Chapter III RESEARCH METHOD A. Objective of the Study The objectives of the study as follows: 1.

To find out the students vocabulary in control class. 2. To find out the students vocabulary in experimental class. 3. To find out the difference between students vocabulary in the control class and experimental class. B. Setting of the Study The writer did research at SMP N 31 SEMARANG. He conducted this research from 20th of January 2009 to 5th of February 2009. Table 1 List of time of the study Number Activity January 20th 22nd Month/Date February 3rd 5th

27th -

29th

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Try out Pre test Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Post test

C. Variable of the Research Variable is the object of research or something that become the concern of research.1 In this study there are two variables. They are Independent Variable (x) and Dependent Variable (y). 1. Independent Variable (x) Independent variable is variable that influence or those to be cause
1 Suharsimi Arikunto, Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktik, (Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta, 2006), 13th Ed., p. 118

19

20

of change or emergence the dependent variable. Independent variable in this research is the use of short stories in teaching vocabulary. 2. Dependent Variable (y) Dependent variable is variable that was affected or that be resulting, because of the existence of the independent variable.2 Dependent variable in this study is the achievement of the students vocabulary. D. Research Method In this research, the writer conducted an experimental study. An experimental is defined as a situation in which one observes the relationship between two variables by deliberately producing a change in one and looking to see whether this alteration produces a change in the other (Anderson 1969).3 In other words, experiment is the way to find the causal relationship between two factors which are raised by the researcher in purpose by reducing or eliminating any distracting factors. The subjects of this research are divided into two groups: experimental group which were taught by short stories and control group which were taught without short story. There are some types of experiments: pre-experiment, quasiexperiments, true-experiments.4 Type Pre-experiment Quasi-experiment characteristics May have pre and post treatment tests, but lacks a control group Has both pre- and posttests and experimental and control groups, but no random assignment subject
2 Mohammad Ali, Strategi Penelitian Pendidikan, (Bandung: Angkasa, 1993),10th Ed, p. 26 3 Rodgers and Brown, Doing second language research, (Cambridge: Oxford Press 2002) p. 211 4 Rodgers and Brown, op.cit ,p. 41

of

21

True- experiment

Has both pre- and posttests, experimental and control groups, and random assignment of subjects.

In this study, the approach used by writer is quantitative approach. It is quantitative because the data will be gained are numeric and will be analyzed by using statistical computation. Quantitative approach is that stressed the analysis to the numerical data that is processed by statistical method.5 It will explain the result of pre - test and post test. E. Population, Sample and Sampling Technique 1. Population Population is the whole subject of research.6 Population of this research is the second year students of SMP N 31 Semarang in academic year 2007/2008. The second year Students of SMP N 31 is divided into six classes. There are class VIII A, VIII B, VIII C, VIII D, VIII E, and VIII F. There are 39 students in each class. The total number of the population is 234 students. Table 2 List of population Class VIII A VIII B VIII C VIII D VIII E VIII F Total 2. Sample Sample is taking of a part population using certain procedure so that can be expected to represent its population. In this connection
5 Saifudin Azwar, Metode Penelitian, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2005), 6th Ed., p. 5. 6 Suharsimi Arikunto, op.cit, p. 130

Male 19 19 20 19 17 19 113

Female 20 20 19 20 22 20 121

Total 39 39 39 39 39 39 234

22

Arikunto states that sample is a part of research population7 The writer took sample in his research, because the respondents are more than 100 and if the respondents are less than 100, it is better to take them all as sample.8 Sample in this research is class VIII E is as control class, VIII F is as experimental class and VIII A is as tryout class. 3. Sampling Technique In this research, the writer used random sampling technique. In it, the object are regarded that each of them has the equal chance to be chosen as the sample.9 And this was done after paying attention to the characteristics; participants got material was based on the same curriculum, participants became the object of the research in the level of the same class and the distribution of the class did not have the supreme class. In getting sample of the research, the writer took the procedure called the lottery method.10 It is each group of the population was presented by small piece of paper. The small piece of paper was placed in a box and well mixed, and a sample of the required size was selected. The use of the lottery method of random sampling was easy because of the fact that it did not need difficult procedure. In this case, each of the classes names was written on piece of paper. And then the paper was rolled and put into a slot of a box. After being well mixed, a paper was dropped out of the slot and these become the sample of the research. And the last we got class VIII A, VIII E and VIII F as a sample. The class VIII A is as tryout class, VIII E is as control class and VIII F is as experimental class.

