Pace of production: go in strike b. RR Strike of 1877 i. American population is not 100% behind the strikes Labor Organizations a. Knights of Labor: no one excluded b. American Railway Union: Eugene V. Debs c. American Federation of Labor d. International Ladies Garment Workers Union Major Labor Actions a. RR Strike (1877) b. Haymarket Affair (1886): i. Knights of Labor have peaceful strike ii. Anarchist plant bomb iii. KOL blamed c. Homestead Strike (1892) d. Pullman Strike (1894) i. Village made of RR Pullman ii. Wages cut in village, but prices in stores still high iii. Pullman refuse to work Eugene V. Debs a. Greta public speaker b. Understood the power of the ballot: wants laborers endorsement c. Conflicted socialist Fredrick Winslow Taylor a. Manage production b. Professional managers: new class of worker c. Employer control vs. labor control i. This puts the employer in charge of the workers d. Tasks divided into sub tasks i. Assembly line instead of artsy craftsman ii. Lowers moral and worker hostility

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Anatomy of a Depression a. Fierce competition b. Over production c. Falling prices d. Market saturation e. Declining sales and profits f. Rising unemployment g. Reduced food prices h. Sales of manufactured goods fall i. Falling RR traffic

Leads to

2/7/12- Cities I. Changes in Perception a. How to treat colored b. How much power women should have Urban Expansion a. Movement to cities from i. Farms ii. Small towns b. Moving for i. Job opportunities ii. Shops, theaters, restaurants African American Migration a. Beginning around 1880 b. From rural South to cities in N and S Immigration until 1880 a. Came from British Isles i. Ireland ii. England iii. Scotland b. Came from Germany c. Came from Demark, Sweden Immigration after 1880 a. Italian Catholics b. Eastern Europe Jews c. Slavic i. Russians ii. Poles Other Immigration a. Chinese: pacific coast (RR, mining) b. Latin America (Ag) i. SW US ii. Florida Nation of Big Cities City Geography a. Steel framed buildings b. Elevators c. Mass transit i. Street cars lines ii. Elevated lines d. Middle class moving out i. Working class taking over cities City Living a. Overcrowded tenements

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Deplorable conditions i. Putrid air ii. Impure water supply iii. Random waste disposal iv. Industrial pollution v. Crime and gangs Jacob Riis a. How the Other Half Lives b. Took pictures of the living conditions in NYC c. Raises the awareness of the middle class Bosses and Reformers a. Rise of: i. Political machines ii. Political bosses: understood the poor and the needs of the poor Social and Cultural Changes a. Advances in medical services: longer life, lower infant mortality b. Victorian manners c. Strong religious and patriotic values (still havent got away) d. Family roles changes, but family ties remain strong i. Daughters working and moving out Women a. Lower birth rates i. Fewer babies are dying ii. Contraception b. Higher self sufficiency c. No longer helpless and innocent d. State laws expanded womens rights to control earnings, property, and children Elementary Education a. Children are not seen as little adults b. School: training for life and work c. Highly structured curriculum built around discipline and routine d. Boys receiving more schooling than girls e. South lagged behind North i. Had to be reconstructed ii. Have 4 million new citizens

2/9/12 I. Higher Education a. Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862: Land for agricultural schools b. Philanthropy: Stanford, Rockefeller c. Shift from classical to practical education d. Womens Study Clubs Views of Society a. Herbert Spenser: social Darwinism i. White endowed with incredible skills to survive b. Social gospel: doing good for the wellbeing of society Settlement Houses: large building to help poor a. Jane Addams- Hull House b. Sharing lives of poor c. Infant medical care d. Recreation e. Employment information f. Cultural exposure g. Citizenship education

