Read this article and answer the following questions.

1) Friction is a force that opposes the motion or movement of an object when the object is in contact with another object or surface. 2) Friction results from two surfaces rubbing against each other or moving relative to one another. 3) It can hinder(to make it difficult) the motion of an object or prevent an object from moving at all. 4) The strength of frictional force depends on the nature( types) of the surfaces that are in contact and the force pushing them together. 5) Frictional force is usually related to the weight of the object or objects. In cases involving fluid friction, the force depends upon the shape and speed of an object as it moves through air, water, or other fluid. 6) The direction of the frictional force is always opposite to the direction of movement of an object. Frictions acts in the opposite direction of movement. A) THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION The effects of friction are :1) Friction between two surfaces will make the surfaces warm because friction can produce heat. For examples, rub your palms together . Your palms will feel warm because friction produces heat. 2) Friction opposes the motion. For examples, it is very hard to push or pulls a heavy object because friction opposes the motion. 3) Friction cause wear and tear. For examples , when we rub an eraser against a surface . the eraser becomes smaller. 4) Friction makes a moving object slow down and stop. For examples, if we roll a ball on the floor, it moves and gradually stops. This is because there is friction between the marble and the floor. 5) Friction makes an object to stay in a stationary position.

B ) FACTORS THAT EFFECT FRICTION 1. Friction depends on the condition of the surfaces that are rubbing against each other. 2. Smooth surfaces cause smaller friction while rough surfaces cause greater friction. 3. This is the reason why we find it hard to push or pull a heavy box along a rough surface than along a smooth surface. 4. The type of surface affects the distance moved by the object. 5. If we roll a marble on different surfaces, it moves the furthest on the smoothest surface and the slowest on the roughest surface. 6. Friction also depends on the weight of an object. 7. A heavier object exerts a greater frictional force.

c) THE ADVANTAGES OF FRICTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Friction can be useful in our everyday life. Friction allows walking or running without slipping. If there is no friction, we will not be able to walk or run on the ground. Friction allows vehicles to travel on the road safely. The brake system in vehicles makes use of friction to slow down.

6. Friction enables us to hold things because it prevents the object from moving. 7. Friction enables us to sharpen a knife and other instruments.

D) DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION. 1. Friction can be a problem in our daily life. 2. Friction causes surfaces which are touching each other to wear out. 3. For example, the sole of shows and tyres of cars or bicycles are worn out as a result of friction. 4. Worn out tyres are dangerous because they can slide and skid easily causing accidents to occur. 5. Friction produces heat in machines. This heat can damage some parts of the machines. 6. Friction also causes wasting of energy. Greater energy is needed to overcome the force of friction to make things move.

E) WAYS TO REDUCE FRICTION. 1. There are several ways to reduce friction. 2. Friction can be reduced by using rollers or ball bearings. 3. Rollers or ball bearings reduce friction because they reduce the surfaces that are touching each other. 4. Friction can be reduced by using lubricants such as oil, wax, or grease. 5. Friction also can be reduced by using talcum powder or air cushion. 6. Another way of reducing friction is by smoothing the surfaces. 7. Friction also can be reduced by using an aerodynamic shape. F) WAYS TO INCREASE FRICTION. 1. 2. 3. 4. Friction ca ben very useful in everyday life. Sometimes we need to increase friction for safety. For example, vehicles need more friction to prevent skidding. Friction can be increased by using a rough material or by making patterns on the surface. 5. Roads are made rough to increase friction so that motor vehicles using them will not skid easily. 6. 7. Roads are made by using tar which is mixed with pebbles. 8. This mixture is rough so that friction between the tyres and the road surface is increased. 9. Patterns on the surfaces of tyres are made to increase friction between the tyres and the road surface. 10. Special patterns can also be seen on the soles of shoes. These patterns help to increase friction exerted by the soles of the shoes.

Circle the correct answers.

State that friction is a type of force

1. What is a friction ? A B C D a type of energy a type of force a type of apparatus a type of object

5. Diagram below shows a wooden block being pulled on a surface. Among directions A,B,C and D , which one shows the direction of the friction acting on the wooden block?