7 Sutrisno Hadi, Statistik (Yogyakarta: Andi, 2004) 2 8 Arikunto, op.cit, p. 134 9 Ibid, p. 184. 10 Ibid, p. 184

nd

Ed, p. 182

23

F. Technique of Data Collection Instrument that are used to collect the date as follows: 1. Documentation The documentation method was to look for the data concerning matters or the variable that took the form of the note, transcript, book, newspaper, magazine, inscription, ledger, agenda, etc.11 It refers to the archival data that helps the researcher to collect the needed data. In this research, this method is used to get the data of students name list that become respondents, syllabus, lesson plan, etc. The data was gained by the help of the English teacher. 2. Test Test is a question which is used to measure competence, knowledge, intelligence, and ability of talent which is possessed by individual or group to collect data12. In this research the test was given to tryout class, control class and experimental class. The instrument of the test in this research is objective test. Objective test is frequently criticized on the grounds that they are simpler to answer than subjective test. Objective tests are divided into transformation, completion, combination, addition, rearrangement, matching, correct and incorrect (true/false) and multiple choice13. The writer used multiple choice forms and matching items form. The choice of the test type was based on the consideration that multiple choice test are: a. Easier to be scored and it does not take much time to score b. More objective to score because it just has one correct answer. c. Not subjectivities to score J.B. Heaton states although it is among the most difficult of all objective item types to construct, it is simple to score and
11 Suharsimi Arikunto, Dasar-Dasar Evaluasi Pendidikan, (Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2002), 3rd Ed., p. 231. 12 Suharsimi Arikunto, op.cit, p. 223 13J.B Heaton, Writing English Language Tests (London: Longman, 1975), p. 12-13

24

administer.14 In this research, the writer used pre test and post test, they are: a. Pre-test Before the teacher taught new material by using short stories, the teacher gave vocabulary test to students. Pre-test was given to the experimental and control classes in same way. This test was given before the experiment was run. b. Post-test Post-test was given to the experiment class and control class. It was given in order to know students achievement after they were taught by using short stories (experimental class) and without using short stories. G. Technique of Data Analysis 1. Try-out instrument of the test The writer prepared 25 items as the instrument of the test. Before items were given to the students, the writer gave tryout test to analyze validity, reliability, difficulty level and also the discrimination power of each item. The tryout was given to VIII A class of the students of SMP N 31. After finishing the test, the answer sheets were collected to be scored. An analysis was made based on the result of test by using the formula of validity, reliability, the degree of test difficulty and discriminating power. From 25 items test of tryout, they are chosen some items as the instrument of the test. The choosing of the instrument had been done by considering: validity, reliability, the degree of test difficulty and discriminating power. a. The Validity The validity is an important quality of any test. It is a condition in which a test can measure what is supposed to be measured.
14 J.B. Heaton, Ibid, p. 14

25

According to Arikunto, a test is valid if it measures what it purpose to measure.15 Is measurement that shows the validity of instrument? The validity of an item can be known by doing item analysis. It is counted using product moment correlation formula: rxy = N XY ( X ) ( Y )
2

{N X

( X )

}{N Y

(Y )

rxy N X Y

: The correlation coefficient between X variable and Y variable : The number of students : The number of each item score : The number of total score Calculation result of rxy is compared with r table of product

moment by 5% degree of significance. If rxy is higher than r table , the item of question is valid.16 b. Reliability It means consistent.17 Reliability refers to the consistency of test scores. Besides having high validity, a good test should have high reliability too. Alpha formula is used to know reliability of test is KR.20. n S pq r11 = S2 n 1 Where: r11 n P q : The reliability coefficient of items : The number of item in the test : The proportion of students who give the right answer : The proportion of students who give the wrong answer

15 Suharsimi Arikunto, op cit, p. 65 16 Suharsimi Arikunto, Dasar-Dasar Evaluasi Pendidikan (Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2007) 7th Ed, p. 78 17 J.B. Heaton, op cit, p. 155

26

S 2 : The standard deviation of the test Calculation result of r 11 is compared with r table of product moment by 5% degree of significance. If r 11 is higher than r table , the item of question is reliable.18 c. Degree of Test Difficulty A good question is a question that not really difficult and not really easy. Formula for degree of test difficulty is. P= B JS

Where: P B : The difficultys index : The Number of students who has right answer

JS : The number of students19 The criteria are: P = 0,00 p 0,30 Difficult question P= 0,30 p 0,70 Sufficient P= 0,70 p 1,00 Easy. d. Discriminating Power It is used to know how accurate the question differ higher subject and lower subject is. The formula for discriminating power is Split Half: D= B A BB = PA PB J A JB

Where: D JA JB : The degree of question distinctive : The number of participant the upper group : The number of participant in the lower group

