Dr.

Michal Lucki

XE32OKS/AE2M32OSS Module 10
Optical communication systems, Optical systems and networks Directional couplers, beam splitters, optical filters, and multiplexors Measurement of splitting ratio of directional couplers

Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD.

Dr. Michal Lucki

XE32OKS/AE2M32OSS Lecture 10
Optical communication systems, Optical systems and networks

Directional couplers, beam splitters, optical filters, and multiplexors

Measurement of splitting ratio of directional couplers

Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD.

Requirements for optical filters

Small dimensions, stability Small passs-band Small ripple insertion loss dependence on wavelength Possibility to filter more channels in one device Huge attenuation for neighbor channels at drop Immune to temperature, operation not dependant on time and polarization Huge Free Spectral Range (spacing in optical frequency or wavelength between two successive reflected or transmitted optical intensity maxima or minima of an interferometer or diffractive optical element) Insertion loss is about 1dB Commercially available splitters and combiners have number of ports up to 32 Wavelength dependency of dividing ratio up to 1-2dB over the band of 30nm Most common dividing ratio 50/50, 90/10, 5/95, 1/100 (such splitters are called taps)

Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD.

Applications of Bragg Fiber Grating

Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD.

Principle of operation of optical filters

Refractive index of filters material is the function of wavelengh dispersion in a prism Absorption is the function of wavelength absorption filters Interference filters Diffraction filters Dispersive prism Absorption filter

Interferometric filter without feedback with finite impulse response

Interferometric filter with internal feedback with infinite impulse response

Optical couplers, splitters, interferometers

Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD. 5

Fabry Perot interferometric filter

Transmission [dB]
Optical cavity characterized by refractive index n wavelength Operating wavelength can be tuned by adjusting the length L of the resonator Partially reflecting mirror Partially reflecting mirror
Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD. 6

Optical couplers
Realization on planar waveguides or on optical fibers Fibers must be longitudinally fused so that the fields from the two branches interfere The length L of fusion is responsible for the dividing ratio The greater the commom mode area is, the greater the coupling intensity is Coupling intensity depends on the wavelength The closer the operating to the phase matching is, the greater the coupling efficiency is Output fields are characterized by different phase, this example is for symmetric single-mode coupler Coupling

Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD.

Beam splitters and channel combiners

splitter Amplitude division

Total attenuation is:

combiner is the supperssion loss N is the number of inputs or outputs Then, the sum of input powers is different to the sum of output powers!!

Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD.

Optical multiplexing

Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD.

Mach-Zehnder interferometric filter

One-stage MZI for splitting 1300 nm and 1550 nm

Multi-stage MZI for narrower pass band

Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD.

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Mach-Zehnder (MZI) demultiplexor

Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD.

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All-optical Mach-Zehnder demultiplexer

Optical data pulse entering a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) is splitted at the first splitter into two branches. Splitted pulses are copies of the original pulse. One pulse is propagated in the arm with Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA), the other is propagated in a reference arm. If there are no control pulses in SOA, both data pulses interfere at the output splitter. By the property of the splitter, the resultant pulse is transmitted to Output 2. There is no signal at Output 1 . A control pulse sent to SOA has as its aim to change the density of states and thus to increase the refractive index. It means that the phase velocity of a pulse going through SOA is changed and there will be a phase shift between the pulse in the reference arm and the arm with SOA. In an ideal case, the phase shift is and the data pulse will be directed to Output 1 instead of Output 2. For a phase shift being <, the resultant pulse is splitted again and some part of the energy goes to Output 1, the remaining energy goes to Output 2. This example describes the principle of operation of a simple OTDM demultiplexer. More sophisticated demultiplexors use two SOA placed in both arms. (it is so-called symmetric MZI). [A. Kumpera, www.access.feld.cvut.cz - optick st - Celooptick interferometrick spnae]
Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD. 12

All-optical Sagnac-type switch

Sagnac Interferometer - SI switch (know also as SLALOM) is created by a fiber loop, containing SOA and an input-optput beam splitter. The principle of operation is similar to the operation of MZI. On the contrary to MZI, data pulse and its copy are propagated in one fiber in opposite directions. Such configuration ensures an ideal symmetry of an interferometer (the loop replaces the presence of two different arms in MZI). Data pulse is splitted into two pulses that are propagated in the opposite directions. If there is no control pulse in SOA, both pulses pass the same optical paths and interfere at a beam splitter. By the property of used beam splitter, the resultant pulse goes back to Input port. To start switching, certain asymmetry must be introduced. The position of SOA cannot be in the half of the loop. The asymmetry is responsible for the time delay between entering both data pulses into SOA so that only one pulse can enter SOA, when there is a control pulse. Since control pulse is sent to SOA, there is an additional phase shift between the two data pulses, which causes that the pulse created by the constructive interference is sent to Output. [A. Kumpera, www.access.feld.cvut.cz - optick st - Celooptick interferometrick spnae]
Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD. 13

Directional couplers
Polarization division

Polarization division Amplitude division

Y-junction

Amplitude splitting at certain wavelength

No propagation at other wavelengths

Light tuneling in sharp bends

Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD. 14

Manufacturing of optical couplers

Y-junction

Practically there were 4 branches, but one is not used and is put into reflectionless gel

Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD.

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Dr. Michal Lucki

XE32OKS/AE2M32OSS Lecture 10
Optical communication systems, Optical systems and networks Directional couplers, beam splitters, optical filters, and multiplexors

Measurement of splitting ratio of directional couplers

Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD.

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cladding core

Measuring on optical couplers

1- single mode optical coupler, 2multimode optical coupler, 3-single mode fiber,4-multimode fiber, 5-light source, 6-photodetector

inputs

outputs

Fused area with strong coupling

FC connector
Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD. 17

Measuring on optical couplers

Overall attenuation Insertion loss Crosstalk loss Or

Dividing ratio

Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD.

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Measuring on optical couplers getting the ref. value

Output 1300 nm

Output 1550 nm

Selection of appropriate wavelength

We measure in mW, not in dB

Light source

Photodetector

Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD.

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Measuring on optical couplers splitting ratio

Use fiber with greater output power as an input fiber Output 1300 nm

P1 input

P3 output

Output 1550 nm

Smaller box is SM

Ing. Michal Lucki, PhD.

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