2. What causes friction? A Movement of one surface over another B Collision between two objects C Heat produced by an object D Signs of wear shown on the surface of an object

Which of the following will increase the friction that acts on an object? I Weight of the object increases II Have moist surface III The object changes its shape IV The object changes its colour A B C D I only I and III only II and III only III and IV only

3. Which of the following statements best to describes about friction? A B Friction is a type of force Friction can change the colour of an object C Friction is of no use in our daily life D Friction makes a moving object to move faster 4. Diagram below shows a moving ball.

6. Which of the following are the factors that affect friction? I Length of a surface II Condition of the surface III Thickness of the object IV Weight of an object A B C D Which of the following is the direction of the frictional force A P C R B Q D S 7. Which of the following surfaces produces the most friction? A Newspaper B Sand paper C Glass D Plywood I and III only II and IV only I,II ad III only II,III and IV only

8. Which of the following surfaces produces the greatest friction? A B C D Cement Wood Sandpaper Tile

On which surface will the object stop the earliest? A W B X C Y D Z

9. A ball is rolled alternately on four types of surfaces. Which of the following situation will produce the largest frictional force exerted on the ball?

11. Table below shows the distance moved by a marble on four types of surfaces. Surface Distance moved by the marble (cm) P 18 Q 20 R 12 S 25

Which surface exerts the largest frictional force? A P B Q C R D S 12. Four objects of different shapes roll on the same surface. Friction between which object and surfaces is the smallest

10. An object is moving on four different types of surfaces. The condition of the surfaces is shown in the table below. Surface W X Y X Condition of surface Dry Watery Oily Dusty

13. Diagram below shows four boxes of different weights.

Describe the effect of friction

16. What is the effect of frictional force on the moving object ? A It moves faster B It stops immediately C It becomes slower and finally stops D It moves to the opposite direction

Which box will exert a smallest frictional force when they are pulled on the cement? A B C D P Q R S

17. Which of the following is an effect of friction? A B C D Heat is produced A moving object moves faster A coconut falls from the tree A floor becomes muddy

14. The following information shows four types of surfaces P : Q: R : S : Cement floor Sand paper Carpet Mirror

18. Which of the following shows the effects of friction? A the sole of the shoes becomes wear and tear B A metal rod becomes bent C Colour of an object changes D A digital watch stop functioning

Jonathan rolls a marble on the surfaces above. Which surface will cause the marble to move the furthest? A B C D P Q R S

19. Jamal could not open the lid of a jar containing jam. Which of the following best explains this situation? A B C D He is wearing a glove The lid is sealed off There is dust on the lid His hand is oily

15. Table below shows the condition of surfaces R,S,T and U Surface R S T U Condition of surface Wet Dy Greasy Dusty

20. Which of the following situations describes the effect of friction? I Surface of tyres become bald II Difficult to move a box that is full III A metal rod become bent IV A door closes by itself when strong wind blows A B C D I and II only I and III only I,II and III only I,II,III and IV

Which surface will produce the smallest friction ? A R C T B S D U

Describe ways to reduce friction

21. Which of the following can be used to reduce friction? I Sand II Wax III Oil IV Ball bearing A B C D I and II only II and IV only I and III only II,III and IV only

A B C D

I and II only I,II and IV only I,II and III only I,II,III and IV

24. Which of the following are ways to reduce friction ? I II III IV A B C D Using rollers Using air cushion Using grease Using sandpaper I and III only II and IV only I,II and III only II,III and IV only

22. Which of the following are the ways to reduce friction ? I Using ball bearings II Using lubricants III Using air cushion IV Using salt solution A B C D I and III only II and IV only I,II and III only II,III and IV only

25. Friction can be reduced by using.. I II ball bearings using lubricants such as oil, wax and grease III using talcum powder IV using an aerodynamic shape A B C D I and II only I and III only II and III only I,II ,III and IV

23. The picture below shows a worker pushing a heavy load.

26. Diagram below shows a way to reduce friction in an object. Ball bearings

Reducing friction enables the parts of the object to Which of the following methods can be used to make it easier to move the heavy load? I II III IV Place rollers under the heavy load Coat the bottom of the load with oil Pull the load using a rope Place the load on a trolley with wheels. A B C D roll smoothly expand start moving be replaced regularly

Describe ways to increase friction

27. Which of the following are the best ways to increase friction? I using a rough materials on the surfaces that are rubbing on each other. II making patterns on the surfaces that are rubbing on each other. III using grease on the surfaces IV using lubricants on the surfaces

30. In which of the following actions is frictional force used ? I Polishing a metal object II Sharpening a knife III Lighting a match A III only B I and II only C I and III only D I,II and III 31. Diagram below shows the pattern on the sole of the shoe.

