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| Mohammed Kabiruddin U

NIVERSITY OF P ETROLEUM & E NERGY S TUDIES V ARIOUS C OMPONENTS OF P OWER P LANT

Various Components of Power Plant Page 2 Mohammed Kabiruddin, MS-ES, UPES Contents Boiler Turbine DeaeratorHeat ExchangersSuper HeaterEconomizersCondenserFeed water heaterElectrical generator Bibliography

Various Components of Power Plant Page 3 Mohammed Kabiruddin, MS-ES, UPES Thermal Power Station 1. Boiler A boiler is an enclosed vessel that provides a means for combustion heatto be transferred into water until it becomes heated water or steam. The hotwater or steam under pressure is then usable for transferring the heat to aprocess. Water is a useful and cheap medium for transferring heat to aprocess. When water is boiled into steam its volume increases about 1,600times, producing a force that is almost as explosive as gunpowder. This causesthe boiler to be extremely dangerous equipment that must be treated withutmost care.The process of heating a liquid until it reaches its gaseous state is calledevaporation. Heat is transferred from one body to another by means of

Various Components of Power Plant Page 4 Mohammed Kabiruddin, MS-ES, UPES (1) Radiation, which is the transfer of heat from a hot body to a coldbody without a conveying medium,(2) Convection, the transfer of heat by a conveying medium, such as airor water and(3) Conduction, transfer of heat by actual physical contact, molecule tomolecule. A. Boiler Systems The boiler system comprises of: feed water system, steam system andfuel system. The feed water system provides water to the boiler and regulatesit automatically to meet the steam demand. Various valves provide access formaintenance and repair.The steam system collects and controls the steam produced in theboiler. Steam is directed through a piping system to the point of use.

Various Components of Power Plant Page 5 Mohammed Kabiruddin, MS-ES, UPES Throughout the system, steam pressure is regulated using valves and checkedwith steam pressure gauges.The fuel system includes all equipment used to provide fuel to generatethe necessary heat. The equipment required in the fuel system depends on thetype of fuel used in the system. A typical boiler room schematic is shown inFigure.The water supplied to the boiler that is converted into steam is called feed water . The two sources of feed water are:(1) Condensate or condensed steam returned from the processes and(2) Makeup water (treated raw water) which must come from outside theboiler room and plant processes. For higher boiler efficiencies, the feed wateris preheated by economizer, using the waste heat in the flue gas.There are virtually infinite numbers of boiler designs but generally they fit intoone of two categories:1. Fire tube or "fire in tube" boilers; contain long steel tubes through whichthe hot gasses from a furnace pass and around which the water to beconverted to steam circulates. Fire tube boilers, typically have a lowerinitial cost, are more fuel efficient and easier to operate, but they arelimited generally to capacities of 25 tons/hr and pressures of 17.5kg/cm 2 .

Various Components of Power Plant Page 6 Mohammed Kabiruddin, MS-ES, UPES 2. Water tube or "water in tube" boilers in which the conditions arereversed with the water passing through the tubes and the hot gassespassing outside the tubes. These boilers can be of single- or multiple-drum type. These boilers can be built to any steam capacities andpressures, and have higher efficiencies than fire tube boilers.

Various Components of Power Plant Page 7 Mohammed Kabiruddin, MS-ES, UPES 2. Turbine Turbine , rotary engine that converts the energy of a moving stream of water,steam, or gas into mechanical energy. The basic element in a turbine is a wheelor rotor with paddles, propellers, blades, or buckets arranged on itscircumference in such a fashion that the moving fluid exerts a tangential forcethat turns the wheel and imparts energy to it. This mechanical energy is thentransferred through a drive shaft to operate a machine, compressor, electricgenerator, or propeller. Turbines are classified as hydraulic, or water, turbines,steam turbines, or gas turbines. Today turbine-powered generators producemost of the world's electrical energy. Windmills that generate electricity areknown as wind turbines.

Various Components of Power Plant Page 8 Mohammed Kabiruddin, MS-ES, UPES 3. Deaerator A deaerator is a device that is widely used for the removal of air andother dissolvedgasesfrom the feed water to steam generatingboilers.Inparticular, dissolvedoxygenin boiler feedwaters will cause serious corrosiondamage in steam systems by attaching to the walls of metal piping and othermetallic equipment and formingoxides(rust). It also combines with anydissolvedcarbon dioxideto formcarbonic acidthat causes further corrosion.Most deaerators are designed to remove oxygen down to levels of 7 ppb byweight (0.0005 cm/L) or less.

Various Components of Power Plant Page 9 Mohammed Kabiruddin, MS-ES, UPES 4. Heat Exchangers Heat exchangers are equipment that transfers heat from one mediumto another. The proper design, operation and maintenance of heat exchangerswill make the process energy efficient and minimize energy losses. Heatexchanger performance can deteriorate with time, off design operations andother interferences such as fouling, scaling etc. It is necessary to assessperiodically the heat exchanger performance in order to maintain them at ahigh efficiency level.Heat exchangers may be classified according to their flow arrangement.In parallel-flow heat exchangers, the two fluids enter the exchanger at thesame end, and travel in parallel to one another to the other side. In counter- flow heat exchangers the fluids enter the exchanger from opposite ends. Thecounter current design is most efficient, in that it can transfer the most heat.See countercurrent exchange. In a cross-flow heat exchanger, the fluids travelroughly perpendicular to one another through the exchanger.