18 Ibid., p. 100. 19 Ibid, p. 207-208.

27

BA : The number of participants in the upper group who answered the item correctly BB : The number of participants in the lower group who answered the item correctly PA : The proportion of participants in upper group that answered true PB : The proportion of participants in lower group that answered true.20 The criteria are: 0,00 p 0,20 Less 0,20 p 0,40 Enough 0,40 p 0,70 Good 0,70 p 1,00 Excellent 2. Pre-request Test Before the writer determines the statistical analysis technique used, He examined the normality and homogeneity test of the data. a. Normality Test It is used to know the normality of the data that is going to be analyzed whether both groups have normal distribution or not. To find out the distribution data is done normality test with the Chi-square. Step by step Chi-square test is as follows: 1) Determine the range (R); the largest data reduced the smallest. 2) Determine the many class interval (K) with formula: K = 1+ (3,3) log n 3) Determine the length of the class, using the formula: rangeR P = numberofclass
20 Ibid., p. 213

28

4) Make a frequency distribution table 5) Determines the class boundaries (bc) of each class interval 6) Calculating the average Xi ( X ), with the formula:

fx f =
i i i

7) Calculate variants, with the formula: S=

f (x

x)2 8) Calculate the value of Z, with the formula:

n 1

xx Z= s x = limit class x = Average S = Standard deviation 9) Define the wide area of each interval 10) Calculate the frequency expository (Ei), with formula: Ei = n x wide area with the n number of sample 11) Make a list of the frequency of observation (Oi), with the frequency expository as follows: class bc Z P L Ei Oi Ei Ei
2

12) Calculate the chi-square ( X ), with the formula: X2 =

i =1 k

( Oi Ei ) 2
Ei

29

13) Determine the degree of validity (dk). In the calculation of this data is arranged in list of frequency distribution consisting of k pieces so that the interval to determine the criteria test used formula dk = k-3, where k is the number of class intervals and = 5%
2 14) Determining the value of X table

15) Determining the distribution normality with test criteria:

2 2 If X count > X table so the data is not normal distribution and the 2 2 other way if the X count < X table so the data is normal distribution. 21

b. Homogeneity Test Is used to know whether experiment group and control group, that are taken from population that has same variant or not. According Nunan a test should given both groups of students before the experiment just to make sure that the groups really are the same.22 The steps as follows: 1) Calculate variants both groups(experimental and control classes), with the formula: S1
2

(x x) =
n1 1

S2
and

(x x) =
n2 1

2) Divide S1 with S 2 / Where: Vb Vk : Bigger Varian : Smaller Varian

F=

Vb Vk

Determine dk= n1 1 : n 2 1
21 Sujana, Metode Statistika, (Bandung: Tarsito, 1996), p. 273. 22 David Nunan, Research Method in Language Learning (Cambridge: University Press,1992) p. 27

30

2 3) Determine X table with = 5%

4) Determining the distribution homogeneity with test criteria:

2 2 If X count > X table so the data is not homogeneous and the other 2 2 way if the X count < X table so the data is homogeneous.23

c. Test of the Average It is used to examine average whether experiment group and control group that has been decided having different average. 24 To analyze the data of this research is used t-test. A t-test would be the measure you would use to compare the mean scores of the two groups.25 If
1 2

(has same variant), the formula is:

t= S
With

X1 X2 1 1 + n1 n2

S=

(n1 1) S1 + ( n2 1) S 2 n1 + n2 2

Where: X1 X2 n1 n2 S12 S22 : The mean score of the experimental group : The mean of the control group : The number of experiment group : The number of control group : The standard deviation of experiment group : The standard deviation of both groups

23 Ibid., p. 250. 24 Anas Sudjana, Pengantar Statistik Pendidikan ( Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada,1995) 6th Ed, p. 264 25 Rodgers and Brown, op cit, p. 205

31

If = t1 =

(has no same variant) the formula is:

X X2 S12 S12 + n1 n2

The hypotheses are: Ho Ha

1

= 1= =
1

: average data of experiment group : average data of control group

2 2 If X count > X table so Ho is rejected and there is no difference

2 of average value from both of groups. And the other way if the X count

<X

table

so Ho is accepted and there is significant difference of

average value from both of groups.26 3. Analysis Phase End a. Normality Test Steps normality second step is the same as the normality test on the initial data. b. Homogeneity Test Step homogeneity second step is the same as the homogeneity test on the initial data. c. Test Average (Right-hand Test) Proposed hypothesis test in average similarity with the right test is as follows: Ho = 1=
1 2

Ha = If
1 2

2 2

(has same variant), the formula is:

26 Sudjana., op.cit p. 239.

32

t= S
With

X1 X2 1 1 + n1 n2

S=

(n1 1) S1 + ( n2 1) S 2 n1 + n2 2

Where: X1 X2 n1 n2 S12 S22 If = t1 = : The mean score of the experimental group : The mean of the control group : The number of experiment group : The number of control group : The standard deviation of experiment group : The standard deviation of both groups
1 2

(has no same variant) the formula is:

X X2 S12 S12 + n1 n2

2 2 If X count > X table so Ho is rejected and there is no difference

of average value from both of groups. And the other way if the X 2 count < X 2 table so Ho is accepted and there is significant difference of average value from both of groups.