A B C D

I and II only II and III only III and IV only II and IV only

State the advantages of friction

28. Diagram below shows the pattern on a car tyre.

The pattern is made to A B C D reduce friction increase friction beautify the show reduce cost

32. Which of the following actions are difficult to perform without frictional force? I II III IV What is use of the pattern on the tyre? A B C D To make the tyre heavier To make the tyre last longer To make the tyre exert more friction To make the tyre look more beautiful A B C D sharpening a knife turning a doorknob swimming in a pool stopping a moving object I and II only I and IV only I,II and IV only II,III and IV only

29.. What force causes an object to stay in a stationary position ? A B C D Gravity A push Friction A pull

33. Which of the following will enable the heavy object to be pushed easier ? A Washing the floor with water B Using a rope to pull the object C Placing rollers underneath the object D Wrapping the object with sand paper

State the disadvantages of friction

34. A frictional force causes the moving object to A move faster B move slower C change direction D become heavier

EXTRA QUESTIONS 38. Cube X is pushed forward as shown in diagram below.

36. Which of the following forces allows us to walk or run without slipping? A B C D Magnetic Kinetic Friction Gravity

Which arrow labelled A,B,C and D shows the correct frictional force acting on cube X ? 39. What is the effect of frictional force on the moving object ? A It moves faster B It stops immediately C It becomes slower and finally stops D It moves to the opposite direction 40. Among the following,which does not need frictional force ? A Ice skating B Climbing a tree C Sharpening a knife D Turning a door knob
Describe ways to increase friction

37. Which of the following are the disadvantages of friction? I Friction causes us to slip easily II Friction produces heat in machines III Friction causes wasting energy Iv Friction causes surfaces which are touching each other to wear out A B C D I and III only II and IV only I,II and III only II,III and IV only

27. Which of the following are the best ways to increase friction? I using a rough materials on the surfaces that are rubbing on each other. II making patterns on the surfaces that are rubbing on each other. III using grease on the surfaces IV using lubricants on the surfaces

A B C D

I and II only II and III only III and IV only II and IV only

State the advantages of friction

28. Diagram below shows the pattern on a car tyre.

32. Which of the following actions are difficult to perform without frictional force? I II III IV A B C D sharpening a knife turning a doorknob swimming in a pool stopping a moving object I and II only I and IV only I,II and IV only II,III and IV only

What is use of the pattern on the tyre? A B C D To make the tyre heavier To make the tyre last longer To make the tyre exert more friction To make the tyre look more beautiful

33. Which of the following will enable the heavy object to be pushed easier ? A Washing the floor with water B Using a rope to pull the object C Placing rollers underneath the object D Wrapping the object with sand paper State the disadvantages of friction

29.. What force causes an object to stay in a stationary position ? A B C D Gravity A push Friction A pull

34. A frictional force causes the moving object to A move faster B move slower C change direction D become heavier

30. In which of the following actions is frictional force used ? I Polishing a metal object II Sharpening a knife III Lighting a match A III only B I and II only C I and III only D I,II and III 31. Diagram below shows the pattern on the sole of the shoe.