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Progressive Movement (1890-1920) a. Everything weve talked about b. A lot of people becoming aware of American society problems American Empire: The US as an Emerging Global Power a. Period where US gets involves in the game of empire 19th Century: The Closing Decades a. Depressions: 1873, 1893 b. Presidential Timber c. Gridlocked legislative branch d. State level initiatives: things are getting fixed (womens rights) Populism (Populist Party) a. Grange b. National Alliance c. Ocala Platform (1890) d. Populist Party (1892) Peoples (Populist) Party (1892) must be taken seriously now a. Governors in KS, ND b. 10 congressmen c. 5 US senators d. 1500 state legislatures Republicans a. New England b. Protestant c. Nativist learning: protect what they have from foreign influence d. Prohibitionists e. African America support i. Republicans freed the salves ii. Party of Lincoln Democrats a. Cities b. Irish, Italian, German: lower social classes c. Catholic d. Saloon patrons e. N and S cities US Focused On: a. Internationalism: in global context now b. Monroe Doctrine Imperial Powers a. Britain b. Germany c. Spain d. France e. Japan f. Holland g. Russia h. Belgium Requirements of Empire a. Support b. Manage c. Defend American Character a. Noble idealism b. Self determination c. Self intrest

d. Patriotism e. Politics Text Book: 4 P s f. Profits g. Piety XV. White Mens Burden a. Eurocentric racism b. Duty to uplift lagging cultures c. Nobility of imperialism XVI. Hawaii a. Duty free sugar: good deal because US has tariff on goods b. White planters vs. native Hawaiians c. Republic of Hawaii: people think their getting ripped off by current rulers d. Annexed as territory (1898) XVII. NOT the Spanish American War = Cuban American War with Spain a. Cuba i. Spains colony ii. American investments: mining sugar iii. Sensationalist newspaper reports stirring up US about bad government in Cuba 1. William Randolph Hearst 2. Joseph Pulitzer XVIII. McKinley takes Office a. Endorsed i. Cuban independence ii. Control of Hawaii iii. Isthmian Canal: Atlantic through Caribbean to Pacific XIX. Path to War a. De Lome letter: intercepted letter sent from Spanish diplomat i. Said that McKinley is a wuss b. USS Maine: blown up by Spanish in Cuba XX. War a. Congress recognizes Cuba as a independent b. Authorized to use force c. Teller amendment: no territorial gain i. Looks like US is just trying to gain land ii. US cannot annex Cuba d. Dewey at Manila: destroy Spanish XXI. Newsworthy a. Theodore Roosevelts Rough Riders b. John Hay: splendid little war c. US forces seize Porto Rico XXII. Aftermath: US a. $2o million to Spain b. Independent Cuba c. Annex i. Porto Rico ii. Guam iii. Philippines XXIII. Aftermath: Cuba a. Platt Amendment i. No treaties without US okay ii. Financial restrictions iii. US right to intervene iv. Naval base at Guantanamo Bay XXIV. Filipino-American War

a. Emilo Aguinaldo: want to be set free, not just move from Spanish control to US control b. Brutal, murderous guerilla warfare c. Strong racist element XXV. US Relations with Latin America a. Thinking US is more in it for themselves than to help LA XXVI. Roosevelt Corollary: expansion of Monroe Doctrine a. American intervention when security is at risk b. US intervened at i. Santa Domingo ii. Guatemala iii. Nicaragua XXVII. East Asia: China a. Open door policy b. Rising powers: US does not want monopoly on the trade with China i. Russia ii. Japan XXVIII. US and Europe a. Powers narrowed to England, France, Germany b. Teddy backed England i. Similar cultural elements and language 2/14/12 I. II. US Emerges as a Global Naval Power Commercial and Naval Powers: a. England- strong b. France- competing with England and starting to fall behind c. Germany d. Japan e. US f. Russia Industrialized Nation Characteristics a. Expanding manufacturing i. Less dependent on agriculture b. Urbanization c. Food imports due to growing population i. US doesnt have to import too much d. Raw materials imports e. Exports materials: driving force behind empires i. Formal empire: England owned the 13 colonies ii. Informal empire: bigger nation influencing smaller country European Trends: Militarism and Imperialism British Vulnerabilities a. Nova Scotia coal fields b. Coaling stations in Halifax and Bermuda: gas stations for coal powered ships c. Importing Canadian and SA grain US Fleet Concept a. 2 ocean navy b. Built around battleships Modern Surface Ships a. Steel hulled, armored ships b. Steam powered propulsion c. Hydraulics d. Electricity e. Long range guns