Various Components of Power Plant Page10 Mohammed Kabiruddin, MS-ES, UPES For efficiency, heat exchangers are designed to maximize the surfacearea of the wall between the two fluids, while minimizing resistance to fluidflow through the exchanger. The exchanger's performance can also be affectedby the addition of fins or corrugations in one or both directions, which increasesurface area and may channel fluid flow or induce turbulence.The driving temperature across the heat transfer surface varies withposition, but an appropriate mean temperature can be defined. In most simplesystems this is the log mean temperature difference (LMTD). Sometimes directknowledge of the LMTD is not available and the NTU method is used.

Various Components of Power Plant Page11 Mohammed Kabiruddin, MS-ES, UPES 5. Super Heater A super heater is a device in asteam enginethat heats the steam generated bytheboileragain, increasing itsthermal energyand decreasing the likelihoodthat it willcondenseinside the engine. Super heaters increase the efficiency of the steam engine, and were widely adopted. Steam which has beensuperheated is logically known as superheated steam ;non-superheated steamis called saturated steam or wet steam .Super heaters were applied tosteam locomotivesin quantity from the early20th century, to most steam vehicles, and to stationary steam enginesincluding power stations.

Various Components of Power Plant Page12 Mohammed Kabiruddin, MS-ES, UPES 6. Condenser The surface condenser is ashell and tube heat exchangerin whichcooling water is circulated through the tubes. The exhaust steam from the lowpressure turbine enters the shell where it is cooled and converted tocondensate (water) by flowing over the tubes as shown in the adjacentdiagram.Such condensers usesteam ejectorsorrotarymotor-drivenexhaustersfor continuous removal of air and gases from the steam side to maintainvacuum. For best efficiency, the temperature in the condenser must be kept aslow as practical in order to achieve the lowest possible pressure in thecondensing steam. Since the condenser temperature can almost always bekept significantly below 100 o C where thevapor pressureof water is much lessthan atmospheric pressure, the condenser generally works undervacuum.

Various Components of Power Plant Page13 Mohammed Kabiruddin, MS-ES, UPES Thus leaks of non-condensable air into the closed loop must beprevented. Plants operating in hot climates may have to reduce output if theirsource of condenser cooling water becomes warmer; unfortunately this usuallycoincides with periods of high electrical demand forair conditioning. The condenser generally uses either circulating cooling water from acooling towerto reject waste heat to the atmosphere, or oncethrough waterfrom a river, lake or ocean.

Various Components of Power Plant Page14 Mohammed Kabiruddin, MS-ES, UPES 7. Economizers Economizers , or in British English economisers , are mechanical devicesintended to reduce energy consumption, or to perform another useful functionlike preheating afluid.The term economizer is used for other purposes as well.In simple terms, an economizer is a heat exchanger.

Various Components of Power Plant Page15 Mohammed Kabiruddin, MS-ES, UPES 8. Feed water heater In the case of a conventional steam-electric power plant utilizing a drumboiler, the surface condenser removes thelatent heat of vaporizationfrom thesteam as it changes states from vapour to liquid. The heat content(btu)in thesteam is referred to asEnthalpy.The condensate pump then pumps thecondensate water through afeed water heater.The feed water heatingequipment then raises the temperature of the water by utilizing extractionsteam from various stages of the turbine.Preheating the feedwater reduces the irreversibilities involved in steamgeneration and therefore improves thethermodynamic efficiencyof thesystem. This reduces plant operating costs and also helps to avoidthermalshockto the boiler metal when the feedwater is introduced back into thesteam cycle.

Various Components of Power Plant Page16 Mohammed Kabiruddin, MS-ES, UPES 9. Electrical generator :In electricity generation, an electrical generator is a device that convertsmechanical energy to electrical energy, generally using electromagneticinduction. The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energyis done by a motor, and motors and generators have many similarities.A generator forces electric charges to move through an externalelectrical circuit, but it does not create electricity or charge, which is alreadypresent in the wire of its windings. It is somewhat analogous to a water pump,which creates a flow of water but does not create the water inside. The sourceof mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, waterfalling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a windturbine, a hand crank, the sun or solar energy, compressed air or any othersource of mechanical energy.

Various Components of Power Plant Page17 Mohammed Kabiruddin, MS-ES, UPES 10. Bibliography 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_power_station 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaerator 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economiser 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_heat_exchanger 5. http://www.tva.gov/power/coalart.htm 6. http://images.google.co.in/images? um=1&hl=en&q=feed+water+heater&start=18&sa=N&ndsp=18

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This is a small report on the basic components of thermal power plants and their working principle..... power plant basics power plant basics (fewer) Follow mohkab

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