36. Which of the following forces allows us to walk or run without slipping? A B C D Magnetic Kinetic Friction Gravity

37. Which of the following are the disadvantages of friction? I Friction causes us to slip easily II Friction produces heat in machines III Friction causes wasting energy Iv Friction causes surfaces which are touching each other to wear out A B C D I and III only II and IV only I,II and III only II,III and IV only

The pattern is made to A B C D reduce friction increase friction beautify the show reduce cost

EXTRA QUESTIONS

38. Cube X is pushed forward as shown in diagram below.

44 Lee Meng rolled a marble on a cement surface. The marble stopped after rolling a distance of 80 cm. Then he rolled the same marble on the following surfaces. P - Glass Q - Grass R Manila card S - Plank On which surface did the marble roll a distance of more than 80 cm? A P and Q B Q and R C P, Q and R D P, R and S

Which arrow labelled A,B,C and D shows the correct frictional force acting on cube X ? 39. What is the effect of frictional force on the moving object ? A It moves faster B It stops immediately C It becomes slower and finally stops D It moves to the opposite direction 40. Among the following, which does not need frictional force? A Ice skating B Climbing a tree C Sharpening a knife D Turning a door knob 41 Friction is a force that ... A B C D moves a stationary object. changes the direction of a moving object. opposes the movement of an object. changes the shape of an object.

45 Which of the following is an effect of friction? A It makes a moving object move faster. B It makes a moving object slow down. C It causes a moving object to change direction. D It changes the shape of an object.

46.

Diagram 5 shows the raised pattern on the surface of a tyre.

42 Which of the following surfaces causes the largest friction? A Tile B Sandpaper C Tar D Paper 43 Which of the following are factors that affect friction? I The condition of the surfaces II The size of the object III The weight of the object IV The area of the surfaces A B C D II only I and III only I, II, and IV only II, III, and IV only

Diagram 5 The pattern is made on the surface of the tyre to ... A B C D make the tyre stronger. increase friction. decrease friction. reduce costs.

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47.

Which of the following activities are difficult to perform without friction? I II III IV A B C D Sharpening a knife Turning a door knob Swimming in a pool Slowing down a moving bicycle I and II only I and IV only I, II and IV only II, III and IV only

48.

Diagram 6 shows a worker pushing a heavy load.

Diagram 6 Which of the following methods can be used so that it is easier to move the load? Pull the load using a rope. I Place rollers under the load II III Coat the floor with oil A B C D II only I and II only II and III only I, II and III

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1. A small ball was pushed with the same force along different surfaces. Table 2 shows the time taken by the ball to move in a distance of 2 metres on different surfaces. Sebiji bola yang kecil ditolak dengan daya yang sama di permukaan yang berbeza. Jadual 2 menunjukkan masa yang diambil oleh bola untuk bergerak pada jarak 2 meter pada jenis permukaan yang berbeza.

(a) Give your inference on the differences in time taken by the ball to move the same distance. Berikan inferens tentang perbezaan masa yang diambil oleh bola untuk bergerak dalam jarak yang ditetapkan.

(b) State the thing that is Nyatakan faktor yang 1. changed : .. diubah 2. observed : .. dilihat ( c ) What happen to the time taken by the ball to move in the distance of 2 metre when the surface is rougher? Apakah yang berlaku kepada masa diambil oleh bola bergerak dalam jarak 2 meter apabila jenis permukaan bertambah kasar? .. . (d) What is the relationship between the frictional force produced and type of surface? 12

Nyatakan hubungan antara daya geseran dan jenis permukaan ................................... .... (e) What does the pupil want to find out from this investigation? Apakah yang ingin dikaji oleh murid tersebut dalam kajian ini. . .

2.

During a fair test,a group of pupils push a ball on three different types of surface. The result is as follows. Semasa satu kajian yang adil dijalankan, sekumpulan pelajaran menolak sebiji bola di atas 3 jenis permukaan yang berbeza. Keputusannya adalah seperti di bawah.

(a) What is the aim of the investigation ? ( Nyatakan tujuan kajian ini dijalankan ) (b) On which surface,does the ball move the least ? ( Di permukaan manakah , bola bergerak paling dekat) .................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... c) What happens to the distance travelled by the ball ,if the type of surface is smoother ? (Apakah yang akan terjadi kepada jarak pergerakan bola apabila jenis permukaan bertambah licin ?) .. (d) State one information gathered in this investigation. (Nyatakan satu maklumat yang perlu dikumpulkan dalam kajian ini)

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 (e) What conclusion can be made from the information in the table above ? ( Apakah kesimpulan yang dibuat berdasarkan jadual di atas? ) ..

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