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f. High explosive ordnance Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan a. Brilliant naval theoretician b. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History c. Global commerce requires naval forces for protection d. Naval forces required distant colonies for fueling, maintenance, and repairs e. England and its colonies are a model Britains Fleet Concept a. 2 power standard: must be able to beat 2 powers b. Mission i. Security of homeland ii. Security of countries, territories, and colonies iii. Security of sea lands so they can get imports Admiral Sir John Fisher: First Sea Lord a. Navy need to be instantaneously ready for war b. Has ships doing distance streaming exercises c. Shooting guns as practice d. Improved maintenance and reliability e. Station cruisers pulled into battle fleets German Fleet Concept a. Wilhelm II- grandson of Queen Victoria b. Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz c. Need an open sea fleet built around battleships d. Mahan influences them French Fleet Concept a. Torpedo craft b. Light cruisers c. Interdiction of shipping lanes Russo-Japanese War a. Japanese trapped Russian Far East Fleet and Port Arthur b. Japanese defeated Russia c. Russia army bogged down in the defense d. Baltic fleet sailed to join the battle (Oct. 1904) e. Got there in May 1905 Admiral Togo is waiting for Baltic Fleet in the battleship Mikasa a. Battleship was built by British for Japanese Theodore Roosevelt Peace Maker a. Brought Russian and Japanese together b. In Portsmouth, NH c. Portsmouth Treaty (1905) i. Teddy likes the Japanese d. Gets Nobel Peace Prize

2/16/12 THE PANAMA CANAL I. US Navy a. Fell into decline after Civil War i. One of the reasons Germany was able to come ashore in War of 1812 b. 1880: only 40 ships out of 2000 were capable of firing a gun c. Larger, modern fleets of Britain, France, and Germany d. Vulnerable US economic interests in the Caribbean and Pacific US Vulnerabilities a. Potential threats on 3 coasts b. Interdiction of commerce is a way to damage a country i. British blockade

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ii. German blockade iii. German Caribbean activity USS Oregon a. Receives order to get to Caribbean for a war with Spain b. Sails ships around SA and gets there and the war is almost me c. Took them 10 weeks Mahan on the Cana a. Considers the Caribbean to be an American lake b. We need to be able to maneuver (10 weeks it too long) c. Save money if had a canal d. Maybe one ocean navy can fulfill a 2 ocean commitment The Canal: A French Failure a. 1881-1887: French tried to build the canal b. Builder is Ferdinand de Lesseps (also built Suez Canal) c. Spent $300 million on the canal d. Only 1/3 finished Panama Canal: A Tale of 4 Treaties a. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) i. US and Britain ii. No exclusive control iii. Neutral canal iv. No occupation, fortification, or colonization b. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) i. US and Britain ii. Modification of treaty #1 iii. Signal that Britain influence is diminishing iv. For Britain, friendship with US would offset the influence of Germany v. Canal run solely by the US c. Hay-Herran Treaty (1903) i. US and Colombia ii. 99 year lease on chunk of Panama iii. $10 million down payment; $250,000/YR iv. Ratified by US v. Rejected by Colombia d. Hay-Banau Varilla Treaty i. US and independent Panama ii. Terms similar to Hay-Harran treaty iii. Varilla was a Frenchman from the Canal Company Panama Canal Company For Sale a. Boats, technology, tools b. $40 million New Nation of Panama a. Colombian providence with history of independence movements b. People are not happy with Colombian government c. People of Panama rebel; Colombia comes to put down the violence d. US naval presence blocks Colombian military efforts to suppress the revolt New York Times Headlines a. President Justifies Course in Panama b. Special Message Urges Ratification of Canal Treaty c. Denies that the Administration Encouraged the Revolution d. Colombias Course Criticized- Panamas Independence Archived Roosevelt Goes to Visit the Canal a. 1st sitting president to leave the country